Bacterial surface display system was developed to surface expose heterologous protein or peptide for various biotechnological and industrial application. Various outer membrane proteins such as FadL, LamB, LppOmpA, OmpA, OmpC, OmpF, OmpS, OprF and PhoE, have been used to display various peptides and proteins, including small molecular weight peptides, antibodies, domains, enzymes and receptors. The majority of the previously developed systems are only suitable for peptides or relatively small polypeptides. Therefore, the success of a bacterial cell surface display system is highly dependent on the choice of an anchoring motif that is appropriate for the intended target protein. Bacterial cell surface display is advantageous because the use of bacterial cells simplifies the polypeptide selection method and enables fast screening of potential recognition elements typically using fluorescence activated cell-sorting (FACS) and/or Magnetic Activated Cell-Sorting (MACS). This mini review mainly focus on construction of bacterial display, various scaffolds used for library screening and applications of bacterial display.
In the process of validation of analytical methods, the guides NF T90-210 or NF V03-110 [1,2] are most often used, they are respectively used in chemical analysis of water and the agro-food field. For indirect analysis methods, which is frequently the case and especially for spectroscopic analysis methods, validation takes place after verification of the performance criteria of an appropriate calibration model. The validation or verification of the calibration function in a measurement area depends on the guide used. izmir travesti For example, an MAD (Maximum Accepted Deviation) can be proposed for the adjustment between the experimental values and those adjusted by the calibration function. One can also use a statistical test of suitability by a variance study, which compares the residual variance with the variance explained by the proposed model. Statistical indicators such as the coefficient of determination and the standard error (R2; s) of the model are then calculated. However, these verification methods are insufficient because they do not provide an experimental protocol to test the performance of the proposed model in the prediction phase. It is easy to find a coefficient of determination R2>0.95 for a fit between the observed and calculated values, but it does not guarantee the quality of the results that will be obtained. It is easy to erroneously accept an analytical method as valid in one's field of study because the instrumental response function is not properly defined. As a result, the performance evaluation of the characteristics of the analytical method leads to biased results. In this work, we propose a simple and robust protocol for the verification of the performance of the instrumental response function (calibration model) of an indirect analytical method. The approach consists in the use of the cross-validation method (80-20%), which is a method commonly used in statistical modeling in chemistry and biology (QSAR and QSPR) [3,4]. Statistical indicators recalculated using this method are more robust and reflect better the suitability of the calibration function and its performance. The analysis method used in this work consisted of measuring the quantity of organic matter using a UV-Visible spectrum between 200 and 300 nm. We used three calibration functions by comparing the statistical indicators, as the coefficient of determination and the residual error (R2, s), which are derived from the cross-validation method of these functions. The fit between the observed and predicted values with respect to an acceptability deviation of 20% was additionally verified. The obtained results lead to the adoption of a three-wavelength multiple regression model as a fair and robust calibration model. Unfortunately, the limited data available did not allow us to test other more advanced functions as neural networks.
Background: Most parts of Capparis cartilaginea plant especially the leaves are used to treatment of many diseases such as skin inflammation, bruises, swellings, rheumatism, cough, indigestion, colics...etc. The leaves of C. cartilaginea are used traditionally in many areas of Yemen for heartburn/peptic ulcers, itching, shortness of breath and tumors. Objective: To evaluate the potential anti-ulcer effect of C. cartilaginea leaves in experimental animals. Method: 15 male rabbits were divided into 5 groups. Each group contains 3 rabbits, Ulceration was induced in the groups II–V rabbits with indomethacin (40 mg/kg body weight, oral intubation) dissolved in distilled water, while group I was kept as a control and it was only given the vehicle oral dose of gum acacia in distilled water (2% w/w). Results: The results showed that the leaves of C. cartilaginea have a significant effect (P<0.05) as anti-ulcer when compared to the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer group (Group II). It was found that seven days post-ulcerative treatment with the C. cartilaginea leaves extracts was optimal for the effective healing of gastric ulcer. Conclusion: Through this study, we conclude that the extracts of C.cartilaginea leave have anti-ulcerogenic activity and they can be used to treat gastric ulcer.
