Introduction: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cancer in men and the sixth most common cancer in women. Berberis aristata, Andrographis paniculata, and Thevetia peruviana are recognised for their significant roles as herbal medicines in traditional systems and for their potential anticancer properties as a polyherbal combination (PHC). This research addresses the gap by evaluating the efficacy of PHC and its nanoparticles relative to the standard drug Sorafenib, offering insights into their potential as adjuvant therapies for HCC. Methods: Eight groups of rats were established. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (initiator) followed by CCl4 (promoter) was used to assess carcinogenicity. Treatment with Berberis aristata, Andrographis paniculata, and Thevetia peruviana, along with their PHC (2:1:1) and prepared chitosan nanoparticles, was given. Sorafenib was used as the standard in this study. Biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, and cancer biomarkers were assessed, followed by a histopathological study. Result: Biochemical parameters, antioxidant parameters, LPO, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, and cancer biomarkers were found to be very highly significant (P<0.001) when compared with the HCC group. However, histopathological studies showed normal cytoplasm shape, reduced number of binucleated cells, and hepatic tissue restoration with altered hepatocytes in the CNP-EL-treated group. Discussion: These plants contain bioactive components, notably berberine, andrographolide, and rosmarinic acid, which have been explored for their therapeutic and pharmacological importance. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the developed Polyherbal combination (2:1:1) and its prepared nanoparticles exhibit chemopreventive effects against HCC and could be used as adjuvant therapy.
Abstract: Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau is a Southeast Asian medicinal plant that has been extensively investigated for its potential anticancer and hepatoprotective activities. This review integrates in vitro, in vivo, and in silico evidence with phytochemical, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic data. Major bioactive constituents include C-glycosyl flavonoids (schaftoside and vitexin), triterpenoids, and polysaccharides. These constituents modulate several processes implicated in carcinogenesis, including oxidative stress (Nrf2/HO-1 signaling), inflammation (NF-kB/COX-2/iNOS signaling), cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Preclinical studies demonstrate hepatoprotective activity in chemically induced liver-injury models, with reduced transaminase levels and improved redox balance at specific doses. Toxicological studies indicate a generally broad safety margin in animal models, although outcomes vary with solvent composition and high-dose exposure may produce hepatic alterations. Pharmacokinetic limitations, particularly poor oral bioavailability and rapid elimination, have been partly addressed using delivery systems such as phytosomes and nanoliposomes. Although C. nutans is included in several regional pharmacopoeias and remains under regulatory evaluation, no human clinical trial has assessed its anticancer or hepatoprotective efficacy. Consequently, efficacy evidence remains confined to preclinical models. Key translational barriers include chemotype variability, insufficient long-term toxicity data, and the absence of human herb-drug interaction studies.
Introduction: Although Petroselinum crispum (P. crispum) is widely recognized for its culinary uses, its molecular profile as a source of rare flavonols, such as Isorhamnetin, remains underexploited. Current extraction methods often yield low yields or degrade bioactive compounds. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the synergy of hydroalcoholic solvents in stabilising the flavonoid core during extraction. By establishing a rigorous chromatographic fingerprint, this study aims to standardise the isolation process for isorhamnetin, a compound that is currently prioritised for its potential to mitigate oxidative stress and metabolic disorders. Materials and Methods: The extraction protocol was designed to exploit the 'polarity window' of flavonoids. A 50:50 ethanol-water system was selected to maximise the solubility of both aglycones and glycosides. For isolation, a precise gradient of ethyl acetate: ethanol: water (70:20:10) was employed to achieve an Rf of 0.48, ensuring minimal co-elution of impurities. Spectroscopic parameters were standardised: UV-Vis scans were performed between 200 and 800 nm, and FTIR was calibrated to identify the diagnostic C=O and O-H stretching frequencies essential for flavonoid identification. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract demonstrated a higher yield (12.66%) than ethanol (8.66%) and acetone (6.66%). GC-MS analysis revealed a complex metabolomic landscape with 31 major constituents, where Isorhamnetin accounted for 35.68% of the relative abundance. LC-MS/MS fragmentation patterns (m/z 316.2) corroborated the molecular weight of Isorhamnetin, while HPLC data quantified the purity of the E3 fraction, establishing a benchmark for extraction efficiency that exceeds current literature values for this species. Discussion: The enhanced recovery of Isorhamnetin in the hydroalcoholic system can be attributed to the increased swelling of the plant cell matrix in the presence of water, facilitating better solvent penetration. Our finding of 15.6 mg/g Isorhamnetin content is notably higher than previously reported values for Mediterranean parsley varieties, suggesting that the Indian cultivar of P. crispum may possess a superior genetic or environmental predisposition for flavonol biosynthesis. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of caffeic acid and apigenin suggests a potential synergistic antioxidant effect that warrants further pharmacological investigation. Conclusion: This research successfully demonstrates an optimized, reproducible, and cost-effective pathway for the isolation of Isorhamnetin from P. crispum. The hydroalcoholic extraction method proved most effective for yielding high-purity flavonoids. Future studies should focus on the in vivo bioavailability of the isolated fraction E3 and its potential incorporation into nano-formulations for targeted drug delivery in chronic inflammatory conditions.
