IntroductionToday, antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the major public health challenges worldwide. Antibiotic resistance occurs mainly due to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This phenomenon reduces the effectiveness of common treatments, increases the duration of illness and the risk of mortality, and imposes high costs on the health system. Since medical students, as future prescribers, play a key role in the rational management of antibiotic use, their awareness and attitudes are of particular importance. Accordingly, the present study examines the views of medical students at Lorestan University of Medical Sciences on the status of antibiotic resistance, its causes, and possible strategies to combat it. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2020 among 319 medical students at Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using the ReAct–Action on Antibiotic Resistance International Questionnaire, a validated instrument designed to assess perceptions of antibiotic resistance. The questionnaire, consisting of 20 items, was administered online, and the responses were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. ResultsStudents identified three major contributors to antibiotic resistance: the unrestricted use of antibiotics by patients (79%), inappropriate prescribing by physicians (61%), and inadequate diagnostic tools for detecting bacterial infections (59%). To address AMR, the strategies most frequently recommended by students included stricter regulations on antibiotic sales, strengthening public healthcare services, and improving diagnostic technologies. Responsibility for combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was primarily attributed to physicians, pharmacists, and international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO). Additionally, 36% of students believed that AMR would affect their future medical careers, while 71% expressed concern about the lack of sufficient research efforts to develop new antibiotics. Moreover, 46% reported a willingness to engage with an online platform dedicated to AMR education. DiscussionThe findings suggest that although medical students recognize the seriousness of antibiotic resistance, notable gaps remain in their formal education and practical training. Factors such as self-medication, inappropriate prescribing practices, and limited access to effective diagnostic tools were identified as key contributors. These observations underscore the need for curriculum reform, focused workshops, and research-oriented learning to enhance students’ roles in antibiotic stewardship and to promote the rational use of antibiotics. ConclusionThe results highlight an urgent need for policy reforms aimed at regulating antibiotic use, improving diagnostic capacity, and fostering a culture of responsible antibiotic consumption in society. These measures, supported by ongoing educational initiatives, are essential for mitigating the growing threat of antibiotic resistance, as reflected in the perspectives of the student cohort.
IntroductionDiarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are enteric pathogens responsible for diarrhea in children. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of DEC in children under five years of age in Koula-Moutou, a topic that has not been previously investigated in Gabon. MethodsA total of 41 DEC strains, previously isolated and characterized, were included in this study. Genetic diversity was assessed using the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) method. ResultsThe ERIC-PCR method enabled typing of 34 out of the 41 DEC isolates. These 34 strains were differentiated into 27 distinct ERIC-PCR genetic profiles, with fingerprints consisting of 1 to 6 bands ranging in size from 250 to 1700 bp. The profiles were grouped into 10 clusters with 90% similarity, each cluster containing between 1 and 7 strains. The DEC isolates from children exhibited diverse genetic profiles, indicating a high degree of genotypic polymorphism. Discussion27 different and repeated genetic profiles revealed, suggesting a great diversity of circulating clones, which present different resistance profiles, and which may make the treatment ineffective or inappropriate, reflecting the genetic evolution of DEC in this region of Gabon. ConclusionERIC-PCR is a simple and rapid method for assessing the genetic diversity of DEC. This study revealed significant genetic variation among DEC strains and demonstrated that ERIC-PCR is a valuable tool for epidemiological surveillance and health-related research.