In this research, a method was presented for synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles and modifying them with a new group of porous nanomaterials. Initially, Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method which modified by (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane in toluene, followed by stabilization by the Cu-Benzen 1,3-dicarboxylic acid (BDC) metal-organic. The product examined for structural properties using infrared Fourier spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis (EA), vibrational sampling magnetometer (VSM), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The operational parameters like pH, absorption time, and the adsorbent capacity determined the naproxen content in human urine which successfully extracted and determined by HPLC. Moreover, the adsorption process examined by three isotherms models of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin. It was found that each gram of the synthesized adsorbent was able to adsorb 1.5 mg of naproxen. The average particle size of the synthesized adsorbent reported to be 20-50 nm. The loading capacity and the release kinetics in simulated gastric showed that both of these parameters were affected by the surface properties of the mesoporous silica material. Approximately 50% of naproxen was released in the simulated gastric fluid at pH=5 less than 5 minutes. Results of the absorption process of naproxen by Fe3O4/Cu (BDC) were congruent with the results of Higuchi model, one of the drug release theories from a degradable surface.
Aim of the present study is to compare antioxidant and total phenolic content of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium, Stevia rebaudiana. Initially 1 gram of each plant sample was taken for preparation of ethanolic and aqueous extract. In estimation of total phenolic content of extracts from these plant, ethanolic extract shows 89.99 μg/ml of total phenol for Achillea millefolium and for Stevia rebaudiana ethanolic extract with 59.57 μg/ml. Similarly, to ensure antioxidant potential of extracts, total antioxidant capacity assay and DPPH scavenging potential was evaluated for these two extracts. In these studies, compared to aqueous extract, ethanolic extracts of Achillea millefolium and Stevia rebaudiana shows significant total antioxidant and DPPH scavenging potential. In DPPH scavenging activity, aqueous extract of stevia shows highest inhibition activity ranging from 86-89% inhibition and for Achillea millefolium 85%-88% inhibition at 10-50 10 to 50 μg/ml concentrations. Overall, ethanolic extracts shows significant activity from these plants. Based on experimental results, it was concluded that, need to further explore and purification of total phenol from these extracts of plants, may give platform for further explore of plant-based drugs and their avenues.
Folklore herbal practioners of Cholistan desert claim Corchorus depressus Linn. (Tiliaceae) treat diabetes pain, fever, gonorrhea, treachery troubles, general weakness and sexual dysfunction. The aim of this study was to isolate α-glucosidase and anti-urease inhibitors and to check the α-glucosidase and anti-urease seasonal in three different time periods. In vitro α-glucosidase and anti-urease assays were carried out and in vivo anti-diabetic activity of Corchorus depressus Linn. was studied on alloxan induced diabetic rats to show its traditional use. The fractions CD-13, CD-14, CD-15 and CD-20 showed 4.31 ± 0.07, 6.32 ± 0.08, 15.37 ± 0.13 and 12.42 ± 0.13 μg/mL with respect to Acarbose with IC50 37.38 ± 0.12 μM. The fraction CD-M7 and CD-J9 extracts were found active against anti-urease activity with IC50 1.63 ± 0.08 and 2.42 ± 0.07 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to thiourea with IC50 21.46 ± 0.13 μM. CD-M7 and CD-J9 extracts were found active with IC50 1.63 ± 0.08 and 2.42 ± 0.07 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to thiourea with IC50 21.46 ± 0.13 μM. The most potent fraction CD-14 CDB was subjected to GC-MS analysis which resulted in isolation of metabolites as given in table 4. Our results validate the traditional use of Corchorus depressus for traditional therapeutic potential in treating diabetes and ulcer diseases. So it was concluded from the following discussion that non-polar CD fractions (upto 20% EtOAc/Pet. ether) showed potent IC50 values for α-glucosidase inhibition but CD polar (water extracts) showed remarkable IC50 values for anti-urease inhibition.