Introduction: Antibiotic-resistant H. pylori poses a growing global health threat, driving gastric diseases like peptic ulcers and adenocarcinoma. As conventional antibiotics become less effective, structure-based peptide design offers a targeted therapeutic alternative. HsrA is a vital transcription factor that regulates the expression of virulence genes, making it a highly important therapeutic target. Methodology: The APD3 database was selected, approximately 3940 peptides were screened against HsrA using HDOCK, and the top five peptides were selected based on docking score. These HsrA–peptide complexes were then subjected to 200 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using GROMACS 2024.1, followed by structural analysis and binding-energy estimation. Results: Screening of 3,940 antibacterial peptides from the APD3 database using HDOCK identified five top-ranked candidates, with AP03442 and AP01521 exhibiting higher docking scores than the reference peptide TP4. Further, MD simulations confirmed stable and energetically favourable binding within the HsrA DNA-binding cleft, suggesting that these peptides may interfere with HsrA-mediated transcription and redox homeostasis, leading to bacterial death. Discussion: Unlike previous studies, this study employed a full-length HsrA structure that includes the C-terminal DNA-binding region. We developed an in silico framework combining homology modelling, peptide screening, docking, MD simulations, and MM-GBSA analysis to identify antimicrobial peptides targeting HsrA's DNA-binding domain. Two lead peptides, AP03442 (GVF-24) and AP01521 (ChBac3.4), exhibited stronger binding affinity, stability, and interaction energies than the reference peptide TP4, suggesting their potential to inhibit HsrA by blocking DNA binding. Conclusion: This study identifies five antibacterial peptides targeting HsrA, offering potential leads for peptide-based therapy against antibiotic-resistant H. pylori.
Introduction: Cinnamomum cassia, Zingiber officinale, and Pimpinella anisum are medicinal spices with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities, but are limited by poor solubility and stability. This study compared the phytochemical profiles and bioactivities of their ethanolic extracts and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes. Methods: Ethanolic extracts were prepared by maceration with ethanol/water. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were quantified. β-CD complexes were prepared at a 1:1 mass ratio. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. Neuroprotective activity was measured via AChE and BChE inhibition. Results: C. cassia exhibited the highest TPC (78.5 ± 2.3 mg GAE/g) and TFC (41.2 ± 1.5 mg RE/g), along with the strongest antioxidant activity, showing DPPH and ABTS IC50 values of 22.48 and 66.16 μg/mL, respectively. Z. officinale demonstrated the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 167.88 μg/mL), whereas C. cassia was the most effective α-amylase inhibitor (IC50 = 297.02 μg/mL). Cholinesterase inhibitory activities ranged from 75.68–105.00 μg/mL for AChE and 90.62–163.28 μg/mL for BChE. β-CD complexes retained biological activities comparable to those of the free extracts, with only slight reductions in efficacy. Discussion: Activity differences correlate with phenolic content. β-CD complexation preserved bioactivity, suggesting partial encapsulation without major efficacy loss. Literature indicates that β- CD should improve solubility and stability, but this was not tested here, which is a limitation. Conclusion: C. cassia showed the best overall activity, while Z. officinale exhibited the strongest antidiabetic effect. β-CD complexation preserved most of the extracts' bioactivity, supporting its pharmaceutical potential.
