When it comes to simple anatomy, the colon, rectum and anus all seem to be part of the same gastrointestinal highway, so wouldn’t the cancers that develop in these different...stretches, be the same? While colon and rectal cancers can be similar and are often referred to collectively as colorectal cancer, anal cancer is completely different in significant ways, including the cell type where cancer begins, the cause of the cancer, who gets this cancer, and how we treat it. Anal cancer is more similar to cervical cancer because the tissue that lines the anus (where anal cancer typically develops) is like the tissue that lines a woman’s cervix. Most anal cancers are related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection like cervical cancer, and the precancerous and cancerous changes that we see in the anal canal are also similar to cervical cancer. Cervical disease and analcentric malignancy share numerous likenesses including causation by oncogenic human papillomaviruses; in any case, critical contrasts exist in their study of disease transmission, hazard factors, biologic conduct, the executives, and treatment. Albeit uncommon, the rate of anal-centric malignant growth is alarmingly high and keeps on expanding in high-hazard populaces, especially men who have intercourse with men paying little heed to their human immunodeficiency infection (HIV) status. There are no public evaluating rules for butt-centric malignancy. Utilizing the achievement of cervical malignant growth screening as a model, anal-centric disease screening approaches apply anal-centric cytology, high-goal anoscopy, and guided biopsy to direct treatment and the executives’ techniques.
Background: Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus have been closely linked and East Africa is the hardest region hit by tuberculosis and Human immunodeficiency virus including Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to identify the associated variables with tuberculosis status and CD4 cell count chance of patients jointly in Gonder teaching referral hospital, Gonder, Ethiopia implemented by SAS version 94. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on AIDS patients whose age greater than 19 years from 1st January, 2018- 30th January, 2020. Generalized linear mixed model was used to identify the factors of CD4 cell count and tuberculosis status of patients separately and jointly. Results: The mean with a standard deviation of weight, and a hemoglobin level of patients were 55.48 (10.21), and 18.25 (33.028) respectively. The baseline characteristics of patients included in this study was the median CD4 count of patients was 378 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. The generalized linear mixed model was well fitted which shows, opportunistic infection, weight and hemoglobin level were significantly associated with log of CD4 cell count and tuberculosis status of patients at 5% level of significance. Conclusion: From this study, hemoglobin level, weight, and opportunistic infection of other disease were statistically significant at a 5% level of significance for the log of CD4 count and TB status of patients jointly. The result of the study shows that the log of CD4 count of patients increased when hemoglobin level and weight of patients increased. In addition, the log of CD4 count of AIDS patients who has other disease is 5.04 more likely to be co-infection than who has no other disease.
Despite the increase number of people living with HIV still there are limited information about the factors associated with viral load suppression among HIV+ individual enrolled into HIV care and treatment centers in Tanzania. Data reports that 87% of those who are living with HIV have attained viral suppression. However this is still low compare to the UNAIDS global targets that by 2020 of 90% on treatment must achieve viral suppression. Viral load remains a gold standard for assessing treatment outcome for those who are on treatment. In 2014 UNAIDS introduced 90- 90-90 goal so as to combat HIV epidemic by 2020. First 90% know there status, second 90 accessing treatment and Third 90% viral suppression. The aim of this study was therefore to identify factors affecting viral load suppression among HIV+ adults attending care and treatment services in the regions. Crossectional analytical study conducted at Dodoma, Mtwara and Lindi regions in randomly selected health facilities. 459 participants who are on ART for atleast 12 months and 18+ years were recruited for the study. Structured questionnaire was used. Data was entered, cleaned and analyzed using EPI info 7.2.2.16. Odds ratio was used to establish association, 95% CI, and P value of 0.05 were used for statistically significance. A total of 459 study participants were enrolled. The prevalence of viral load suppression was 79%. Viral load suppression was found to be association with Satisfaction to care OR, 11.6 (95% CI: 1.2, 113.6) and Stigma level OR, 2.5 (95% CI: 1.03, 6.1) and found to be statistically significant. Majority of participants were female 165 (68.6%), married 185 (40.3%), with primary education 309 (67.3%) and 280 (61%) had small business or self-employed. Those younger than 35 years had a 70% reduced chance of having viral load suppression OR 0.7 (95% CI: 0.41 OR 1.18), gender OR 0.85 (95% CI: 0.5,1.35), marital status OR, 0.93 ( 95% CI: 0.59, 1.47), those with primary education level OR, 0.47, (95% CI: 0.22 OR 0.99), duration on ART OR, 0.46 (95%:0.15,1.42) disclosure status OR, 0.39 (95% CI: 0.15, 1.01)there were found to be associated with viral suppression but not statistically significant. Satisfaction with care and low level of stigma were associated with viral load suppression.