In this work aspen HYSYS v8.8 was used to simulate production of DME. Fluid packaging used in this process is NRTL thermodynamic. The production process is threshold problem. based on sensitivity analysis the most sensitives parameter on the DME yield were methanol feed flow rate to distillation column and reactor, tray spacing, percentage recycles methanol and reactor conversion, rector conversion and waster production rate and rector conversion. Reactor conversion above 70% has not significant increase on DME. Also DME production is proportional to methanol feed flow rate. Tray spacing in distillation column and the DME production rate is increasing up to tray spacing of 0.67 and decrease steeply in DME production rate and became constant in DME production above 2. Not recommended to use above 0.67. Total capital cost and Utility cost for total plant were determined. The heat integration of different streams was carried out using heat exchanger network. There is no pinch temperature. Since it is threshold problem is occurred. Only minimum hot utility (Q c min=0 KJ/hr) and minimum hot utility (Q h min=9.296 KJ/hr) are needed to satisfy energy requirements from external source. The production process is threshold problem and the change in delta T min value has not effect on the hot and utility cost.
The synthesis of 2-substituted-5-(α,α-diphenyl-α-hydroxymethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles(5a-e)by heating benzilic acid hydrazide(3)either with several carboxylic acids in presence of phosphorus oxychloride, or refluxing this hydrazide with corresponding aldehydes to give substituted benzilyl hydrazones(4a-f) However, then oxidative cyclization of those hydrazones with ferric chloride to give the same products(5a-f). Assistance of microwave irradiation for synthesis of benzilyl hydrazones (4a–f) is introduced now a day. In the present study microwave promoted condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes and benzilic acid hydrazide (3) are displayed, then cyclization by microwave irradiation. The structures of the prepared compounds were characterized through spectral and physical methods. Some of the synthesized products showed good biological activity.
Recent years mark the rapid evolution of 3/4-Dimensional printing technologies in pharma and biomedical sector with a huge potential in the dosage form designing and personalization of the medication. 3DP is a method to produce three dimensional objects using a computer aided design from digital models by depositing excipients in successive layers. 4 Dimensional printing is a unique concept which involves the same concept as that of 3 Dimensional printing with additional time as the fourth dimension, allowing printed articles to change their shape and morphology. Using smart polymers these products alter their shape by external stimuli such as light, pH, temperature, water etc. Recently with the use of such smart polymers and printing techniques we can make printed objects which can change its shape with time as a fourth dimension. In the present article, we have focused on different types of the smart materials or the stimuli responsive materials that are used for 4 Dimensional printing of the objects followed by their applications in the Pharmaceutical and biomedical field for the delivery of the drugs, dosage form designing, tissue engineering, stents development and personalized medications. We are sure that after solving the regulatory constraints associated with 4 Dimensional printing technology it could be the next technological revolution in the pharmaceutical arena.
An attempt was made in this study to investigate the diuretic activity of an ethanolic extract of a polyherbal formulation containing four drugs: seeds of Coriandrum sativum, buds of Syzigium aromaticum, leaves of Ocimum sanctum, and curcumin (Curcuma longa), as well as leaves of Syzigium aromaticum. According to the findings of this investigation, the extract of a polyherbal formulation (including seeds of Coriandrum sativum, buds and leaves of Syzigium aromaticum and leaves of Ocimum sanctum, and Curcuma longa) possessed substantial activity. Various quantities of Polyherbal formulations (200 and 400 mg/kg), furosemide (10 mg/kg), and vehicle were given orally to rats (n=6 animals per group), and the urine output was collected after 24 hours. All concentrations of Polyherbal formulation exhibited a dose-dependent relationship when compared to the control animals in the study. According to the findings of this study, the Polyherbal formulations have significant diuretic effect in rats when tested in the above-mentioned experimental model. That polyherbal formulation extract has such potent effect may be due to their ability to stimulate the excretion of Na+, K+, and Cl- concentrations in urine while also increasing the amount of urine excreted by the body. As diuretics, medicinal herbs are a key source of supply. When it comes to diuretics, both mono- and poly-herbal formulations have been employed successfully.
Gold nanoparticles have been used in biomedical fields since their discovery. Gold nanoparticles are utilized in cancer therapy due to their ability to efficiently deliver therapeutic agents to specific tumor sites. Letrozole is a selective non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor and extremely effective in infertility, breast cancer management and also as adjunct treatment for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Therefore, Letrozole is loaded in gold nanoparticle to develop a novel system that can efficiently deliver drug to the tumor site without damaging healthy cells. Gold nanoparticles were developed by Turkevich technique and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, DLS (Zetasizer), SEM, TEM, and FTIR. The synthesized particles were identified in the UV range of 520-550 nm. The nanoparticles were spherical in shape having size range of 50-59 nm. This formulation can greatly help for targeted delivery of Letrozole, avoiding harmful side effects on healthy cells and thus provide better treatment in breast cancer.
