A new canine origin modified live canine coronavirus vaccine containing a Cornell strain of CCV with proven efficacy was subjected to extensive safety testing in 56 dogs of various ages, sexes, and breeds under laboratory conditions, and more than 4,000 dogs under field conditions.At very high doses in various combinations with other commonly administered canine antigens, the CCV-MLV vaccine produced no neurologic or enteric clinical signs of disease, no local or systemic reactions,and no untoward findings at necropsy. Histopathological examination revealed no coronavirus in meninges,cerebrum, medulla, liver, lung, pancreas, or ileum, and CCV was not isolated from feces. Neither leukopenia nor lymphopenia occurred after vaccination with CCV-MLV vaccine in combination with other MLV and unactivated canine antigens. Even at very high doses, the vaccine did not interfere with the development of antibody titers to CPV or other vaccine antigens. These results held true regardless of the injection route (intravenous, subcutaneous, intracerebral).When an equivalent of 200-300 times the field dose of the vaccine was given orally, no reversion to virulence was observed, and after two consecutive back passages the CCV vaccine virus was no longer recovered from feces. All dogs remained healthy during the study with no signs of enteric disease, demonstrating that the virus did not revert to a virulent state.Both extensive field use, with over two million doses of this antigen administered, and the 4,000 + dog field trials additionally confirmed the excellent safety of this antigen using CCV-MLV, CCV-CPVXL, or rDA(2)CPiP(XL), LCI vaccines (RM(R) Recombitck(TM) C6/CV).
Cystic renal disease was recognized in four of five Germain shepherds with multiple skin nodules characterized by collagenous hyperplasia. One dog presented evidence of an abdominal mass, but no diagnosis was obtained. Renal cystadenocarcinomas was identified in two dogs. Uterine leiomyoma and granulosa cell tumor were diagnosed in one bitch. Pulmonary aetastasis (one dog) and renal failure (one dog) were observed. A dominant autosomal inheritance pattern for this syndrome is suggested. Dermatofibrosis in Germain shepherds maya be indicative of internal neoplasia.
We performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a male Pekingese dog aged 2 years, 7 months because of repeated epileptiform attacks that had been occurring since the dog was 1 year, 10 months old. An arachnoid in the quadrigeminal cistern was suspected.
A male pug dog suffering from epilepsy was treated for 17 months. The onset of the seizures was at 9 months of age. It was difficult to detect the cause of the epilepsy, although various laboratory examinations were made. Clinical findings were as follows: an increase in protein concentration and the number of mononuclear cells (13/mu L) were detected in only one examination repeated cerebrospinal fluid analysis; magnetic resonance imaging revealed the dilation of both lateral ventricles and the existence of areas of increased signal intensity in the cerebrum: slow waves were found in an electroencephalogram throughout the course of the case. Combined anticonvulsant therapy using phenobarbital, prednisone, and/or medicines of plant origin (Japanese Kampo) was not entirely successful in controlling the services, although Japanese Kampo therapy allowed the dog to be comfortable for 4 months. The histopathologic examination of biopsy and necropsy samples showed extensive cerebral necrosis, severe astrogliosis, and mild infiltration of mononuclear cells in the cerebrum, indicating that the case was necrotizing meningoencephalitis (pug encephalitis).
Pramoxine hydrochloride is a local anesthetic that has ben used in dogs for the topical management of pruritus. To our knowledge, there have been no published clinical studies on its use as an adjunctive drug in the management of pruritus in atopic dogs. We conducted an open clinical trial on the use of two veterinary pramoxine cream rinses in 17 dogs with pruritus due to atopy. After 4 weeks, the owners of these dogs were asked to evaluate their pets for response and adverse effects. They reported that these products were effective in seven dogs and not effective in ten dogs. Six dogs experienced increased pruritis after application of the product. Although this as a small study, pramoxine cream causes may be a useful therapeutic adjunct in the management of pruritus in certain atopic dogs.
