Context/Aim: Tuberculosis remains one of the major current health challenges caused by a single infectious pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The severity of this epidemic is mainly associated with the emergence of its multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains against known anti-tuberculosis drugs. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new antimycobacterial molecules to overcome this phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimycobacterial activity of extracts from selected Moroccan medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: Nine plant species were selected for this study. Three different extracts were prepared from each species using distilled water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate. The obtained twenty-seven extracts were tested for their antimycobacterial activity using the disc diffusion method and the resazurin microtiter assay against two mycobacterial strains: Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Finally, extracts from the active plants were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening. Results: The studied plant extracts exhibited variable antimycobacterial activity. The MIC values ranged from 0.3 to 50 mg/mL against Mycobacterium aurum and from 0.7 to 100 mg/mL against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Among the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate extract of Marrubium vulgare showed the highest activity, with bactericidal effects reflected by MBC values of 0.7 mg/mL and 1.5 mg/mL against M. aurum and M. smegmatis, respectively. Phytochemical screening indicated that the most active extracts were rich in flavonoids. Discussion: The results demonstrate a promising antimycobacterial potential of the ethyl acetate extracts from Laurus nobilis, Marrubium vulgare, and Chamaerops humilis, as indicated by significant inhibition zone diameters and low MIC/MBC values. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening suggests that this activity may be associated with the high content of flavonoids in these extracts. Conclusion: According to these results, the studied medicinal plants appear to be a promising source for isolating and purifying new effective antitubercular compounds.
Vacuum-assisted agroinfiltration is a widely used technique for transient gene expression in plants. However, its application is limited to small-sized plants that fit completely inside a vacuum chamber. Large, woody, and perennial species are, therefore, excluded from vacuum infiltration. The recently granted patent, titled “MX2023015160A, System and Method of Localized Vacuum Infiltration”, introduces a novel solution to overcome this physical limitation. This method enables localized vacuum infiltration of attached plant organs, independent of the overall size of the plant. This method is especially useful for large, woody, and perennial species that are difficult to transform. The usefulness of this invention has already been demonstrated by achieving the first transient genetic expression in planta in two economically important fruit trees, avocado (Persea americana) and cacao (Theobroma cacao), as previously published in peer-reviewed scientific articles. This invention advances plant biotechnology by enabling transient gene expression in mature, attached organs of woody perennial plants. Consequently, it extends functional genomics studies beyond detached tissues, thus facilitating investigations into native physiological contexts.
Introduction: The present investigation focuses on investigating the Amaranthus viridis L. aqueous extract (AVWE) as a prolonged corrosion inhibitor when applied to the surface of Stainless steel410 (SS-410) in an acidic solution (0.5 M HCl), and the inhibitory efficacy of AVWE was utilised in the formulation of a bio-coating that comprises the AVWE inhibitor along with other additives. Methods: AVWE was prepared by Soxhlet extraction using distilled water as the solvent to selectively isolate polar phytochemicals responsible for corrosion inhibition. The extraction was carried out under reflux for 12 h, employing 400 mL of solvent for 200 g of dried plant material previously dried in a water bath. The obtained semi-solid extract was transferred to a clean vial and preserved in a desiccator for further use. The inhibition efficiency of the AVWE inhibitor was analysed by various techniques, including gravimetric analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis. Following the completion of studies on the inhibitory effects of AVWE, a bio-coating was formulated with the AVWE and other additives such as resin, metal oxide, and diluents. ASTM D3359 and durability techniques were used to test the adhesion and sustainability of the formulated coating, respectively. Results: UV-visible and IR spectroscopy validated the formation of a protective film on the metal surface. Morphological findings obtained from SEM, EDX, and AFM techniques indicated that the addition of the green inhibitor resulted in a reduction in the surface corrosion of SS-410. A gravimetric analysis demonstrated a corrosion inhibition efficiency of 97.22%, whereas electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated