This paper reviews the characteristics of the 143 persons executed in the United States from 1977 to 1990. This was a period of increase in the use of capital sentences. Although most of these sentences were not actually carried out, enough were to merit analysis.
This paper explores the relationship between job finding strategies and the race and gender composition of specific jobs. Our results suggest that specific formalized job finding strategies increase the representation of women and minorities net of structural and individual characteristics. However, structural and individual characteristics still affect the race and gender composition of jobs, suggesting that an exclusive focus on job search activity will not (by itself) alter racial and gender stratification in the workplace.
Decrease in the size of the workplace has received a great deal of attention (see, e.g., Granovetter, 1986). This paper examines how this trend varies among community areas, in particular by region.
Although considerable research attention has been given to the issue of gender inequality in China, there has been little systematic study of how women's roles in the paid labor force compare to those of men. We use data from government documents to evaluate gender distributions across industries, occupations and economic sectors. The results show that there is considerable gender segregation, particularly at the level of the occupation. Women are concentrated in jobs which emphasize female-typed qualities, with deleterious implications for income and prestige. These results are interpreted on the basis of traditional definitions of women's and men's roles, which must change before Chinese women will achieve greater equality with men.
Considerable theoretical scholarship on police agencies have reported the importance of frustration and strain on police. agencies in explaining police deviance and poor job performance. Little, however, actual empirical evidence of frustration and strain has been identified in police agencies. This study empirically assesses the role of several demographic variables on frustration and strain levels among Fort Worth, Texas police officers. Frustration is found to vary much more impressively along the lines of gender and rank.
This study considers whether imitative violence gainst women can be associated with an incident in December, 1989. At that time, an armed youth killed 14 female engineering students at the Ecole Polytechnique of the University of Montreal. Time series indicate that subsequent homicides with female victims probably do not follow an imitative pattern.
This paper reviews the institutions dealing with adoption in Denmark and adoption practices, noting differences with the United States. Particular attention is given to the reluctance of Danish decision-makers to place adoptions with extended kin.
This paper has two purposes. One is to examine the ethnic segregation in Los Angeles County in 1980 and 1990: the second is to analyze racial transition in Los Angeles County during the same period.
Presenting evidence from a probability sample of students at a Southern university campus, this paper finds (1) prevalence of "date rape" very similar to that found in a 1985 national study; (2) in a methodological test, the original 1985 survey instrument is unbiased; (3) the majority of females who report unwanted sexual experiences do not define these experiences as rape; (4) significant evidence of miscommunication between males and females about sexual intentions.
This research explores the upgrading, deskilling or reskilling of job content in the United States, 1950-1980. The study employs the concept of job skills in working with people, data, or things, drawn from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The general finding is mixed: job upgrading, but with less discretion, particularly in blue-collar jobs. For some professional jobs there is no indication of upgrading. Despite upgrading, few jobs provide much opportunity to exercise initiative, thought, and independent judgment.
In many contemporary Japanese families, fathers are frequently absent from home due to work demands while mothers assume the major responsibility caring for and educating their children. Using cross-national data on fathers and children, this study examines the validity of ''fatherlessness'' in Japanese families. Although Japanese fathers spend less time with their children than their American and German counterparts, Japanese children are more likely to feel responsible for fathers' well-being and to see their fathers as dependable and the center of the family. Japanese children also rate their fathers more positively than fathers themselves. In spite of limited father-child interaction, Japanese fathers are psychologically present in the home.
This analysis measures levels of segregation between specific Asian origin groups and whites, blacks, Hispanics, and other Asian nationalities, focusing on those SMSAs where each origin group is found in the largest numbers. The Vietnamese emerge as the most segregated group in the United States, whereas the Japanese are the most integrated. All Asian groups are highly segregated from blacks, even those well-known for entrepreneurship in black neighborhoods. Levels of segregation between Asian origin groups themselves range from moderate to high.
This is a study of drug and alcohol use among third, fourth and fifth graders in a town of 20,000, linking other problems to substance abuse. This study includes four aspects of preadolescent experience and problems: family, peer, psychosocial, and academic. These aspects are related to one another and to alcohol or drug use in an elementary school population.
This is a study of whether "Magic" Johnson's announcement of his infection with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) virus had any educative effect on the public. A sample of college students was administered a questionnaire before and after that announcement. No change was found.
It has long been known that persons of lower socioeconomic status tend to spend a higher proportion of their income on gambling. This paper examines this issue in greater detail, using a sample of 3,200 Oregon residents in 1990. This research disaggregates the socioeconomic effects of education, occupation and income as they relate to variations in expenditures on the Oregon lottery, taking into account differences between instant lottery and lotto games. Although the poor commit a greater proportion of their household expenditures to the lottery, it is the middle class that contributes the greatest amounts to the state coffers through lottery play. Education is negatively related to lottery play and generally is the best predictor of the amount of play.
This is a statistical portrait of people who report that they were once believers but are now nonbelievers. Religious disaffiliation relates to age, education, urbanization and various aspects of secularization. Religious disaffiliation is connected to divorced status and the experience of growing up in a home where parents divorced. Although past research links religious disaffiliation to personal unhappiness, the present study confirms this 'association prior to controls. Multiple regression indicates that religious disaffiliation contributes minimally to general happiness net of other well-established happiness correlates.
Fear of crime is a critical problem on university campuses. This paper describes cues in the built environment that may affect fear of crime. It develops and tests a theory about the relationship between these cues and fear, and consequent reactions. In our analysis of responses to open-ended questions, we found that fear was heightened by several site-specific cues: poor prospect for the passerby due to inadequate lighting, blocked escape for the passerby, and concealment for the offender. Respondents also reported avoidance, protective, and collective actions in response to their site-specific fears. The results suggest that reductions in fear (and actual crime) on campus may be achieved through the design of microlevel physical features.