Introduction Impaired epithelial wound repair contributes to increased infection risk and delayed tissue recovery. Limitations associated with conventional topical therapies, including antimicrobial resistance, highlight the need for alternative strategies. Postbiotics, defined as bioactive microbial metabolites, have emerged as potential modulators of tissue repair and immune responses. Methods A postbiotic hydrogel formulated with metabolites derived from Lactobacillus paracasei 7060 was applied to full-thickness dorso-lumbar wounds in a murine model. Wound closure was assessed over a 21-day period. Histological analyses evaluated epithelialization and tissue organization, and expression of immune- and repair-associated genes was quantified by quantitative PCR. Results Treatment with the postbiotic hydrogel resulted in accelerated wound closure and earlier epithelial restoration compared with both the commercial hydrogel and untreated control groups. Histological assessment demonstrated improved epidermal continuity and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in treated wounds. Gene expression analysis revealed a transient upregulation of Toll-Like Receptor 2 ( TLR2 ) during the early phase of healing. Discussion The observed transient activation of TLR2 suggests a regulated immune response that may support early host defense and macrophage recruitment without sustained inflammation. Genomic features of L. paracasei 7060 are consistent with the production of metabolites involved in immune modulation, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and stress response pathways. Conclusion These findings indicate that a L. paracasei 7060–derived postbiotic hydrogel supports epithelial wound repair through coordinated immune and regenerative mechanisms.
Introduction/Background Toxoplasma gondii ( T. gondii ) is an important human and veterinary pathogen, and current therapies such as sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine may cause adverse effects. Identifying alternative treatments is therefore essential. This study aimed to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of the antibiotic linezolid against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo . Materials and Methods Linezolid and standard drugs were prepared at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 40 µg/mL and tested against tachyzoite using microscopic examination, cell viability assays, and flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity was assessed in HeLa cells. For the in vivo experiment, BALB/c mice were infected with T. gondii and treated with linezolid for 14 days. Survival was monitored and compared to untreated controls and to standard drug treatment. Results Linezolid reduced tachyzoite counts in vitro in a time-dependent manner ( p <0.05). The calculated IC50 was 12.4 µg/mL, while cytotoxicity on HeLa cells (CC50) was 92.3 µg/mL, indicating moderate selectivity (SI=7.4). Flow cytometry showed induction of early and late apoptosis in tachyzoites. In vivo , untreated mice died by day nine, while linezolid therapy prolonged survival to day eleven. Combination treatment with pyrimethamine and linezolid resulted in the longest survival, reaching day 13. Discussion These findings suggest that linezolid inhibits parasite growth and triggers apoptotic death with limited toxicity to host cells. Although the in vivo survival benefit was modest and comparable to standard therapy, combination treatment enhanced overall efficacy. Conclusion Linezolid shows potential as an adjunct or alternative therapy for toxoplasmosis and warrants further investigation in optimized dosing regimens and combination approaches.
Introduction/BackgroundToxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intracellular protozoan parasite that poses serious risks to immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women. The adverse effects of current anti-toxoplasmosis drugs highlight the need for an effective vaccine. This study aimed to design a novel chimeric vaccine composed of selected epitopes from SAG1, GRA1, and MIC4 antigens using immunoinformatics approaches. MethodsImmunodominant B- and T-cell epitopes were predicted using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) and PRED (BALB/c) tools. Selected epitopes were linked via an A(EAAAK)nA linker to construct the SGM (SAG1-GRA1-MIC4) chimeric protein. Structural properties, physicochemical characteristics, antigenicity, allergenicity, and solubility were evaluated using online bioinformatics servers. ResultsThe SGM construct consisted of 395 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight (MW) of 42.62 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.53. Structural validation indicated favorable stereochemical quality, with 96.08% of residues in favored regions of the Ramachandran plot. The protein was predicted to be stable, soluble, antigenic, and non-allergenic. Codon optimization analysis suggested efficient expression potential in the selected host system. DiscussionThe integration of immunodominant epitopes from three major T. gondii antigens into a single construct may enhance immune coverage and vaccine efficacy. In silico analyses support the structural stability and immunogenic potential of the designed construct, suggesting its suitability as a multi-epitope vaccine candidate. ConclusionThe SGM construct represents a promising multi-epitope vaccine candidate against T. gondii; however, experimental validation is required to confirm its immunoprotective efficacy.
