Oil exploration in ecologically sensitive landscapes presents significant environmental governance challenges, particularly where extractive development intersects with wetland conservation and community livelihoods. This study examines how international, regional, and national policy and legislative frameworks regulate oil exploration in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, using a qualitative desk-based review of legal, policy, and documentary sources. The findings indicate that Botswana has a comprehensive but fragmented environmental governance framework in which international and regional instruments establish conservation principles and promote transboundary cooperation but depend largely on domestic implementation. National legislation focuses on licensing, environmental impact assessment, and mitigation measures rather than prohibiting exploration in ecologically sensitive areas, while ecosystem-specific policies and wildlife legislation enhance environmental protection through institutional coordination, enforcement, and community participation. The study concludes that the existing governance framework regulates, rather than prevents, petroleum exploration in environmentally sensitive landscapes and recommends strengthening legal safeguards, institutional coordination, and public participation to better balance petroleum development with environmental conservation.
In the light of tremendous boost in MRTS/RRTS projects in Indian metropolis, this study captures the hidden multiplier of RRTS which accounts for land speculations and on-ground changes. This study analyzes land-change transformation processes with in the economic region of NCR, Delhi which is going to be regarded as a major economic engine of India by 2030. It covers Delhi-Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) in the Haryana subregion of India’s National Capital Region (NCR). In this study, we applied the change detection followed by land use and land cover (LULC) which captures the spatial regional trajectory in three phases: pre-announcement (2015–2021), post-announcement (2021–2025), and a hypothetical future scenario (2035) which we constructed using Cellular Automata-Artificial Neural Network (CA-ANN) model based on a multi-method spatial framework. Study further portrays estimated TOD readiness; where eight out of sixteen RRTS stations score below 0.5; where (CA-ANN) model has predicted that by 2035, these areas will witness intense densification. The study is useful for South Asian developing economies that inaugurate substantial mega-metro projects which can replicate the study findings, particularly in enhancing urban development with context-specific recalibration of spatial drivers, indicators, weights and policy variables.
Rural tourism and agro-ecological efficiency represent two important dimensions of sustainable rural transformation. Understanding their spatial interactions and driving mechanisms is essential for promoting coordinated regional development. This study develops an integrated analytical framework to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution, spatial differentiation, and influencing factors of rural tourism–agro-ecological efficiency synergy in Henan Province, China. Using panel data from 18 prefecture-level cities during 2015–2025, rural tourism development intensity is evaluated through a multidimensional indicator system, while agro-ecological efficiency is measured using a Super-SBM model incorporating undesirable outputs. Spatial statistical analysis, coupling coordination assessment, and geographical detector models are further applied to reveal spatial patterns and driving mechanisms. The results show that rural tourism development presents significant spatial clustering characteristics, with high-value areas concentrated in western and southern Henan. Over the entire 2015–2025 period, the overall regional disparities of agro-ecological efficiency show a fluctuating and narrowing trend. The coordination between rural tourism and agro-ecological efficiency improves continuously, evolving from low-level coordination toward a higher-quality synergistic pattern. Spatial differentiation is mainly driven by urbanization, human capital accumulation, economic development, and ecological conditions. The findings highlight the importance of differentiated regional strategies that integrate tourism development, ecological conservation, and rural revitalization. This study provides geographical insights into sustainable rural transformation and offers policy implications for balancing economic growth and ecological improvement in agricultural regions.
This study concentrates on optimal conservation, rehabilitation, tourism, and Multilateral zones within the Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge (AWR) with complex interactions between zones in order to ensure viable and sustainable land use planning in the area. They were identified with great precision as ecological, physical, and socio-economic factors through the use of the Best–Worst Method (BWM). Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) were employed to come up with suitability maps, and land assignments were strictly considered using the Multi-Objective Land Allocation (MOLA) methodology. The Cross Tab option of the IDRISI TerrSet software was used in quantitative comparisons between WLC and OWA. Results revealed that the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) with a risk level of 0.7 demonstrated advantages over the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) in land allocation suitability; however, the improvement was substantially larger for tourism (12.3
In this paper we study monitoring of real-time systems with respect to properties given by a pair of Timed B & uuml;chi Automata, one for the property and one for its complement. This includes properties expressible in temporal logics that are closed under complementation and can be translated into Timed B & uuml;chi Automata, e.g., Metric Interval Temporal Logic. We introduce efficient symbolic online monitoring algorithms in a number of settings, using difference bound matrices representing zones. Our contributions include a principled treatment of time divergence and monitoring under timing uncertainty. Our online monitoring procedure is implemented in the tool MoniTAal, and shown to effectively monitor properties over long traces.