New effective, long-lasting and easy-to-apply insecticides for control of fleas in pets are required in veterinary practice to overcome the increasing flea problems worldwide. Imidacloprid is a new active ingredient with high activity against fleas. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of the recommended dosage and application of tree commercial products wit the new compound imidacloprid against fleas in dogs The study was conducted in accordance with the code of Clinical Trials on Veterinary Medical Products of the EU. Dogs (25 Beagles) were allocated to equal groups of five animals in which each animal was experimentally infested with 100 adult Ctenocepalides felis twice before and six times posttreatment at weekly intervals. dogs in four groups were treated with imidacloprid, fipronil, permethrin and diazinon. A fifth group of dogs remained as untreated control. Fleas were counted at 24, 48, and 72 hours after reinfestation on dogs by using a comb. An immediate (24 hours) 100% killing effect was seen in all treated animals. In dogs, 100% efficacy was observed in all treatment groups until the evaluation after the third reinfestation. After the reinfestation three weeks post treatment (pt), only those dogs treated with imidacloprid and with diazinon were still free of fleas. On day 37 pt, the reduction was 55% with permethrin, 83% with fipronil, 86% with diazinon, and 99.8% with youdacloprid. The trial results demonstrate the high efficacy of imidacloprid against fleas in dogs when compared to other commercial products. The excellent knock-down effect and the long lasting 100% control of fleas, together with the advantages of safety and simple application make the product a useful tool for flea control.
Military working dogs undergo sedation or anaesthesia several times per year. As service dogs work longer, more geriatric, but healthy, dogs are seen in military clinics. this makes it necessary to use a protocol that allows quick induction and recovery, good control of plane of anesthesia, and low risk of adverse side effects. A protocol of medetomidine, butorphanol, and glycopyrrolate was evaluated in six healthy military working dogs, with a mean age of 9 years (median, 10 years). This protocol proved to be a very good option for short-term anesthesia in relatively low pain procedures. This same protocol would also be useful in civilian clinics that deal with large coallon aggressive animals.
The objective of this study was to assess macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the testes in unilaterally cryptorchid dogs (n=16 and n=13, respectively). An additional goal was to measure and compare plasma levels of testosterone between the cryptoid (n=13) and control dogs (n=16). The size and weight of the retained tested were lower (P <0.01) compared with the descended testes in the unilaterally cryptoid dogs of different breeds, but there was no difference between the inguinal and abdominal cryptoid testes (P >0.01). Spermatogenesis was significantly suppressed in the cryptorchid testes compared with the contralateral testes of the unilaterally cryptorchid dogs. The number of Leydig cells was higher (P <0.01) in the cryptorchid than in scrotal testes. Plasma concentration of testosterone did not vary (P >0.1) between the cryptoid and control dogs. Normal endocrine function could be maintained in the cryptorchid dogs, despite the smaller testicular size of the retained testes.
Endoscopy of the superior digestive tract may be difficult in many dogs and cats, and certain anesthetic drugs may influence examination. An anesthetic protocol based on romifidine alone or with atropine for premedication, propofol for induction, and haloethane for surgical plane maintenance was assessed in this study. Six clinically normal dogs of different breeds, age, and weight were used. Digestive tract endoscopy was randomly performed twice in all dogs with and interval of 7 days between each procedure. Vomiting was less frequent in dogs premedicated with atropine. Reflux from the mouth during anesthesia was seen in 33.3% of dogs, with a similar percentage in both groups. An excess of digestive secretions was seen in two dogs premedicated with romifidine. Passage through the pylorus was found to be more difficult when atropine was used for premedication. Thus, romifidine and propofol resulted in a good protocol for endoscopic examination of the digestive tract in dogs. Further, the use of atropine did not excessively interfere with the endoscopic procedure although no marked benefits could be observed.