Introduction/Objective This study evaluates the synergistic influence of environmental factors on the biofilm formation capacity of the heat-resistant, spore-forming pathogen Bacillus cereus TGS11.1 within milk-processing contexts. Methods Response Surface Methodology with a Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD) was implemented to quantify the multifactorial effects of temperature (30–70°C), pH (4–8), lactose concentration (2–6%), and incubation time (12–60 h) on biofilm development using optical density measurements and phenotypic motility assays. Results Temperature emerged as the dominant determinant of biofilm formation, with peak productivity and OD570 values occurring at 40°C, correlating with maximum swarming motility and the establishment of a dense three-dimensional (3D) architectural network. Discussion The observed sensitivity of B. cereus to thermal gradients and nutrient availability underscores the need for multifactorial intervention strategies to disrupt the structural resilience of the biofilm matrix during dairy production. Conclusion Mitigating recontamination risks in dairy workflows necessitates the strict avoidance of thermal niches near 40°C to inhibit the optimal physiological conditions for robust biofilm formation by B. cereus TGS11.1.
Introduction Bacillus spp. pose a critical challenge to the dairy industry due to their ability to form highly heat-resistant endospores and robust biofilms on processing surfaces, leading to recontamination and food safety risks. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the heat resistance of spores and the biofilm formation capacity of seven Bacillus strains isolated from raw cow's milk in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Methods Thermal resistance (D-values) was determined by treating spores at 80, 85, 90, and 95 °C for intervals of 12, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes. Biofilm formation was quantified using the crystal violet assay in 96-well plates via OD 570 measurements. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships were elucidated through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and compared with GenBank sequences to identify the isolates. Results A significant positive correlation was observed between biofilm density and spore heat resistance, with an R-squared (R 2 ) value of = 0.881 ( p = 0.00174). Strains with higher OD 570 values exhibited significantly greater D 95 values. Notably, strain TGS11.1 showed the highest thermal resistance (D 95 = 11.37 minutes) and the strongest biofilm-forming ability (OD 570 = 0.3196). Phylogenetic analysis indicated a high degree of genetic similarity between these isolates and Bacillus cereus. Discussion These findings reveal a “double risk” from indigenous Bacillus spp. strains, where the ability to persist via biofilms and survive thermal processing through resistant spores occurs simultaneously. This synergy complicates sterilization protocols and suggests that biofilm-forming capacity could potentially serve as an indicator for thermal persistence in dairy processing environments. Conclusion The study highlights a clear link between biofilm formation and spore heat resistance in Bacillus spp. These results underscore the necessity for more stringent interventions and offer practical guidance for optimizing sterilization practices to ensure the safety of dairy products.
Introduction Haemophilus influenzae biofilm-related infections are a significant issue of therapeutic challenge because these infections are resistant to antibiotics and associated with a high recurrence rate. Nanotechnology in drug delivery systems can help improve the antimicrobial efficacy through better penetration and sustained release in biofilms. Methods The development of a ceftriaxone-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nano-delivery system was done through the double-emulsion solvent evaporation procedure. Nanoparticles have been characterized in terms of size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing and biofilm assays were used to measure the antimicrobial activity. Crystal violet staining was employed to measure biofilm biomass, whereas colony-forming unit (CFU) was used to measure bacterial viability. At 6 and 24 hours, RT-qPCR was done on adhesion/ biofilm-related genes (hia, hmw, hif, luxS) and resistance/ stress genes (blaTEM, blaROB-1, ftsI, acrB). Results PLGA-ceftriaxone formulation was found to have better antibiofilm activity than free ceftriaxone. A sharp decrease in biofilm biomass and viable cell counts was observed, and a relationship was found between biofilm inhibition and decreased bacterial viability. The RT-qPCR result showed the down-regulation of adhesion and quorum-sensing genes, as well as the overall decrease in the resistance and stress-related gene expression, especially at 24 hours. Discussion It can be inferred that the enhancement in the performance of the nano-formulation can be explained by the sustained drug release, increased penetration into the extracellular polymeric matrix, and extended exposure to localized antibiotics. Conclusion Ceftriaxone-loaded PLGA nanoparticles should be further investigated in in vivo and translational studies as they may be an effective in vitro antibiofilm delivery method against clinical H. influenzae isolates.