an inhibition efficiency of 95.12% for SS-410 at an inhibitor concentration of 500 ppm in 0.5 M HCl. LC-MS analysis identifies inhibitor phytochemicals that adsorb on metal. ASTM D 3359 and durability test revealed that the formulated coating is environmentally sustainable and protects SS-410 from corrosion. Discussion: Stainless steel, the most commonly used engineering material in a wide range of applications, suffers from severe corrosion and gradual deterioration. The effects of corrosion on the economy are widespread and create significant challenges in various sectors. Most of the products used in corrosion mitigation processes are harmful to the environment. Natural inhibitors such as plant extracts and biopolymers are more effective alternatives. These inhibitors are safe, inexpensive, renewable, and eco-friendly. In view of their environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness, recent investigations have focused on plant-based “green” inhibitors for SS-410 in acidic media (HCl). Electrochemical and surface analyses have demonstrated that Colebrookea oppositifolia extract achieves an inhibition efficiency of 95% for SS410 in 0.5 M HCl, whereas Pouzolzia zeylanica L. extract exhibits an inhibition efficiency of 94.9% under the same conditions. Therefore, AVWE was selected as a green corrosion inhibitor in the present study to mitigate corrosion on the SS-410 surface. Conclusion: The present study proposes a method for employing AVWE, a naturally occurring substance known for its anti-corrosion properties, on stainless steel-410 surfaces. The primary findings indicate that exposure to 0.5 M hydrochloric acid leads to a significant reduction in the corrosion of stainless steel-410 when treated with AVWE. Furthermore, a higher concentration of AVWE demonstrates an enhanced inhibitory effect compared to a lower concentration. The inherent inhibitory properties of AVWE indicate its potential as a promising candidate for the development of environmentally friendly corrosion-resistant coatings
Konjac gum is derived from the tuber Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch and is rich in Glucomannan, a polysaccharide with high gelling power. This study aims to evaluate, through a bibliographic and patent survey, the use of Konjac gum in the production of pharmaceutical hydrogels. The research was carried out through databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline, and by the Orbit Intelligence platform from 2004 to February 2025. In total, 12 articles and 25 patent families were identified, including patents related to the use of the Konjac hydrogel formulation range. 32% of the hydrogel formulations used on skin injuries analyzed had konjac in their composition due to its gelling action, and in 24% of patents, researchers introduced konjac gum in the development because of its healing potential. A 0.05 g concentration of konjac gum was the most common method for preparing antibacterial gels, which exhibited good biocompatibility and possessed excellent antibacterial and hemostatic properties, potentially aiding in the healing of infected wounds. Inventions using 1 g of glucomannan aimed to improve the hydrogel structure. Konjac, due to its greater biocompatibility, biodegradability, and renewability, in addition to its high gelling, healing, and inflammatory process reduction power, has aroused growing interest in the production of biomedical materials such as hydrogels for the treatment of skin wounds.
INTRODUCTION:Early and accurate detection of breast cancer remains a major clinical challenge. In this study, we developed a rapid, optical genosensor based on gold nanoparticles for the detection of miR-122, a microRNA associated with breast cancer. The biosensor design relies on acid-triggered aggregation of functionalized AuNPs, enabling colorimetric detection without amplification. METHODS:The R-122 oligonucleotide probe was designed using bioinformatics software. The designed genosensor was developed based on previously reported patented nanoplasmonic principles, employing gold nanoparticles for amplification-free optical detection of miR-122. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized via the citrate reduction method to obtain a uniform colloidal solution. RESULTS:The optical sensor exhibited a distinct absorption peak at 520 nm. Clinical serum samples containing complementary and non-complementary sequences produced clearly distinguishable color changes upon hybridization, confirming specific detection of the target sequence. Optimal visual discrimination was achieved by mixing 15 μL of nanobiosensor, 5.2 μL of acid, and 10 μL of PBS. DISCUSSION:The results demonstrate that the developed colorimetric AuNP-based genosensor provides an ultra-low detection limit and simple operation, showing promise for rapid clinical screening compared with previously reported SERS and electrochemical assays. CONCLUSION:The proposed AuNP-based colorimetric genosensor enables rapid and specific detection of miR-122 without amplification. Its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reliable visual output indicate strong potential for future point-of-care breast cancer diagnostics.