Introduction: This investigation aimed to examine the nephroprotective potential of the Solanum xanthocarpum plant against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat models. The objectives also included GCMS analysis of the extract and computational analysis (molecular docking and ADMET study) of the compound present in the extract. Methods: Ethyl acetate extraction of the whole Solanum xanthocarpum plant was performed using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extract underwent GCMS analysis to identify its phytochemical constituents. These compounds were then subjected to molecular docking with Human glycosylate oxidase (PBD ID: 2RDT) to assess their binding affinity using dock scores and dG bind. An ADMET study was also conducted. The herbal remedy was given at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight to assess its ability to defend against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity (100 mg/kg). results: GCMS analysis of the Solanum xanthocarpum ethanolic extract revealed several, with Silane being the most abundant, followed by argon, ethane,1-chloro-1-fluoro, 1-heptane,6-methyl, 3-tetradecene, 2-bromo-6-methylheptane, and 4-heptafluorobutyrylhexadecane. Among these bioactive compounds, 4-heptafluorobutyryloxyhexadecane demonstrated the strongest binding affinity, while other compounds exhibited moderate binding affinities compared to the reference compound. Results: GC-MS analysis of the Solanum xanthocarpum ethyl acetate extract revealed several compounds, with Silane being the most abundant, followed by argon, ethane,1-chloro-1-fluoro, 1- heptane,6-methyl, 3-tetradecene, 2-bromo-6-methylheptane, and 4-heptafluorobutyrylhexadecane. Among these bioactive compounds, 4-heptafluorobutyryloxyhexadecane demonstrated the strongest binding affinity, while other compounds exhibited moderate binding affinities compared to the reference compound. ADMET analysis indicated that most compounds in the extract complied with Lipinski's rule, suggesting favorable pharmacokinetics and safety profiles. Discussion: The extract also normalized oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, MPO, and Catalase), and (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α) are decreased relative to disease control. Histopathological examination of kidney tissue revealed that extract-treated rats exhibited improved glomeruli and renal interstitial areas, with diminished congestion, necrosis, and hemorrhage. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the whole plant extract of Solanum xanthocarpum contains compounds with favorable binding affinity scores and safety profiles. The extract demonstrated protective effects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in animal models, potentially due to its flavonoid and alkaloid content.
Introduction: In order to create an ethosomal gel based on Jatropha curcas that has improved antifungal activity, this study combines Quality by Design (QbD), computational modeling, and phytochemical profiling. Method: GC–MS analysis of the methanolic seed extract identified key bioactives, including NHexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z), and (Z)6, (Z)9-Pentadecadien-1-ol, which exhibited strong binding affinities toward fungal CYP51 (PDB ID: 5TZ1) in molecular docking and favorable ADMET properties. Results: A Central Composite Design was used to optimize the formulation parameters (lipid concentration, ethanol content, and sonication time), resulting in ethosomes with a particle size of 154.1 ± 0.81 nm, a zeta potential of −29.6 ± 0.21 mV, and a high entrapment efficiency. Discussion: The optimized gel demonstrated sustained drug release (97 ± 0.68%) following Higuchi kinetics and superior in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Microsporum canis, and M. audouinii compared to the crude extract gel. Conclusion: Overall, the findings establish J. curcas ethosomal gel as a promising topical antifungal formulation and demonstrate the value of integrating QbD and in silico tools in herbal drug development.
Introduction: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B) is known to play a role in the progression of gastric cancer, particularly through the regulation of major oncogenic pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to computationally screen and assess the potential GSK3B inhibitors for the treatment of gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: Screening with ligands from databases, such as ChEMBL, DrugBank, and IMPPAT, against the homology-modelled GSK3B structure in in silico. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina and analyzed by AutoDock4. ADMET properties and contact profiles were analyzed computationally. Complexes of top candidates are allowed to do 1 μs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, principal component analysis (PCA), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Results: CHEMBL3347331 and DB12937 have emerged as the most promising inhibitors, showing the best favorable docking scores (-8.237 and -6.932 kcal/mol respectively). ADMET predictions showed good oral bioavailability and lack of off-target toxicities. These ligands showed stable binding throughout the 1 μs MD simulations. Interaction analyses showed persistent hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Energetically most favourable DFT descriptors, such as HOMOLUMO gaps (3.356 and 3.345 eV), showed that the chemical stability of ligands. The reference inhibitors Tideglusib and AZD1080 were used for comparative benchmarking. Discussion: The present computational study draws attention to CHEMBL3347331 and DB12937 as potential GSK3B inhibitors, which showed similar stability and binding properties. The limitations of the present study are that it is based only on in silico predictions and lacks in vitro and in vivo validation, and ADMET studies may not be comprehensive enough to represent the biological complexity. Conclusion: CHEMBL3347331 and DB12937 are promising computationally identified candidates for further investigation as GSK3B-targeted inhibitors in the context of gastric cancer. Future studies should include biochemical, cell-based, animal model studies, and analysis of GSK3B expression and mutation status in gastric cancer to validate efficacy and safety.