Introduction The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a growing public health concern that complicates the prevention, control, and management of bacterial infections and has become a global challenge. Urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, are increasingly associated with antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The present study focused on determining both the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from diabetic patients with UTIs at Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in the Dodoma region, Tanzania. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Benjamin Mkapa Hospital (BMH) in Dodoma, Tanzania. Midstream urine samples were collected and inoculated onto blood agar and Cystine–Lactose–Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) agar. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method, and results were interpreted according to the 2024 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Data were expressed as percentages and proportions. Sequencing results were analysed using the BLAST online search tool. Results Out of 419 cultured samples, 261 (62.3%) showed significant bacterial growth. The isolates included coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus . The majority of the isolates were susceptible to amikacin (97%), piperacillin–tazobactam (72%), imipenem (78%), and meropenem (89%). The following genes were detected among the isolates: blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaNDM-5, blaTEM-1B, aac(3)-IId, qnrS1, aacA-aphD, blaSHV, and blaTEM. Discussion This study investigated antimicrobial resistance patterns and associated resistance genes among uropathogens isolated from diabetic patients with UTIs at Benjamin Mkapa Hospital, Dodoma. Out of 419 samples, 261 (62%) yielded bacterial isolates, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent. All isolates were multidrug-resistant, showing high resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as ceftazidime, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin, but retained susceptibility to meropenem, amikacin, and imipenem. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of key resistance genes, including blaNDM-5 , blaCTX-M-15 , and qnrS1 . These results indicate a high burden of antimicrobial resistance among diabetic patients with UTIs and emphasize the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics into routine laboratory practice. Conclusion Screening for antibiotic resistance genes in parallel with antibiotic susceptibility testing is important for the control and management of resistant isolates.
Introduction The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) in Chronic suppurative otitis media led to the search for alternative treatment strategies, particularly herbal formulations. However, there is a lack of patient and healthcare professional (HCP) perspectives, which are essential for guiding the adoption of such therapies. Therefore, this study evaluates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotic use, MDR bacteria, and herbal remedies in CSOM among patients and HCPs. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary-care hospital in Eastern India. A total of 240 participants were included: 180 were adult CSOM-infected patients, and the remaining 60 were HCPs. A pre-validated self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. Appropriate statistical tests were employed to summarize the responses. Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used to assess the association between KAP levels and demographic data, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Among CSOM-infected patients, 66.7% identified the causative bacterial organisms; 76.7% were aware of antibiotic resistance, whereas only 34.4% had heard of MDR bacteria. However, 90% of HCPs understood MDR bacteria, although 56.7% were still practising empirical antibiotic therapy. Both patients and HCPs had a positive attitude toward the use of standardised, safe herbal medicines for the treatment of CSOM infections. Education significantly influenced patient knowledge ( p < 0.001), while years of practice influenced provider knowledge ( p = 0.045). Discussion The outcomes of the present study highlighted a knowledge gap and inconsistencies in treatment practices used for MDR-CSOM cases among both patients and HCPs. Nevertheless, both groups supported the use of herbal remedies to treat MDR CSOM cases. Conclusion The present study highlighted the significance of patient education, rational antibiotic use, and the scientific validation of herbal drugs as a complementary drug in the treatment of MDR-CSOM patients.