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most common long-term liver disease. It affects 25% of adults and is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. Its rise is linked to rising obesity, especially in Western nations. Unfortunately, no MAFLD medication works. Patents and intellectual property are essential to developing effective cures and protecting new ideas. Long-term aerobic activity can raise hepatic triglycerides and lower visceral fat without weight loss. Due to its complexity, MAFLD is difficult to diagnose and treat. There are no inexpensive, reliable imaging diagnostics or non-invasive biomarkers. Too many liver lipids can cause lipotoxicity. This can cause NASH, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular cancer. More serious MAFLD and NASH accelerate necroinflammation and fibrosis. This shows how important good signals are for diagnosing and treating your ailment. Invasive liver biopsies aren't helpful since people don't handle them well. We need reliable non-invasive assays to detect MAFLD early, improve clinical trials, and confirm therapy. Irisin, a hormone that boosts energy expenditure and mimics brown fat, is elevated in physically active people. Patenting discoveries about it could speed up research and the development of tailored treatments. Patenting innovative biomarker research concepts and intellectual property is essential to combating MAFLD. This will also enable novel illness diagnosis and treatment methods. Our approach must involve new MAFLD diagnosis and treatment methods and patent issues to address all its effects.
INTRODUCTION:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, affecting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Long-term pharmacotherapy and treatment adherence remain major determinants of relapse prevention and disability progression. METHODS:Following PRISMA guidelines, a narrative review compared FDA and EMA approved disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for MS. Clinical, real-world, and patentbased data were synthesized to evaluate efficacy, adherence, and safety profiles. Digital health applications supporting self-management were also assessed. RESULTS:Injectable therapies such as interferons and glatiramer acetate showed approximately 30% ARR reduction with excellent safety. Oral agents (fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, cladribine) achieved 45-55% ARR reduction and markedly better adherence, though periodic laboratory monitoring was required. Monoclonal antibodies (natalizumab, ocrelizumab) reached up to 68% relapse reduction, representing the highest efficacy while demanding close surveillance for PML and infection risks. DISCUSSION:While newer high-efficacy agents yield stronger disease control, the balance between potency, adherence, and practicality remains crucial. Oral DMTs provide the most realistic compromise for long-term management. Digital self-monitoring through validated m-health applications could substantially improve adherence and disease awareness. Integration of biotechnology with tele-neurology and AI-supported analytics represents the next step toward personalized MS care. CONCLUSION:Monoclonal antibodies define the upper limit of efficacy in current MS therapy, but sustainability depends on safety oversight and patient engagement. Oral formulations remain clinically pragmatic first-line options. The synergy between pharmacotherapy and mobile health technology offers a pathway to transform adherence, monitoring, and outcome optimization in future MS management.
INTRODUCTION:Ranked as the third most diagnosed cancer globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the seventh most prevalent cancer in Egypt. This study aimed to assess the levels of taurine (Tau), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) in CRC patients. METHODS:We conducted a pilot study involving 70 patients with CRC. Serum Tau was measured using ELISA, CEA was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and PUMA expression was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). All measurements were taken before surgery, one week after surgery, and one month later. RESULTS:Tau levels were significantly lower in adenocarcinoma groups (G1, G2, and G3) and in the malignant metastatic group compared with the control and inflammatory groups (p < 0.001). Tau levels increased in G1, G2, and G3 patients one week and one month after surgery. PUMA expression after surgery was higher than before surgery in G1, G2, and G3 adenocarcinoma groups, while it was absent in the metastatic group. The specificity of the Tau test before surgery, one week after, and one month after was 53.33%, 76.92%, and 46.67%, respectively. The specificity of the PUMA test was 76.92% before surgery and 71.43% after surgery. CEA levels were significantly higher in adenocarcinoma (G1 and G2) compared with control and inflammatory groups, whereas CEA staining intensity was significantly decreased in adenocarcinoma (G1 and G2) compared with these groups (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION:PUMA expression tends to be lower in advanced CRC stages and increases after surgery, supporting its potential role in tumor suppression and prognosis. Taurine shows variable levels among CRC patients and may aid in non-invasive cancer staging; its lower serum levels are associated with more advanced disease, and levels rise following surgical removal of the tumor. CONCLUSION:This study highlights PUMA as a potential prognostic indicator for CRC. Tau levels may also hold diagnostic value and could contribute to the development of non-invasive screening methods for early CRC detection, particularly within the Egyptian population, which remains underrepresented in current research.