Background: Etamsylate (ETS), a haemostatic drug, is formulated with mefenamic acid (MFA) for pain relief. Objective: The aim of this work was to develop simple, precise and accurate spectrophotometric method for the estimation of ETS and MFA in presence of etamsylate main impurity (hydroquinone). This method could be used in routine analysis in quality control laboratories. Methods: The two chemometric techniques include principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS) were prepared using synthetic mixture containing two drugs and hydroquinone all dissolved in methanol. In PCR and PLS the absorbance of the synthetic mixture in the range 225-235 nm with interval Δλ=0.5 nm in their zero-order spectra were selected. Calibration or regression was then obtained by using the absorbance data matrix and the concentration data matrix for the determination of the unknown concentrations of ETS and MFA in presence of ETS main impurities in laboratory prepared mixtures and in pharmaceutical dosage form. Results: The two developed technique were successfully applied for analysis of the two drugs in laboratory prepared mixture and in dosage form with good recoveries percent in the range of 98-102%. Method validation was conducted according to ICH guidelines. Conclusion: The developed methods were applied for the determination of the cited drugs in laboratory prepared mixtures and in tablet containing the two drugs. The methods are simple and precise and can be used for routine analysis of the drugs in combined dosage forms in quality control laboratories.
Peroral salbutamol has been widely used to treat bronchospasm which acts by stimulating β-adrenergic receptors. Peroral salbutamol undergoes first pass metabolism extensively to inactive metabolite, shorter biological half-life and administered four times daily that leads to patient incompliance. The low dose, low plasma concentration and low molecular weight with pharmacokinetic limitations make it ideal candidate for transdermal drug delivery systems. However, its low permeability is the main barrier for using it as transdermal patches but it may be solved by adding penetration enhancers. Hence, the aim of this study was to formulate, develop, in vitro evaluate and optimize transdermal patches of salbutamol using different concentrations of film forming and bio adhesive polymers with different penetration enhancers and plasticizer for controlled release of salbutamol and thus to increase the bioavailability of the drug.
In this study, the ZnO-NiO nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode was applied for the electrochemical determination of dopamine (DA) at pH 7.2 PBS solutions with scan rate 50 mVs -1 . The voltammograms obtained during the oxidation studies revealed that ZnO-NiO NCs facile exhibits better catalytic function towards the oxidation of DA. The developed nanocomposite sensor offered high catalytic activity in sensing the dopamine MCPE application in the development of biosensors. The electrochemical responses of 5×10 −5 M DA and its cyclic voltagramme was recorded in the potential range of -0.2 to 0.6 v vs. SCE in the 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.2 at the BCPE and the MCPE were measured at a scan rate of 50 mVs −1 by cyclic voltammeter (CV) technique was analyzed for BCPE and MCPE. The graph obtained exhibited good linearity between the scan rate (v) and the redox peak current for the ZnO-NiO nanocomposites MCPE with correlation coefficients of R=0.97811, which indicates that the electron transfer reaction was adsorption controlled process. It is expected that its good electrocatalytic behavior the ZnO-NiO NCs MCPE can be used in the development of biosensors and electroanalytical chemistry.