Introduction: Green chemistry offers a paradigm shift in pharmaceutical manufacture by fusing efficiency, sustainability, and regulatory compliance. This review work is an effort to assess the developments in green synthetic pathways for APIs, along with focusing on measurements, technologies, and industrial case studies that exhibit sustainability without sacrificing efficiency. Methods: An analysis of industry data and literature focused on the following topics: atom economics, E-factor, process mass intensity, lifetime evaluation, and eco-scale. Results: Traditional pathways were routinely outperformed by green ones. One example of how biocatalysis was used to eliminate waste and heavy metals is sitagliptin. While improvements in solvents, like deep eutectic solvents and bio-based substitutes, reduced their negative effects on the environment, continuous flow enhanced PMI, safety, and reproducibility. Mechanochemical methods enabled solvent-free synthesis, and circular economy concepts were integrated into renewable feedstocks. Discussion: Rather than being a small improvement, these advances represent a significant boost in sustainable pharmaceutical manufacture. Despite ongoing problems with regulatory frameworks, catalyst accessibility, and scale-up, the improvements in overall efficiency, operational safety, and waste reduction show the value and industrial significance of these technologies. Conclusions: Green chemistry is currently the foundation of next-generation pharmaceutical production since green synthesis techniques for APIs have progressed from theory to practical application.
Introduction: Nanomaterial-based antimicrobial agents have gained global attention due to their potent antibacterial activity. Green synthesis using plant extracts offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesised using Cannabis sativa and Aegle marmelos leaf extracts, and their antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated. Methods: Ag NPs were synthesised using a domestic microwave (180 sec, 400 W) with plant extracts. The synthesised NPs were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli, S. typhi, Pseudomonas) bacteria at different concentrations. Results: Characterisation confirmed spherical Ag NPs clustered in morphology. Ag NPs synthesised using Cannabis sativa showed maximum inhibition zones of ~14 ± 0.7 mm (Pseudomonas). Aegle marmelos-derived Ag NPs exhibited higher inhibition zones of ~24 ± 1.2 mm (Pseudomonas), surpassing those of the commercial antibiotic (ZID~12 ± 0.6 mm) after 24 h of incubation. Discussion: Green synthesis of Ag NPs using Cannabis sativa and Aegle marmelos extract proved effective and eco-friendly. Aegle marmelos-derived Ag NPs showed stronger antibacterial activity, likely due to richer phytochemicals. The NPs were particularly effective against Pseudomonas. These results highlight their potential as sustainable antimicrobial agents. Conclusion: Cannabis sativa and Aegle marmelos are effective plant sources for green synthesis of Ag NPs, which exhibit significant antibacterial activity for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. In particular, they are most effective against Pseudomonas, highlighting their potential in targeting pathogenic microorganisms.
Introduction: The rapid spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria poses a serious global health challenge, limiting the effectiveness of conventional antimicrobials. This review explores the potential of phytochemical synergy as an innovative therapeutic strategy to combat MDR infections through multi-targeted mechanisms. Methods: A comprehensive review of preclinical studies was conducted to evaluate the synergistic potential of phytochemical combinations, used either alone or alongside antibiotics, against MDR pathogens. Mechanistic insights, including biofilm disruption, efflux pump inhibition, and interference with microbial enzymes, were critically assessed. Results: Phytochemical combinations exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity by targeting multiple resistance pathways. For example, 5′-methoxyhydnocarpin combined with berberine inhibited the Staphylococcus aureus NorA efflux pump, while doxycycline with baicalein disrupted biofilms and suppressed efflux in MDR Gram-negative bacteria. Flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, impaired microbial enzyme function and membrane integrity. Plant extracts from Cinchona officinalis and Lippia multiflora showed synergistic effects with antibiotics against resistant strains, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa Discussion: Phytochemical synergy offers a sustainable, multi-targeted approach to enhance antimicrobial efficacy, delay resistance development, and minimize toxicity. However, clinical translation remains challenging due to variability in phytochemical content, lack of standardization, limited pharmacokinetic and toxicological data, and scarcity of clinical trials. Conclusion: Phytochemical combinations represent a promising strategy against MDR pathogens. This review underscores the need for future research to prioritize standardization, pharmacokinetic profiling, clinical validation, and integration of omics technologies, AI-driven modeling, and nanoformulations to optimize the therapeutic potential of phytochemical combinations.