BACKGROUND:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has a highly variable clinical course, ranging from mild symptoms to severe systemic complications. Understanding the molecular basis of disease severity is essential for improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. OBJECTIVE:In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with mild and severe COVID-19 to identify differentially expressed mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and to construct a regulatory network including microRNAs (miRNAs). METHODS:Transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with mild and severe COVID-19 was performed to identify differentially expressed mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and to construct a regulatory network including microRNAs (miRNAs) using Cytoscape. RESULTS:A total of 674 mRNAs and 215 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between severe and mild cases, with key pathways enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and immunological synapse signaling. The lncRNAs NEAT1 and MALAT1 were identified as regulatory hubs and were broadly expressed across multiple immune and organ tissues. Predicted miRNAs (experimentally supported in interaction databases) were associated with inflammation- and cancer-related signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt, JAK/STAT, and TNF. DISCUSSION:Our findings are consistent with recent patents (e.g., US2022/0298584A1, EP3892280A3, WO2023147669A1) that propose the use of noncoding RNAs and cytokines as biomarkers for COVID-19 diagnosis and severity assessment. CONCLUSION:Our findings are consistent with recent patents (e.g., "US20220298584A1", "EP3892280A3", "WO2023147669A1") that propose the use of noncoding RNAs and cytokines as biomarkers for COVID-19 diagnosis and severity assessment. This integrative transcriptomic analysis highlights the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs in COVID-19 progression, exemplified by the central hub lncRNAs NEAT1 and MALAT1, which interact with inflammation- associated miRNAs and mRNA targets to modulate cytokine signaling. These findings offer specific transcriptomic biomarkers with potential for clinical application and therapeutic targeting.
INTRODUCTION:Biodiesel from animal waste provides an alternative source of fuel. It is eco-friendly and cheaper than conventional fuel obtained through the distillation of crude oil. Biodiesel is similar to petroleum diesel and can be used alone or blended with fossil diesel as an energy source. This study provides insight into the use of waste animal fats for biodiesel production. METHODS:The data were retrieved from different sources, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and other scientific websites. Scope of the study can be clearly understood from the facts revealed from patent work. RESULTS:The use of waste animal fats provides a renewable and eco-friendly alternative to petroleum diesel. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis methods have proven effective for processing WAFs, with KOH and NaOH commonly used in concentrations ranging from 1% to 2%. Increasing the catalyst concentration within a certain range can enhance biodiesel yield. However, the use of acid catalysts for transesterification of WAFs is time-intensive and requires a high alcohol-to-fat ratio. Despite these advantages, challenges remain in catalyst reuse for certain reactions and in managing complex selectivity combinations. Lipases in water-poor environments are also employed for transesterification. DISCUSSION:The fatty acid profiles of both animal and vegetable sources have been found suitable for biodiesel production. Although it is a cheap source for generating fuel, using specific reaction media such as acyl acceptors and employing a combination of two enzymes on a specialized support can help further reduce costs. CONCLUSION:Currently, biodiesel is widely used in developed countries such as the US and Germany, but its adoption remains limited in developing nations. Optimizing transesterification methods-including the use of heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis- and incorporating innovative technologies such as microwave-assisted enzymes can further enhance biodiesel yield and efficiency.