Herbal medicines were popular in the treatment of many diseases due to green medicine is safe, easily available and less side effects. So the mushrooms belonging to Hymenochaetace members like Phellinus and Phylloporia were used in preparation of crude drugs/folk medicines. The sporophores of Phylloporia members were collected from Andhra Pradesh, India. The sporophore was used for phenotipical identification, Mycochemical evaluation, physicochemical properties, and Antifungal activity against plant pathogens. Based on the phenotypical or morphological characters the sporophore was identified as Phylloporia ribis (Schumach.) Ryv. The extracts of P. ribis sporophore powder contain Carbohydrates, Proteins, Amino acids, Lipids, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Cardiac glycerides, Flavonoids, Phenols, Terpinoids, Steroids, Sterols, saponins, Tannins, and Phosphate. The best solvent for extraction is methanol when compared to ethanol and water. The wide range of bioactive compounds constituents would be useful for immunity boosters as food supplements, drug discovery and development of various new formulations. The proximate composition evaluation is useful for standardization of P. ribis in powder form. That will help to identify the genuine specie in adulteration test. The methanolic extract of p. ribis sporophore powder shown best antifungal activity when compared to water extract. Except 5% concentration all methanolic extracts of P. ribis shown 100% inhibition of Aspergillus niger causing soft rot of carrot. For the first time Mycochemical bio active compounds, proximate composition evaluation, antifungal activity of P. ribis were reported from India.
In the present investigation, a new fungal species, Nodulisporium terra was isolated and identified from the soil samples collected from Paddy field of Raman Kari, Kerala state of India. The current study is the first study ever done to report the said species. The above new species were reviewed and compared with the previously known species, and the differentiating characteristics were reviewed and considered to represent a new species.
The aim of the study is to examine the cytotoxic effect of pyocyanin against the colon cancer cell line (HT-29). The organism was stained and found to be gram negative. The culture was further subjected to various biochemical characterization tests and it was confirmed as Pseudomonas sp. Pyocyanin extracted from pseudomonas sp. was analyzed using standard techniques. Out of seventeen isolates, seven isolates responded positive for starch and catalase test. Ten isolates were positive for MR-VP and hydrogen sulphide test whereas all isolates exhibited negative result for IAA production. Only one culture, showed positive for triple sugar iron agar test and for antibiotic sensitivity test. The culture is also subjected to optimization studies by analysing the effect of pH, media, light and dark conditions and solvent selection on pyocyanin production. Pyocyanin is also characterized using techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR and gC-MS. The sample was also tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells and it showed that it destroys 50% of HT-29 cells at the concentration of 45.29 μg/ml. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that pyocyanin possesses potent cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as a dangerous fungus remains a severe threat to farmers and nation’s economy. Fifteen molecular compounds were subjected to quantum chemical study via density functional theory and the obtained descriptors were used to develop QSAR model. The predicted IC50 using Partial Least Square (PLS) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) were closer to the observed IC50 and the result showed that predicted IC50 using GA were more closer to the observed IC50 than the predicted IC50 using PLS. More so, docking study was observed so as to probe in to molecular interaction between 3,5-dimethoxy-N-vinylbenzenamine derivative and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with PDB ID 2 × 2 s. The result showed that all the studied compounds have a better ability to inhibit Sclerotinia sclerotiorum than carbendazim
Background: All pseudomonads are widespread in nature. The most important species in this group from a medical point of view is Ps. aeruginosa, which causes infections in person with immune defects. Objective: Determine the antibiotic that are effective to Ps.aeruginosa among infected Patient in Hodeidah City , know Ps aeruginosa resistance to antibiotic among infected patient in Hodeidah City and Provide a medical information about these bacteria and resistant to antibiotic. Methods: The study was performed at microbiology department of a local Al-Hodeidah hospitals and laboratory Hodeidah city, Yemen. All the samples were collected during the study period, from May 2020 and ending in Augusta's 2020. All specimens were transported within one hours of collection to UST microbiology laboratory for processing, culture and identification. Ten isolates of Ps. aeruginosa were isolated from different clinical specimens and fully characterized by standard bacteriological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of each isolates was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The isolate pathogen showed highly resistant to six types of antibiotics which are Vancomycin, Ampicillin,cloxacilli, Nitrofurantion, Clindamycin, Cefoperazon, Ertapenam with a percentage of [100%], Rifampin [90%] and Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole [80%] while Aztreonam [70%] and Levofloxacin [50%] are considered to be sensitive. Conclusions: The result confirmed the occurrence of drug resistance strains of Ps. aeruginosa. Vancomycin, Ampicillin/cloxacilli, Nitrofurantion, Clindamycin, Cefoperazon, Ertapenam and Rifampin were found to be the most effective antimicrobial drugs. It therefore calls for a very judicious, appropriate treatment regimens selection by the physicians to limit the further spread of antimicrobial resistance Ps. aeruginosa.