Introduction: Wound healing is a complex biological process that involves four stages of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation to restore skin integrity after injury. Modern medicine offers a range of strategies, such as dressings, antibiotic therapy, wound bed care, biocellular therapies, and debridement, to manage chronic non-healing wounds. However, to address patient preferences for holistic care, complementary and alternative Therapies (CAT), including herbal remedies, acupuncture, massage, physical therapy, ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and energy-based techniques, have gained significant attention in wound care. These non-mainstream approaches may support tissue repair, enhance patient well-being, and improve overall wound healing outcomes when used alongside conventional treatments. This review highlights the use of various complementary modalities in wound healing and care, including homoeopathy, acupuncture, Reiki, massage, physical therapy, yoga, Unani and Ayurveda, and electrotherapy and magnetotherapy. Methods: A literature search across research articles, reviews, and patents was performed. Databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched. The search employed several keywords and Boolean operators, such as “homoeopathy AND wound healing,” “herbal remedies AND wound healing,” “wound healing,” and “complementary and alternative medicine,” etc., to refine the results. For patents, the authors have searched Google patents using the specific keywords. Results: This review highlights the status of CAT as an adjunct in wound management, addressing both biological healing and patient well-being. CAT approaches support wound repair by improving circulation, reducing inflammation, and alleviating stress and pain. Approaches such as Ayurveda, homoeopathy, herbal remedies, and acupuncture showed promise. While some therapies have been practised for centuries, dressings, electro- and magnetotherapy hold the future of wound healing. Discussion: CAT should complement, not replace, the conventional wound care approaches. Evidence-based complementary approaches, alongside conventional medicine, may meet clinical challenges in chronic wound management. Well-designed clinical studies are required to establish the efficacy, safety, and integration of CAT into routine clinical practice. Conclusion: The review goes into detail on wound morphology and explores the role of various complementary approaches in wound treatment. A diverse set of CATs is studied and used, alongside or in place of, conventional medical treatments.
Introduction: Antifungal therapy, DDS, nanotechnology, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels, oleogels. Methods: Oleogels were prepared using Aerosil 200 as the gelling agent and a lipid blend of castor oil, paraffin oil, and rapeseed oil. Tween 80 and tocopheryl acetate were incorporated to improve solubilization and stability. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to optimize the concentration of the gelling agent and oil phase. The formulations were evaluated for viscosity, pH, spreadability, homogeneity, drug content, FTIR, DSC, in vitro drug release, and stability. Results: The optimized oleogel exhibited a smooth and homogeneous texture with ideal spreadability and skin-compatible pH. FTIR and DSC confirmed the absence of major drug– excipient interactions, indicating chemical compatibility. The optimized batch demonstrated improved drug release and better diffusion characteristics compared to non-optimized formulations. Stability studies showed no significant change in physicochemical properties over the test period. Discussion: The enhanced release profile and improved diffusion suggest that the oleogel matrix effectively facilitates the partitioning and permeation of itraconazole through the skin layers. The optimized formulation aligns with current trends in lipid-based topical delivery systems and demonstrates a clear advantage over conventional creams and gels. Conclusion: The study successfully developed a stable and efficient itraconazole-loaded oleogel with favourable physicochemical properties and enhanced drug release. These findings support its potential as a promising topical carrier for improved antifungal therapy.