Introduction Synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using enterobacteria confers many advantages, but the efficiency depends on the bacterial strains and culture conditions. Therefore, the selection of the most effective strains and the optimization of the culturing factors and reaction conditions are required. Methods Gold resistance and AuNP synthesis were evaluated across 105 enterobacterial strains. The AuNPs synthesized by the four selected strains were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). AuNP synthesis was improved by optimizing several parameters, including culture media, inducer concentrations, aeration, cultivation times, reaction temperatures, and incubation times. Results Fifty-six strains synthesized AuNPs at concentrations ranging from 7.56 ± 0.28 to 77.92 ± 3.92 μg/mL. The AuNPs synthesized by the four selected strains, including Citrobacter freundii ENTSF 1-3, Enterobacter cloacae ENTSF 8-1, Hafnia alvei ENTSF 15-1, and Morganella morganii SFTCBS1, appeared spherical to slightly polyhedral, with average sizes ranging from 22 to 28 nm. Lennox Luria-Bertani (LB) medium and static conditions were favourable culturing parameters for AuNP synthesis by all four strains. The most favourable reaction conditions varied among the four strains as follows: C. freundii ENTSF 1-3 (at 37°C for 72 h and 120 h); E. cloacae ENTSF 8-1 (at 55°C for 72 h and 120 h); H. alvei ENTSF 15-1 (at 37°C for 72 h and 120 h, as well as at 55°C for 24 h and 48 h); and M. morganii SFTCBS1 (at 55°C for 120 h). Discussion AuNP synthesis by the four selected strains offers several advantages, including a simple growth medium, a short cultivation time, a rapid reaction, convenient product harvesting, stable AuNPs, and no requirement for extra equipment. Conclusion This study determined the most suitable cultivation and reaction conditions to enhance the yield of AuNPs.
Introduction Resistance of Klebsiella spp to various antibiotic families, such as beta-lactams, has increased due to the acquisition of plasmids carrying genes for Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs). Today, ESBLs have become a major problem in healthcare settings. Objective This study aimed to determine the molecular fingerprinting and frequency of bla TEM , bla SHV, bla CTX-M , bla GES , bla PER , and bla VEB genes among Klebsiella oxytoca from clinical samples collected in selected hospitals in Khorramabad, Iran. Methods The present study was a cross-sectional study of Klebsiella oxytoca isolated from clinical specimens collected at selected hospitals in Khorramabad in 2019. After phenotypic identification of the isolates studied, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and beta-lactamase screening were performed using the disk diffusion method; genes encoding resistance were detected by PCR, and molecular fingerprinting was performed by PFGE. Results In this study, 32 K. oxytoca were isolated. The highest resistance rates were observed with ampicillin (93.8%) and cefotaxime (65.6%), and the lowest resistance rates were observed with colistin (0%), imipenem (15.6%), and amikacin (18.8%). 56.6% of isolates were ESBL- producing. Nineteen (59.4%), 2 (6.3%), and 16 (50%) isolates carried the bla TEM , bla SHV , and bla CTX-M genes, respectively. In addition, bla GES , bla PER , and blaVEB genes were not found in any of the tested isolates. Molecular typing results by the PFGE method showed that the isolates were very heterogeneous, and the 32 tested isolates were clustered in 18 pulse types. Discussion In the present study, K. oxytoca isolates exhibited concerning resistance to certain antibiotics, particularly cephalosporins. The high prevalence of ESBLs and bla TEM and bla CTX-M genes highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of these factors. On the other hand, the absence of bla GES , bla PER , and bla VEB genes and the high genetic heterogeneity of bacterial strains in PFGE indicate high strain diversity and the possibility of multiple sources of contamination. Conclusion Overall, the results of this study showed that the isolation and examination of K. oxytoca isolates in terms of diversity and molecular susceptibility profiling are important.