Objectives:This study determined the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among patients attending the HIV clinic at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH).Design:A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at KBTH. The prevalence of hypertension was estimated among study participants, and socio-demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, metabolic and HIV/ART-related factors associated with hypertension were determined by logistic regression modelling.Setting:Study participants were recruited from the HIV clinic at the KBTH.Participants:A total of 311 Persons Living with HIV were recruited as study participants.Interventions:Simple random sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. A questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk-factor surveillance was used to collect study participants' data.Results:The prevalence of hypertension was 36.7%, and the factors associated with hypertension were increasing age, positive family history of hypertension, minimal exercising, current BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2, total cholesterol level ≥5.17 mmol/L, exposure to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and increasing duration of ART exposure.Conclusions:This study shows a high prevalence of hypertension among patients attending the HIV clinic at KBTH, associated with exposure to ART and increasing duration of this exposure. Blood pressure monitoring should move from routine to a more purposeful screening of patients for hypertension. Patients with the identified risk factors should be encouraged to have regular blood pressure measurements at home and not only when they visit the HIV clinic.Funding:Office of Research, Innovation and Development (ORID) of the University of Ghana. The funding agency was not involved in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Although the incidence of HIV-associated lung infections has changed due to the use of antiretrovirals, and the knowledge of the contributions of respiratory viruses, including subtypes of seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) has increased, studies to analyze and compare prognosis and risk factors between HIV-positive and negative individuals with HCoV respiratory infections are scarce. Patients with HIV are at a higher risk of getting infected with various pathogens, including viruses, therefore, it is important to comprehend the epidemiology of these infections. This study aimed to expose the epidemiological aspects of HCoV infections, comparing HIV-positive and negative patients. This study used a retrospective design and the data analyzed were collected from November 2013 to March 2018, a comparison of characteristics between patients with HIV and without HIV infected with HVoC using χ2, Student's T or Mann-Whitney U tests was performed. The detection of coronavirus species by the Luminex system in patients with HIV showed that HCoV-NL63 was the most frequent, with a prevalence of 45.5%, followed by HCoV-OC43 and HCoV- 22E9, with 36% and 18.2%, respectively. Overall, the HCoV-OC43 species was detected more frequently and winter was the season when more cases occurred. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical manifestation and the main coinfection was due to Pneumocystis jirovecii. Seasonal human coronaviruses are an important cause of infection in HIV-infected patients, resulting in several clinical repercussions. Further studies are necessary to determine the implications of HCoV in these patients, as well as the epidemiological significance of HCoV infections in HIV-positive individuals in Mexico and throughout the globe.
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that causes HIV infection. The abbreviation “HIV” can refer to the virus or to HIV infection. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. HIV attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. The loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult for the body to fight off infections and certain cancer Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS. This article deals with the Key facts related to the Disease.
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus positive status disclosure deficit continues to drive the infection transmission. The major causes for expansion of HIV infection in developing were due to HIV infected individuals continue to have unprotected sex without informing their status to their sexual partner(s) who may be of negative or unknown sero-status. In the Ethiopia regarding disclosure deficit among people living with HIV there is no adequate findings. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess magnitude of disclosure deficit experienced by people living with HIV and application of the Health Belief Model at Nekemte Specialized Hospital Western, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted to explore HIV disclosure deficit of people living with HIV at ART Clinic of Nekemte specialized hospital, Western Ethiopia from March 5 to April 15, 2020. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit 380 PLHIV. Participants were interviewed to obtain socio-demographic and health belief related data. Relevant medical history was obtained from participants' chart records. The collected data were processed and analyzed using Epi data version 3.1 and STATA version 14.0. Binary logistic regression analysis with 95% CI was conducted. Results: The mean age of the 380 PLHIV was 31 (SD± 8.9) years. One fourth, (25%) of participants experienced disclosure deficit. Delayed to use, low level of education, using traditional healing and respondents’ level of knowledge were significantly associated with disclosure deficit. Importantly, Disclosure deficit had significantly affected by respondents’ perceived threat, perceived stigma and perceived low social support. Conclusion: Magnitude of disclosure deficit was low. Disclosure deficit is more likely when the patient use traditional healing, delayed to start ART, has lower level of education, and perceives stigma and low social support. This finding also insight that the health belief model dimensions would be a valuable framework for providers, planners and policy makers to develop guidelines and policies for early and further HIV sero-status disclosure.
Background: Health worker Needle-stick injury (NSI) by internal body fluids can transmit serious pathogens like HIV. Considering Principles of personal and occupational care, plays an important role in prevention of such events. Case presentation: A health worker suffered needle stick injury by aqueous humor of a PCR-positive HIV patient while he was recapping needle despite necessary preparations. Conclusions: NSI by Aqueous humor which is secreted from blood, can theoretically transmit blood borne pathogens like HIV. Nevertheless, there is neither any report of aqueous humor NSI nor HIV transmission in this way. Based on our best knowledge this case is the first report represents HIV+ aqueous humor NSI and further evidence is required. Considering literature, we cannot conclude whether there was a need for PEP in our case.
The international community must also do a lot more to get COVID-19 vaccinations to countries with high HIV and other illness prevalence. It is unacceptable that just about 3% of the African continent has received a single dose of the vaccine and less than 1.5% has received both doses as of today. Most analyses have been conducted on relatively small cohorts of individuals in specific settings, and the impact of HIV infection on the severity and mortality of COVID-19 has been limited and occasionally contradictory. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have issued health alerts and prevention instructions for those who are at a higher risk of serious health consequences and death as a result of COVID-19. These recommendations are based on the outcomes and characteristics of patients who were infected early in the COVID-19 epidemic. Emerging trends point to an increased risk for older people, people in longterm care facilities, men, and racial/ethnic minorities, who have historically faced health disparities for many chronic diseases.