Introduction: Salinity is one of the primary environmental factors that significantly impact global crop production. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation to crops improves the productivity of the crops. Method: To develop a biofertilizer specifically for saline soil, bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of mustard plants along with the plant growth-promoting traits grown in saline soil (EC 6 dS m). Halotolerant 22 bacterial strains were isolated and identified from the rhizospheric soil mustard crop, Purvanchal (Indian state). According to the study, 54.54% of the isolates had phosphate solubilization efficiencies ranging from 7% to 27% on plate assays. According to quantitative measurements, 63.63% of the strains exhibited the ability to solubilize phosphate, with degrees of solubilization varying between 0.49 and 3.34 μg/ml. Furthermore, 50% of the isolates showed the ability to solubilize zinc, with solubilization rates varying from 12% to 53%. Further 59.09% of the bacterial strains showed ammonium production test; these strains were classified as having low (+), medium (++), and high (+++) levels of ammonium production. Result: According to the research, these halo-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have particular functional properties that may help mustard crops grow more rapidly in salinity-stressed environments. Because these PGPR strains increase nutrient availability and stimulate plant development, they may find use in agriculture, especially in saline settings. Conclusion: The study emphasizes how crucial it is to use PGPR with particular nutrient mobilization features to promote crop growth under difficult circumstances.
The lifestyle of today's generation contributes to various health issues like cancer, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and high blood pressure. A significant factor contributing to these harmful lifestyle choices is the overconsumption of highly processed, energy-dense foods that are rich in saturated and trans fats, sodium, and added sugars, Conversely, adopting healthier dietary patterns that prioritize the intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats has been shown to protect against these chronic health conditions. Investigating the diverse health benefits of natural food sources requires a holistic approach encompassing dietary intake evaluations, laboratory and animal studies, and human clinical research. These investigations examine the antimicrobial, antioxidant, cancer-fighting, and blood sugar-regulating properties of compounds derived from plants. Studies indicate that diets abundant in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables supply crucial nutrients and biologically active substances such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which provide protective benefits against long-term disease conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Consequently, it is imperative to adjust our dietary practices and lifestyle choices to mitigate the risk of various ailments. Naturally occurring compounds such as curcumin, quercetin, kaempferol, and resveratrol, which are found in diverse food sources, have the potential to combat numerous diseases when incorporated into our diets. This review explores an array of compounds present in dietary sources and their associated biomedical properties, including their anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, it explores various dietrelated strategies designed to promote a healthier lifestyle, including the incorporation of a diverse range of fruits, vegetables, and spices rich in polyphenolic compounds into one's daily nutritional intake. In addition, this review also examines recent patents related to these bioactive food compounds, highlighting their potential applications in disease prevention and therapy.
INTRODUCTION:Biofilm production is a key factor in the development of antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), a significant contributor to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Kaempferol, a flavonoid, is widely recognized for its ability to combat various microorganisms. AIM:Our goal is to assess the impact of kaempferol on K. pneumoniae biofilms by determining the level of gene expression for the biofilm-forming genes. METHODS:Fifty K. pneumoniae isolates were studied. Different doses of kaempferol with a concentration range of 0.04 to 100% in Luria Bertani broth (LB) medium were incubated at 37°C for 24 h with forty-three K. pneumoniae strong and intermediate biofilm producers. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kaempferol was determined. Molecular detection of the biofilm-forming genes (mrkA, pgaA, wbbM, and wzm) was performed on all isolates before and after kaempferol treatment at 0.5 x MIC. RESULTS:Seven isolates out of 50 (14%) exhibited weak biofilm formation ability, 6 out of 50 (12%) were moderate producers, and 37 out of 50 (74%) were strong producers. The MIC values of kaempferol for K. pneumoniae ranged from 50% to 6.25% (p = 0.0003). The levels of expression of the studied genes were slightly decreased after treatment compared with their corresponding values before treatment. DISCUSSION:Kaempferol has shown potential in disrupting biofilms by inhibiting key genes (mrkA, pgaA, wbbM, wzm) involved in adhesion and biofilm matrix synthesis, although its effect is moderate. In vitro testing revealed that kaempferol inhibits biofilm formation at varying concentrations depending on the bacterial strain, with gene expression downregulation indicating its interference in biofilm-related pathways. Patent related to this topic has been mentioned along the text. CONCLUSION:Based on current knowledge, few research studies have investigated the impact of kaempferol on K. pneumoniae biofilms. Our results show that its effect on the biofilms of this bacterium is moderate to weak. Further research is necessary to determine potential synergies with other treatments.