Abstract: Saliva is an underexplored biological fluid in clinical diagnostics compared to blood, urine, serum, and other bodily fluids. Due to its non-invasive collection, rich biomolecular composition, and cost-effectiveness, saliva holds potential as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for the early detection of diseases. This literature review was conducted through a systematic search across three major electronic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search strategy combined MeSH terms and keywords, with primary terms including “Saliva as Diagnostic Tool,” “Biomarker,” and “Systemic Diseases.” The clinical correlation of various salivary biomarkers, such as CRP, 1,5-AG, and adiponectin with type 2 diabetes, as well as myoglobin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with cardiovascular diseases, is well established. Early detection of salivary biomarkers within the first 24 hours has been observed in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Similarly, salivary pH, accumulation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), and MMP levels indicate the incidence of dental caries and periodontal problems. Although saliva enables specific and selective biomarker detection, several gaps remain. This review highlights salivary biomarkers that have been widely correlated with their clinical applications and underscores the broad potential of saliva for disease diagnosis and monitoring, ranging from local oral conditions to systemic disorders and cancer. However, using saliva as a diagnostic fluid presents challenges, including ethical, social, and legal concerns, as well as issues regarding scientific validation and clinical applicability. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of these biomarkers and identifies research areas requiring further attention.
Introduction: Psoriasis is a long-term, immune-mediated skin condition marked by aberrant keratinocyte differentiation and hyperproliferation, which results in the development of red, scaly plaques. It affects 2–3% of people worldwide and has a major negative influence on a patient's social, psychological, and physical health Methods: Collection of information is from various sites, i.e. PubMed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Research Gate and Medline Plus Results: Plants were employed due to their abundant chemoprotective and anticarcinogenic properties. The Th17 route and cytokines like IL-17, IL-23, and TNF-α have been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, according to recent developments in our understanding of the condition. Scientists are looking at alternative delivery mechanisms because conventional topical therapy approaches are non-specific, ineffective, and linked to lower side effects. The manuscript is a compilation of 227 articles only. Discussion: The treatment of psoriasis has undergone a revolution towards targeted and novel medicines, which provide safer and more effective alternatives to systemic therapy. Extremely hydrophobic drugs can be made more soluble by using nanoparticles. They improve the stability of medications while delivering a steady and regulated release. Higher medication concentrations can be delivered to specific regions via nanoparticles. It will also go over the difficulties and potential paths for psoriasis research, highlighting the importance of tailored treatment plans and a deeper comprehension of the underlying causes of the condition. Conclusion: This review presents a thorough summary of the state of the art regarding the aetiology, clinical symptoms, epidemiology, and available treatments for psoriasis, especially on plants and their novel approaches.
Introduction: The hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disease, is persistent hyperglycemia caused by reduced insulin action, secretion, or both. It affects vital organs such as the muscles, liver, and adipose tissue, and can lead to major complications, including nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. DM, especially type 2, remains incurable despite various treatment options, and progressive β-cell failure causes current medications to lose effectiveness over time. Methods: The results of several preclinical and clinical studies examining the function of flavonoids, which are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds, in the treatment of diabetes mellitus are summarized in this article. Their modes of action and possible therapeutic advantages are highlighted. Results: A variety of antidiabetic actions are exhibited by flavonoids, which include catechins, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, flavones, flavonols, and others. These compounds have been demonstrated to increase glucose tolerance, decrease intestinal glucose absorption, stimulate insulin production, imitate the action of insulin, improve peripheral tissue glucose uptake, and control important enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Discussion: Flavonoids have medicinal potential because of their capacity to alter several cellular pathways related to glucose homeostasis. Their broad biological activity and natural origin make them appealing options for adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes. Conclusion: Promising natural agents for improving current diabetic therapy are flavonoids and their derivatives. To fully realize their promise in the fight against DM, more study into their mechanisms and therapeutic uses are necessary.
Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR), defined by a diminished cellular response to insulin, leads to reduced glucose uptake and disrupted metabolic homeostasis. IR is a central factor in type-2-diabetes and other major non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, etc. Although animal and human models exist for studying IR, they are costly and raise ethical concerns. Cell culture models, particularly the colorimetric glucose consumption assay, offer a simpler approach but itself gets affected by number of variations in media composition and assay conditions. This study aims to address these issues and re-standardize the glucose consumption assay by using C2C12 myotubes. Methods: C2C12 myotubes were exposed to lab-modified incubation media (DMEM with 1g/L glucose, 0.25% BSA) with varying insulin concentrations (10, 50, 100, 200 nM) and incubation times (3, 6, 12, 24 hours). Glucose levels were measured using a colorimetric kit, and results were compared with a 2-NBDG fluorescence assay in an oxidative stress-induced IR model. Results: Our findings depict that significant glucose consumption occurs either after 6h of incubation with a 50 nM insulin or after 24h with a 10 nM insulin. Moreover, the data are well comparable with fluorescence assays in an oxidative stress-induced IR model. Discussion: Optimizing the cultured media and insulin concentration reduced the assay time and cost without compromising reliability. Conclusion: By using an optimized glucose consumption assay, future IR cell culture studies can be made more efficient either by reducing incubation time or insulin concentration.