Abstract- A population of 57 blue or fawn Doberman Pinschers was studied to determine the incidence of colour dilution alopecia in this breed. Forty two dogs had hair loss, typical of colour dilution alopecia. The diagnosis was confirmed in 11 dogs by skin biopsy and in 6 dogs by light microscopic examination of plucked hairs. Key diagnostic features included large macromelanosomes in the hair shafts, free clumps of melanin in the lumens of hair follicles, and numerous perifollicular melanophages. An hypothesis on the pathogenesis of colour dilution alopecia is proposed. Résumé- Une population de 57 Pinschers à robe bleue ou feu a étéétudiée pour déterminer la fréquence de l'alopécie par dilution de couleur dans cette race. 42 chiens ont présenté une perte de poils caractéristique de l'alopécie par dilution de couleur. Le diagnostic a été confirmé chez 11 chiens par biopsie cutanée et chez 6 chiens par l'examen au microscope optique des poils épilés. Les caractéristiques diagnostiques comprennent la présence de grands macromélanosomes dans les racines des poils, de manchons libres de mélanine dans la lumière des follicules pileux et de nombreux mélanophages périfolliculaires. Une hyhpothèse sur la pathogénie de l'alopécie par dilution de couleur est proposée. Zusammenfassung- Untersucht wurden 57 blaue und rehfarbene Dobermänner, um das Vorkommen der Farbmutanten-Alopezie bei dieser Rasse feststellen zu können. 42 dieser Hunde zeigten den für diese Erkrankung typischen Haarausfall. Bei 11 Patienten wurde die Diagnose durch Hautbiopsie und bei 6 durch lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung von ausgezupften Haaren gesichert. Die charakteristichen Bilder waren Makromelanosome in den Haarschäften, freies zusammengeballtes Melanin im Lumen der Haarfollikel und zahlreiche perifollikuläre Melanophagen. Eine Hypothese für die Pathogenese dieser Erkrankung wird aufgestellt. Resumen Se estudió una población de 57 perros de raza Doberman y color gris o azul para determinar la incidencia de la alopecia por dilución de color en esta raza. 42 perros presentaban pérdidas de pelo típicas de la alopecia por dilución de color. En 11 perros el diagnóstico se confirmó mediante biopsia y en 6 mediante examen microscópico del pelo. Las características diagnósticas de este proceso consistían en la presencia de macromelanosomas en las vainas de los pelos, y en la presencia de acúmulos de melanina libre en el interior de los folículos pilosos y de melanófagos perifoliculares. Se propone una hipótesis sobre la patogenia de esta enfermedad.
Canine coronavirus (CCV) gastroenteritis is a relatively common infectious disease spread primarily by oronasal contact with CCV-laden feces. In multi-dog households and kennels, the virus can spread through a population of dogs in a matter of hours. Seroprevalence in dogs is reported to range from 60% to 75%, and in kennel populations may reach 80%. Dogs may shed virulent virus for up to 2 weeks after infection.Recent research confirms that canine coronavirus disease occurs in two forms - as clinically apparent enteritis and as an outwardly asymptomatic form which is evidenced through lesions in the small intestine. Although the lesions of asymptomatic CCV may heal uneventfully, some other enteric pathogens have a strong affinity for the highly mitotic cells involved in this healing process. Both clinical and asymptomatic coronavirus disease set the stage for synergistic multiple-pathogen infections which are often serious and sometimes deadly.Ten years ago a modified live canine coronavirus vaccine was marketed in the U.S. then quickly withdrawn because of a vaccination-induced neurologic syndrome. As a result, until now all nationally licensed CCV vaccines have contained only inactivated coronavirus. However, it is known that inactivated coronavirus vaccines do not completely protect exposed dogs, but merely lessen the degree of viral replication throughout the intestinal tract. Academicians have questioned the wisdom of administering these killed vaccines, given that they do not reliably prevent infection, replication, or shedding of virulent virus.Scientists search for a more effective coronavirus vaccine has resulted in development and licensing of a new vaccine line which combines the efficacy and advantages of an MLV vaccine with the inherent safety of a homologous Cornell coronavirus strain that has been thoroughly tested both in the laboratory and in the field. Those studies which demonstrate that the new vaccines are exceptionally safe, are reported elsewhere. The experiments reported here were undertaken to determine the efficacy of the new MLV canine coronavirus vaccine.The efficacy of the new canine origin, modified live canine coronavirus (CCV-MLV) vaccine containing a Cornell strain of CCV was demonstrated in 14 seronegative dogs. In monovalent form, the vaccine produced a strong serological response to CCV with no adverse reactions. The CCV-MLV vaccine protected dogs against CCV challenge; vaccinates were protected against clinical signs, intestinal damage as evident at necropsy, and CCV gut infection as determined by virus isolation and fluorescent antibody tests. The CCV-MLV vaccine also prevented viral shedding after challenge in almost all vaccinated dogs. Additionally, the study confirmed that asymptomatic coronavirus infection can cause significant lesions in unvaccinated animals.Unlike killed coronavirus vaccines, the new modified live canine origin coronavirus vaccines protect against disease prevent gut damage, and prevent the shed of virulent virus by which the disease is spread in over 90% of vaccinates. They clearly are the most efficacious coronavirus vaccines available to the veterinary profession today.