BACKGROUND:The horseshoe crab, a Xiphosurid species with an ancient lineage that dates back 450 million years, has proven to be a precious asset to the pharmaceutical industry. The blood extracted from these creatures is an irreplaceable component in detecting bacterial endotoxins, crucially important in pharmaceutical and functional settings. Unfortunately, these living ancient organisms are threatened from multiple perspectives and are now considered endangered. While efforts to conserve these creatures are underway, exploring technologies for their conservation can help us understand the latest advancements in the field and shed light on areas that have not yet been targeted. METHODS:This analytical report is the first of its kind in this domain and provides a comprehensive overview of the available patents associated with the conservation of horseshoe crabs. Patents associated with horseshoe crabs were searched in PatSeer and the data analysed and filtered, based on relevance. RESULTS:The analysis is based on an extensive dataset (413) that describes technology for conservation of these living fossils, with a focus on recombinant proteins that can be a viable alternative to the mass utilization of the horseshoe crabs for the extraction of limulus amoebocyte lysate. Other technological advances which advocate cell-free hemolymph production and the use of artificial baits to replace the traditional grassroot practices, procedures related to efficient breeding, growth, hatching and release from artificial culture systems can go a long way in the conservation of these living fossils. DISCUSSION:The technologies and innovation reveal possible means of reducing the dependence on live animals through non-invasive methods. Novel interventions such as recombinant Factor C for endotoxin detection provide promising alternatives to conventional methods. Additionally, technological advances in aquaculture protocols provide strategies that allow for the conservation and artificial breeding of the horseshoe crab. CONCLUSION:Transitioning to recombinant Factor C, a ban on horseshoe crab baits, diversity mapping through genetic markers and artificial breeding techniques are some of the measures that can be manifested at the policy level to enhance conservation efforts.
Microalgae are promising and sustainable sources of blue food proteins, offering high nutritional quality, environmental resilience, and the potential to meet the rising demand for alternative proteins. Despite these advantages, several challenges hinder their large-scale adoption, including production costs, regulatory barriers, protein extraction difficulties, and consumer perception. This review explores the key factors limiting the use of microalgae in the food industry, addressing economic and technological feasibility, regulatory aspects, and consumer acceptance. The analysis includes commonly used microalgae species, their nutritional profiles, and strategies for optimizing their incorporation into food products. Moreover, developing circular biorefineries and utilizing industrial wastewater for cultivation presents a viable solution to reduce costs and enhance sustainability. Additionally, advancements in protein extraction techniques, combined with technological innovations such as microencapsulation, may overcome sensory challenges, expanding consumer acceptance of microalgae-enriched products. Raising consumer awareness of the nutritional and environmental benefits of microalgae is also crucial for market adoption. Given the global need for sustainable food sources, microalgae represent a viable alternative but require scientific, regulatory, and strategic advancements, including the development and protection of innovative processes through patent filings, to become a widely adopted solution in the alternative protein industry.
INTRODUCTION:Aeromonas hydrophila, a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium, is frequently found in aquatic surroundings and additionally present in drinking water, sewage, and food sources. This microbe is gaining recognition as a potential threat to health, classifying it as an emerging pathogen. Biosurfactants are microbial-derived compounds that share hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties that are surface active. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biosurfactant isolated from Actinobacteria on the expression of the bfp gene of A. hydrophila isolated from children's stool samples to patent the ideal method in Qom, Iran, from May 2022 to March 2023. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Actinobacteria were isolated from soil samples of the desert areas of Qom province, Iran. Biochemical and molecular tests of 16S rRNA were used to identify Actinobacteria isolates. The produced biosurfactant was investigated by methods of hemolysis, oil droplet destruction, lipase production, oil expansion, emulsifying activity, and surface tension reduction measurement. The structure of biosurfactant was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and its effect on bfp gene expression was measured. Also, isolates of A. hydrophila were obtained from stool samples of children referred to Hazrat Masoumeh Hospital in Qom from May 2022 to March 2023. Then, the effect of a biosurfactant isolated from Actinobacteria on the bfp gene expression of A. hydrophila isolates was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS:Based on sequencing data, the Streptomyces genus with the ability to produce biosurfactant was isolated from the soil of the studied area, which could reduce the expression of the bfp gene after treatment with biosurfactant in clinical isolates of A. hydrophila. DISCUSSION:The biosurfactant-producing isolates were identified as Streptomyces spp. The results indicated that the biosurfactant significantly decreased bfp gene expression in A. hydrophila. This emphasizes the potential of biosurfactants to eliminate microorganisms by reducing virulence gene expression, inhibiting biofilm formation, demonstrating antimicrobial activity, and improving emulsification. The study supports the idea that biosurfactants can interfere with bacterial mechanisms that cause disease, such as biofilm formation, which is critical for pathogen persistence and resistance. Previous research also confirms the antipathogenic activity of natural isolates against A. hydrophila. CONCLUSION:The findings of the present study show that the desert soils of Qom province are a potential area for finding actinobacterial isolates with the ability to produce biosurfactants and influence the expression of pathogenic genes of clinical isolates of A. hydrophila.