Introduction: Cancer is a continued health burden across the world, and the existing cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, have been associated with several toxic side effects. The increasing interest in the use of herbal medicine and phytochemicals from medicinal plants is attributed to their potential as complementary treatments that can enhance cancer therapy, reduce toxicities, and improve existing treatments. Evidence for their use has continued to increase. Methods: The review was conducted by thoroughly evaluating the published literature on the therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines and plant-derived phytochemicals in treating cancer. A number of clinical and preclinical studies were also assessed to understand the mechanisms and safety profiles associated with their therapeutic efficacy in combating cancer. Results: The results indicate the potential of different herbal medicines and phytochemicals with significant anticancer properties, which can act by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, interfering with various cellular processes, or boosting the immune system. Discussion: Recent developments in scientific knowledge and the applications of herbal drugs make their potential use in cancer treatment significant. Even though the initial outcomes are quite promising, the lack of appropriate frameworks and quality control during the implementation of herbal drugs is challenging. Conclusion: The review forms the basis for the safe, effective, and scientifically approved use of herbal medicines in the treatment of cancer. It makes an important contribution to the rational use of herbal medicines in the treatment of cancer by highlighting the drawbacks of existing conditions and opportunities to address them.
Introduction: Artemisia vulgaris Linn., commonly known as Mugwort, is a traditionally valued medicinal plant with diverse ethnomedicinal applications. This review consolidates current evidence on its phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar up to June 2025. Eligible studies included in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo investigations reporting phytochemical constituents and biological effects of A. vulgaris. Data on extract types, dosages, experimental models, and mechanisms of action were extracted, compared, and synthesized into tables and figures. Results: A. vulgaris is rich in flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, coumarins, phenolic acids, tannins, and essential oils. These bioactive constituents exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, antifertility, anticonvulsant, antimalarial, anticancer, and anxiolytic effects. Mechanisms involve free radical scavenging, enzyme inhibition (e.g., COX, MAO), neurotransmitter modulation, and suppression of inflammatory mediators. Several studies reported dose-dependent responses and validated therapeutic relevance. Discussion: While preclinical findings underscore the therapeutic potential of A. vulgaris, variations in extraction methods, dosages, and experimental models limit reproducibility. A critical gap exists in well-controlled clinical trials, which are essential to confirm safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing. Future research should focus on standardization, isolation of bioactive molecules, mechanistic studies, and formulation development for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications. Conclusion: A. vulgaris is a promising source of pharmacologically active compounds with relevance for both traditional and modern medicine. Rigorous
Introduction: Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) has emerged as a chemically tunable, biocompatible polymer with unique physicochemical properties, making it a promising nextgeneration pharmaceutical excipient. Its potential to overcome solubility and stability challenges in modern drug delivery makes it an attractive alternative to conventional polymers Methods: This review analyzed recent literature and comparative studies evaluating the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and regulatory aspects of PEtOx. Emphasis was placed on its role in Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs), modified-release systems, nanocarriers, and hybrid formulations. Data from experimental and preclinical investigations were assessed against established excipients such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC). Results: PEtOx demonstrated strong drug–polymer interactions, enabling stabilization of poorly soluble drugs at high loadings and effective inhibition of recrystallization. It improved supersaturation maintenance and dissolution performance, outperforming traditional excipients. Its non-ionic nature, low crystallinity, and tunable hydrophilicity allowed for tailored drug release in oral, transdermal, and injectable delivery systems. Additionally, PEtOx-based copolymers showed promise in mucoadhesive films, enteric coatings, and nanocarriers. Regulatory recognition, including GRAS status, further supports its translational potential. Discussion: Compared to conventional excipients, PEtOx offers advantages in stability, moisture resistance, and immunological safety. Its thermal stability and processing compatibility make it suitable for advanced manufacturing methods such as hot-melt extrusion and 3D printing. Despite these benefits, challenges remain in scalability, biodegradability, and limited clinical data. Conclusion: PEtOx represents a versatile, next-generation excipient platform with wide applicability in advanced drug delivery. Continued optimization, regulatory standardization, and clinical evaluation are critical for its successful translation into patient-centric therapeutics.