IntroductionMore than 700 million confirmed cases of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 have been registered during the 2019-2023 pandemic, and this potentially fatal pathology continues to be identified worldwide. An optimal target for creation of cross-protective vaccines against COVID-19 seems to be the nucleocapsid (N) protein – one of the most conserved and actively produced by infected cells of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. However, the patterns of immune responses induced by N-containing vaccines remain poorly understood. So, the purpose of our study was the comparative investigation of humoral and T-cell immunogenicity of recombinant N protein (rN), N-expressing live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV-N), and formalin-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-FI) and assessment of the protective effects of these vaccine candidates against homologous SARS-CoV-2 (B.1, Wuhan) strain. MethodsSyrian hamsters received two injections of experimental vaccines three weeks apart. The effectiveness of the immune responses was measured after 42 days, and protection was tested by exposing the vaccinated hamsters to 105 TCID50 of the challenge virus. To assess intergroup differences, a one-factor ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test was used. ResultsA pronounced production of N-specific antibodies and T cells was found following immunization with SARS-FI and rN, whereas only the formation of IFN-γ -synthesizing splenocytes in response to N antigen stimulation was shown for LAIV-N vaccinated animals. Interestingly, LAIV-N and SARS-FI administration significantly prevented virus replication in respiratory organs and progression of infection, while rN vaccination led to better lung tissue performance, but was ineffective for the inhibition of viral airway propagation. DiscussionAlthough intraperitoneal injection of recombinant N protein induced robust antibody responses, these effects were insufficient to reduce viral loads in the respiratory tissues of immunized hamsters. At the same time, the N protein delivered by the attenuated influenza vector via the intranasal route did not provoke anti-N serum antibodies but stimulated N-specific cellular immune responses and protected animals, partially reducing the viral replication in the upper respiratory tract. This may be explained by the need to engage mucosal or innate immune factors which may be provoked by the LAIV as a carrying vector. ConclusionsBased on the high immunogenicity and significant protective potential, both inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and modified LAIV encoding the N antigen of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1) demonstrate potential as effective means for protection against COVID-19, in contrast to the recombinant N protein.
BackgroundBacterial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Peru, antimicrobial consumption and inappropriate prescribing are both common. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of prevalent uropathogens in primary care. Materials and MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed using urine culture records processed between 2024 and 2025 from seven primary care facilities in the Callao region, Peru, serving a predominantly urban population with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Urine cultures were classified into three categories: susceptible, intermediate, or resistant. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was interpreted according to disk diffusion breakpoints, following the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). ResultsThe analysis included 1,685 cases, with a median age of 43 years (Min: 0, Max: 97, Q1: 25, Q3: 59, IQR: 34). Women accounted for 84.9% (n = 1,431) of the study population. Among the samples, 22.1% (n = 372) were positive, of which 89.5% (333/372) occurred in women (p = 0.007). The most frequently isolated species were Escherichia coli (63.4%), Enterococcus spp. (5.9%), and Klebsiella spp. (5.1%). The antimicrobials with the highest susceptibility rates were nitrofurantoin (93.8%) and amikacin (83.4%). DiscussionOur findings confirm Escherichia coli as the main uropathogen in primary care and support the use of nitrofurantoin as first-line therapy. The observed resistance patterns highlight the need for careful antibiotic selection. ConclusionIn primary care, one-fifth of urine samples tested positive for bacterial species. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Klebsiella spp. The agents with the highest susceptibility and lowest resistance rates were nitrofurantoin and amikacin, both of which are available in primary care settings. Periodic surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility is essential to monitor bacterial resistance patterns.