AIM:This study aims to develop an efficient and reproducible in vitro protocol for high-frequency embryogenic callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration in multiple sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars, thereby establishing a foundation for genetic transformation, mutation breeding, and other biotechnological applications aimed at enhancing sorghum crop improvement and productivity. BACKGROUND:Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important cereal crop known for its adaptability to harsh environments and nutritional value. Despite its significance, sorghum remains challenging for in vitro propagation due to difficulties in regenerating callus tissue, especially from monocotyledonous explants. Callus induction and regeneration protocols are crucial for genetic transformation, mutation breeding, and biotechnological applications in sorghum improvement. OBJECTIVE:To establish an effective in vitro protocol for callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration using different sorghum cultivars, optimizing conditions for highfrequency embryogenic callus formation and plant regeneration. METHODS:Six sorghum cultivars (IS 3477, IS 33095, IS 7155, IS 2898, IS 7005, and IS 1202) were selected. Immature inflorescence explants were cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium with 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar, and 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D for callus induction. After 14 days, embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli were distinguished. Regeneration media were optimized using embryogenic calli, with 1.5 mg/l 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) for shoot development and 1 mg/l NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) in a half-strength MS medium for root development. RESULTS:Two distinct forms of calli were observed: a non-embryogenic light yellow callus and a white, granular embryogenic callus. Embryogenic callus induction frequency varied from 40% to 96% among the cultivars, with IS 3477 and IS 33095 exhibiting the highest frequencies (96% and 88%, respectively), while IS 1202 showed the lowest (40%). Regenerated shoots were successfully developed within 6-18 days and later transferred to a rooting medium, resulting in healthy plantlets. Transplanted plantlets showed normal growth and no morphological abnormalities in the field. CONCLUSION:This study provides a reliable protocol for efficient callus induction and plant regeneration in multiple sorghum cultivars. The optimized conditions can be utilized for genetic studies, crop improvement, and biotechnological applications, thus contributing to the advancement of sorghum breeding and biotechnology research.
INTRODUCTION:Nanoparticles are nanometer-sized particles that have unique properties and are used in various fields such as medicine, environment, and technology. The Ephedra major plant, with its medicinal properties, is a rich source for extracting molecules that can be used as agents for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles and improve their properties. The aim of the current study was the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Ephedra major extracts, as well as the evaluation of their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The synthesis of CuO nanoparticles was performed using the aqueous extract of the leaves of Ephedra major plant .The synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The well diffusion method investigated the antimicrobial activity of CuO-NPs synthesized against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Then, the MIC and MBC of the synthesized nanoparticles were determined in 96-well microplates with different concentrations of CuO-NPs, aqueous extract, and chloramphenicol. The inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm was investigated by staining with 1% crystal violet. RESULTS:The results of the UV-Vis analysis showed that the absorption at the wavelength of 385 nm was the highest, which confirmed the formation of CuO-NPs. SEM and EDX results indicated that the nanoparticles formed in a spherical shape with an average size of 30 to 80 nm. Also, EDX analysis showed the presence of copper, carbon, and oxygen elements in nanoparticles. The CuO-PNs at the concentration of 2000 μg/ml exhibited a significant inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa. Also, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of nanoparticles were 312 μg/ml. In addition, the results showed that CuO-NPs have an effect in inhibiting biofilm formation. The inhibitory effect against biofilm was greater with increasing concentration. CONCLUSION:The results of this study prove that CuO-NPs synthesized from the aqueous extract of Ephedra major plant can be used as an effective option in treating infections caused by P. aeruginosa and a new patent.
