Emotional dissonance resulting from an employee’s emotional labor strategies is usually considered to lead to negative employee's outcomes such as reduced occupational well-being. The purpose of this research was to test the effects of emotional labor strategies (surface acting, deep acting and expression of naturally felt emotions) on occupational well-being considering the mediating role of emotional dissonance. The sample of this research consisted of 150 high school teachers in Isfahan who were selected by stratified random sampling method. The instruments which used in this study were Teacher Emotional Labor Strategy Scale (TELSS), emotional exhaustion subscale in Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and occupational well-being scale. Structural equation modeling (SEM) through AMOS-22 was used for data analysis. The results indicated that, emotional labor strategies relates significantly to emotional dissonance, and emotional dissonance relates negatively to occupational well-being. In addition, emotional dissonance mediated the effect of emotional labor strategies on occupational well-being. These findings could be explained by differences in the nature of various emotional labor strategies. Implications for teaching and teacher education are put forward.
Theoretically two schools of thought exist i.e. Efficient Market Hypothesis, where investors are considered to be rational in their investment decisions and Behavioral Finance, where behavioral presumption may affect their investment decisions. Investors are prone to different behavioral biases due to which they can make cognitive errors. Therefore, effects of behavioral biases should be recognized where decision making of individuals is not followed by rational thinking. This study attempts to analyze the effect of behavioral biases on individuals’ investment decisions followed by their money attitudes. For the said purpose, data is gathered through structured questionnaires, designed on 5-point Likert scale. Firstly, investors are segmented on the basis of their money attitude which is the main contribution of this study. Then the Impact of behavioral biases is analyzed using ordinal regression. Overall findings suggest that attitudes guide investors about their actions and so their decisions are affected by behavioral biases. Effect of behavioral biases is not same for each segment of investors on the basis of their money attitude. Therefore, it is important for investors to understand what type of money attitude they have and how certain biases can affect their investment decision making. © 2016 The Authors. Published by European Science publishing Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of European Science publishing Ltd.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of alprazolam, a central benzodiazepine agonist, on the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response of mice exposed to an auditory stressor. Our results showed that the DTH response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was inhibited by the stress and this difference was greater when stress was administered before SRBC sensitization. Treatment with 1 mg/kg of alprazolam was found to partially reverse this adverse effect of stress.
This study investigates the relationship between abnormal neurologic findings and periodic limb movements (PLMs). Neurologic abnormalities were found to be statistically related to the occurrence of PLMs on polysomnographic study. The neurologic abnormalities may represent a risk factor for PLMs independent of age.
Effects of acute administration of phenobarbital (PB), amitriptyline (AMT), chlorpromazine (CPZ), and perphenazine (PPZ) on in vivo lipid peroxidation were studied. PB induced hepatic cytochrome P-450, while it did not enhance in vivo lipid peroxidation. Conversely, AMT reduced in vivo lipid peroxidation, but cytochrome P-450 content remained unchanged On the other hand, CPZ and PPZ produced a marked decrease of cytochrome P-450 content and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (fp2) activity (but not by CPZ) and resulted in a decrease of in vivo lipid peroxidation in livers. All drugs administered did not cause any change of malondialdehyde content in liver microsomes. Moreover, AMT and phenothiazines, CPZ and PPZ strongly inhibited also NADPH-dependent in vitro lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes. These drugs did not affect significantly the activities of isolated fp2. These results indicate that AMT, CPZ or PPZ-induced reduction of in vivo lipid peroxidation in livers may be not associated with cytochrome P-450 proposed to be involved in microsomal lipid peroxidation, or fp2 except for PPZ. In the brain, in vivo lipid peroxidation was also decreased by AMT or CPZ, but not by PB or PPZ.
The effect of chronic administration of chlorimipramine hydrochloride (CLR) and imipramine hydrochloride (IMI) on food hoarding behavior was studied in 21-hr food-restricted, male rats. Both CLR and IMI produced marked depressions in hoarding compared to controls even though hoarding decreased in all groups throughout the experiment. CLR and IMI also significantly depressed BWt gain, but produced different effects on 10-min FI during the hoarding test and total 3-hr FI measures. CLR produced a chronic depression in both 10-min and 3-hr FI measures, whereas IMI rats showed marked depressions in 10-min FI only. FI measures and hoarding scores were poorly correlated. Inasmuch as all rats were maintained on a daily food restriction schedule differences in starvation levels and their effects on drug action and metabolism might be in part responsible for these behavioral effects.
Twenty eating-disordered women and 27 control women volunteered through self-help groups and an introductory psychology class to serve as subjects in a study of personality variables in college women. Each subject completed the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), the Texas Social Behavior Inventory (TSBI), the Social Desirability Scale (SDS), and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). The disordered eaters scored significantly higher on the EDI subscales "body dissatisfaction" (t = 2.50, df = 45, p < .01), "drive for thinness" (t = 3.81, df = 45, p < .001), and "bulimia" (t = 5.85, df = 45, p < .001) and on the BSRI item "childlike" (t = 2.03, df = 45, p < .05), and significantly (t = 1.75, df = 45, p < .05) lower on the TSBI self-esteem measure. No significant differences were found between the groups on the EDI "maturity fears" subscale, the BSRI, or the SDS measure of dependence on others' approval. These results question the theory that there is a particular personality type that predicts disordered eating. Less emphasis on intrapsychic factors and more emphasis on sociocultural factors is needed to better understand the phenomena of anorexia and bulimia and the women who experience them.
Aspartame (APM) at 500 mg/kg per day in drinking water was administered to rats throughout gestation and lactation. In the weanling rats at 20-22 days of age, aminergic neurotransmitter systems were examined. In cerebral cortex, the kinetics of [H-3] clonidine binding to adrenergic alpha2 receptors and of [H-3] ketanserin to serotonergic 5-HT2 receptors were not altered by perinatal exposure to APM. Dopaminergic systems in striatum, studied with [H-3] SCH-23390 and [H-3] spiperone at D1 and D2 receptors respectively, also were not affected. Levels of related amines and their major metabolites in cerebrum and striatum were the same in control weanlings and in weanlings of mothers treated with APM. No influence of APM on body weight changes, litter size, or weanling weights was observed. APM administered in drinking water more closely resembles human ingestion of large amounts of this sweetener in foods and beverages. These studies suggest that consumption of APM during pregnancy and lactation does not affect amine neurotransmitter systems in offspring.
The behavioral, anticonvulsant and body temperature effects of pyrrolobenzoimidazole derivatives were examined in mice. Low doses of these drugs administered intraperitoneally produced anticonvulsant activity sometimes associated with sedation and hypothermia; higher doses resulted in an almost complete cessation of spontaneous motor activity as well as some ataxia. These compounds antagonized seizures elicited by sound in genetically epilepsy prone DBA/2 mice and seizures elicited by a variety of convulsants with different mechanisms of action. The differences observed in the sedative, hypothermic and anticonvulsant potencies of the title derivatives suggest that these effects are not produced by the interaction of these drugs with a single class of receptors. In particular, derivative (3) appears to be more potent as anticonvulsant, whilst the derivative (7) is the most toxic in the rotarod test and the derivative (11) seems to induce the major hypothermic effects among the compounds studied. Anticonvulsant, hypothermic and sedative effects of some derivatives were significantly antagonized by pretreatment with aminophylline. In addition, CGS 8216 and Ro 15-1788, two central benzodiazepine receptor antagonists, reverse the actions of derivative (3). The present experiments suggest an involvement of purinergic and benzodiazepine mechanisms in the behavioral, hypothermic and anticonvulsant effects of these compounds.