IntroductionLactiplantibacillus plantarum is one of the most varied species of lactic acid bacteria in various environments. Probiotics are beneficial organisms that help balance the gut microbiome and promote general health. The purpose of this study was to perform preliminary phenotypic and genetic characterization of the probiotic strain L. plantarum 022AE. MethodUsing hybrid assembly, L. plantarum 022AE was sequenced, producing a 3.23 Mb scaffold. Using NCBI-BLASTN, the strain's identification was verified. Genome annotation was used to evaluate safety characteristics. In vitro tests were employed to assess cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, bile acid tolerance, epithelial adhesion, surface characteristics, cell lining to verify in vivo adhesion, and antibiotic susceptibility (CLSI). Genes associated with virulence, adhesion, and stress survival were discovered by comparative genomics. The safety and probiotic qualities of L. plantarum 022AE were shown to be favourable by full-genome analysis and phenotypic assessment. ResultsFor complete genome sequencing of L. plantarum 022AE, a single scaffold of 3,234,271 bp was obtained via hybrid assembly. NCBI-BLASTN tools analysis showed L. plantarum 022AE to be 100% identical to the reference strain HAC01. Gene annotation and downstream analysis revealed safety attributes, like absence of transferable antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factor genes, active biogenic amine-producing genes, enterotoxin genes, emetic toxin genes, and prophage sequences. In vitro phenotypic characterization showed that the strain was bile- and acid-tolerant, attached to intestinal epithelial cells, and exhibited favorable cell surface properties and antimicrobial activity against key pathogens. It was susceptible to CLSI-recommended antibiotics and produced no cytotoxicity or enterotoxicity. Comparative genome analysis of L. plantarum 022AE revealed genetic determinants for survival in stress environments, cell adhesion, and virulence factor genes. DiscussionGenomic analysis was instrumental in concluding the safety of L. plantarum 022AE. Integrated genetic and phenotypic analysis contributed in establishing the stability (in-vitro gut model, acid and bile), GI persistence (adherence to Caco2 and mucin and aggregation), functionalities ( βgalactosidase, Bile Salt hydrolase, anti-oxidants, anti-microbial substances) and capabilities (thermal and aqueous buffer stability) of L. plantarum 022AE indicating its suitability in human and animal nutrition. ConclusionThe entire genome study and phenotypic evaluation exhibited a positive profile in terms of safety and probiotic attributes of L. plantarum 022AE, in alignment with current regulatory standards, suggesting its potential for use in applications requiring safe microbial strains, particularly in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
BackgroundThe emergence of ESBL-producing non-fermenters, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, is a growing concern, particularly in Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). This study investigates the prevalence and distribution of ESBL genes among these pathogens isolated from female UTI patients in Dharwad, Karnataka, India. MethodsA total of 713 urine samples were processed. Bacterial identification was conducted using culture and molecular methods. Phenotypic ESBL detection and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were employed to identify specific ESBL genes. ResultsOut of 713 samples, 665 were culture positive. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (56 isolates) and Acinetobacter baumannii (29 isolates) were identified. ESBL production was phenotypically confirmed in 69.6% and 48.3% of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, respectively. Genotypic screening revealed the high prevalence of blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaOXA-23 genes. blaKPC was only observed in P. aeruginosa. DiscussionThe study demonstrates a high burden of ESBL-producing non-fermenters in UTI patients. Molecular surveillance is critical for effective antibiotic stewardship. ConclusionHigh proportions of ESBL genes, particularly blaSHV (84.6%) and blaTEM (69.2%), were detected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating strong resistance potential. In Acinetobacter baumannii, the predominance of blaOXA-23 (78.6%) confirms its major role in carbapenem resistance.
Although avian influenza A viruses are highly species-specific, they can occasionally cross the species barrier to infect other species and cause highly lethal disease. In 1997, 18 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza were first reported in Hong Kong. A new outbreak occurred in 2003. Since then, the HPAI H5N1 virus has evolved rapidly. On 26 February 2024, WHO reported the first five laboratory-confirmed human cases in Cambodia, including one death. Since 2003, the new HPAI H5N1 viruses have killed 466 people out of 964 cases. To cause a pandemic, the virus must be antigenically novel, virulent, and transmissible between humans. A pathogen that lacks at least one of these characteristics has the potential to cause a pandemic. Currently, H5 viruses do not have the potential to cause a pandemic because they cannot yet be transmitted from person to person. However, it may take very little time for H5 viruses to acquire pandemic potential. The purpose of this editorial was to express the opinion of the authors on such an important topic given the spread of the avian flu virus around the world. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated our unpreparedness for global disasters. Hence, we should learn lessons from it. At the onset of the 2009 influenza pandemic, WHO considered scaling up the production of live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) as a promising strategy in a pandemic situation. Unlike inactivated vaccines, LAIVs are capable of inducing broad and long-term immune responses, making them an attractive option for pandemic preparedness, particularly in countries with very high population densities. Global surveillance and pre-pandemic preparedness for defense against H5N1 influenza viruses are public health concerns, which warrant intensive development of potential pandemic vaccines, including LAIV.
Introduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic condition characterized by gastrointestinal inflammation, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, and rectal bleeding. While the exact etiology of IBD remains unclear, factors such as immune dysfunction, genetic predisposition, and gut microbiota dysbiosis play significant roles. Methods Current treatments include medications and surgeries, but these often fail to address the underlying microbial imbalances. Research highlights that IBD patients frequently exhibit reduced gut microbiota diversity and an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. Results Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, have shown promise in alleviating symptoms, while bacteriophages are emerging as a novel therapeutic option. This systematic review explores the concept of probiophages, a synergistic combination of probiotics and bacteriophages, as a potential breakthrough in IBD treatment. We examine the roles of gut microbiota, bacteriophages, and probiotics in IBD pathogenesis and therapy, focusing on their combined effects in restoring microbial balance and reducing inflammation. Discussion Despite promising preclinical and clinical findings, further research is needed to optimize probiophage formulations, validate their efficacy, and ensure long-term safety. Conclusion This review underscores the importance of advancing probiophage-based therapies as a safer and more effective alternative to conventional IBD treatments, addressing the urgent need for innovative approaches in managing this complex disease.
Background This study focuses on the Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antigens ROP18, SAG1, and MIC13, which play key roles in pathogenesis, immune evasion, and host invasion. The aim was to design a novel chimeric antigen combining these proteins as a potential vaccine candidate against T. gondii. Methods Fragments of ROP18 (Q101–E300), SAG1 (P61–G160), and MIC13 (D171–R320) were linked using a rigid A(EAAAK)A linker. Bioinformatics analyses predicted various properties of the chimeric protein RSM1, including transmembrane domains, B- and T-cell epitopes, secondary and tertiary structures, antigenicity, physicochemical traits, codon optimization, and mRNA structure. Results RSM1 consists of 485 amino acids and has an antigenicity score of 0.6694. The aliphatic index, instability index, and GRAVY score were 68.66, 54.19, and –0.639, respectively. Structural predictions supported RSM1’s potential as a vaccine candidate. The most stable tertiary structure had a ΔG of –524.80 kcal/mol, with no stable hairpins or pseudoknots at the mRNA 5′ end, suggesting favorable translation. Discussion The bioinformatics analyses indicate that RSM1 possesses favorable antigenic and structural properties, supporting its potential as a multi-epitope vaccine candidate. Its predicted stability and translation efficiency suggest practical viability, although the moderate instability index points to the need for further optimization. Conclusion RSM1 represents a promising in silico-designed vaccine candidate against T. gondii. This study lays the groundwork for subsequent experimental evaluations to determine its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in vivo.
Aquaculture is a vital component of the global food supply chain. Crustacean farming, primarily focused on shrimp species, is a vital component of aquaculture. Currently, the annual production of shrimp is approximately five million metric tons, and it is expected to increase to meet the global demand. Feed is the single most crucial factor for culturing shrimp, accounting for more than half of the input cost. Several feeds, including algae, zooplankton, basal feed, plant-based feed, and small mollusks, have been used to feed the larvae and grow shrimp. However, Artemia/Brine shrimp is the most commonly used feed given to shrimp during their early stages. There is no commercial feed that can fully replace artemia, as it meets the nutritional requirements, has better digestibility, and is convenient to prepare. Similarly, an intensified shrimp farming system aimed at increasing production has rendered shrimp more vulnerable to pathogens and diseases. Antibiotics have been used in shrimp farming, but it has adverse effects in the long run. Hence, probiotics and immunostimulants have been used as feed to enhance the immunity and overall health of shrimp, thereby improving production. Probiotics are live organisms that improve the host’s health by modulating the gut microbiome. Immunostimulants, on the other hand, improve the immune system of shrimp by directly interacting with its innate immunity system. This paper discusses the benefits and functions of artemia, probiotics, and immunostimulants on shrimp health and overall production. All these food sources play a crucial role in shrimp growth and production when used effectively.