OBJECTIVES:Plant secondary metabolites include chemical compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids. The use of these ingredients in traditional medicine to prevent or treat diabetes and cancer is becoming more prevalent because of their capacity to function as antioxidant agents. The objective of the research was to estimate the quantities of total phenols and flavonoids, together with the antioxidant capacity of various Dactylorhiza hatagirea extracts. METHODS:Total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined by aluminum chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu techniques, respectively. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphuric acid (ABTS) approaches were used for assessing the scavenging of free radicals. Employing standard methods, the preliminary phytochemical activity of the extract was assessed, and its reducing power was tested in the presence of potassium hexacyanoferrate. RESULTS:A maximum concentration of 58.88 ± 0.32 of gallic acid was identified per gram of methanolic extract as phenolic content. Quercetin, at 85.51 ± 0.40 mg/gram, had the most flavonoid content. The strongest reducing power output measured was 1.968 ± 0.01 g. In comparison, the IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assays were 162.79 ± 0.24 and 39.75 ± 0.20 μg/ml, respectively. Thus, this plant differs from others in that it has potent antioxidant capabilities. CONCLUSION:The methanolic crude extract of D. hatagirea and the estimated contents of phenols and flavonoids exhibited potent antioxidant action, particularly against DPPH and ABTS assays. Due to its relatively high phenolic and flavonoid contents, this plant is an exciting option for treating diseases. Therefore, secondary metabolites can be found and employed as low-resistance, multi-target antioxidant drugs for treating a variety of cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as other chronic diseases that are resistant to existing antibiotics. Our plant will be patented for its pharmacological applications.
BACKGROUND:Bacillus amyloliquefaciens contains several fungal inhibitory compounds, such as peptides and lipopeptides, representing the remarkable potential for biotechnological, agricultural, and biopharmaceutical applications. OBJECTIVES:This research aimed to extract and characterize iturin A as the key antagonism factor of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M13RW01 toward pathogenic fungi, using HPLC and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. METHODS:For this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain M13-RW01 isolated from Isfahan soil was used. The lipopeptide compounds of B. amyloliquefaciens were examined for antagonistic performance against Aspergillus niger PTCC 5010, Mucor hiemalis PTCC 5292, Fusarium oxysporum CBS 62087, and Penicillium chrysogenum PTCC 5037 by well diffusion and percentage of growth inhibition. The crude extract was run on Waters μBondpak C18 column in the HPLC system to separate the antibiotics. Major antibiotics were analyzed based on MS. RESULTS:HPLC analysis demonstrated that the lipopeptide compound is similar to iturin A. Moreover, MS analysis of these compounds and purified iturin A revealed a high similarity between them, with the same molecular ion peaks identified. Results showed that the produced lipopeptides by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were of iturin A genum. The molecular ion peaks of the B. amyloliquefaciens M13RW01 methanolic fraction were at 1027.10, 1043.05, 1058, 1066, 1072, 1088.95. These compounds restrained fungal germination and growth. Inhibition growth percentages were 79.28, 76.13, 84.47and 59.15% for Aspergillus niger, Mucor hiemalis, Fusarium oxysporum, and Penicillium chrysogenum, respectively. CONCLUSION:According to the present study, B. amyloliquefaciens M13RW01 lipopeptides are able to inhibit the growth of some fungi. B. amyloliquefaciens M13-RW01 isolated from Isfahan soil plays an essential part in antagonizing pathogenic fungi. Thus, this antifungal lipopeptide is supposed to be a biological protection agent for agricultural products and patents.
