Exertional rhabdomyolysis is a pathologic muscle breakdown associated with strenuous physical activity. A largely preventable condition, it persists as an occupational hazard of military training and operations, especially in high heat environments among individuals pushing their endurance limits. A total of 521 cases of exertional rhabdomyolysis were identified in the U.S. Armed Forces in 2025, corresponding to a crude incidence rate of 39.7 cases per 100,000 person-years. This rate is consistent with 2023-2024 levels but remains higher than rates from 2021-2022. The percentage of inpatient cases rose to a 5-year peak of 46.3% in 2025, however, a 21.6% relative increase from the low of 38.0% recorded in 2022. In 2025, the Air Force demonstrated the most significant rate increase, 60.0%, followed by the Army, with a 16.4% increase. In contrast, the Marine Corps and Navy showed rate decreases of 32.4% and 34.8%, respectively, when compared to 2024. The Coast Guard's annual case numbers remained low, ranging 4-6 cases throughout the 5-year surveillance period. Consistent with prior reports, subgroup-specific crude rates in 2025 were highest among men, those younger than age 20 years, non-Hispanic Black service members, Marine Corps or Army members, and those in combat-specific or 'other' military occupations. In 2025, recruit trainees continued to experience the highest rates of exertional rhabdomyolysis, with a rate more than 6 times greater than officers and enlisted members.
Exertional hyponatremia, also known as exercise-associated hyponatremia, is a fluid electrolyte disorder defined by a low sodium level in the blood (below 135 mEq/L). Exertional hyponatremia results from excessive fluid intake that dilutes serum sodium, impairing neurological and other organ functions. Hyponatremia can be fatal if not detected early and managed properly. From 2021 through 2025, 609 cases of exertional hyponatremia were diagnosed among U.S. active component service members (ACSMs), with an overall incidence rate of 9.2 cases per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs). In 2025, 106 cases of exertional hyponatremia were diagnosed among ACSMs, resulting in an incidence rate of 8.1 per 100,000 p-yrs. The highest incidence rates in 2025 were observed among males, individuals ages 35-39 years, non-Hispanic White service members, those in health care occupations, and personnel stationed in the western U.S. Notably, between 2024 and 2025 the Marine Corps and recruit populations showed a sharp decline in cases. From 2021 to 2023, annual rates of incident exertional hyponatremia diagnoses increased, peaking in 2023 (11.6 per 100,000 p-yrs) and then decreased to 8.1 cases per 100,000 p-yrs in 2025. Although the incidence of exertional hyponatremia is decreasing, continued monitoring and specialized prevention strategies are critical, as the associated risk factors may affect individuals differently. Incidence rates of exertional hyponatremia decreased from 10.6 per 100,000 people per year in 2024 to 8.1 per 100,000 in 2025. Rates increased sharply in the 35-39-years age group, however, while decreasing sharply among those younger than age 20 years, ages 25-29 years, and in the Marine Corps.
In 2025, the unadjusted incidence rates of heat stroke and heat exhaustion among U.S. active component service members were 39.4 and 170.0 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The rate of heat stroke increased in 2024 and 2025, after declining for 3 years (2021-2023) at the beginning of the 5-year surveillance period. In contrast, the rate of heat exhaustion decreased in 2025, following a 4-year increase from 2021 through 2024. In 2025, male service members experienced higher rates of heat stroke, when compared to their female counterparts. Female service members and non-Hispanic Black service members experienced higher rates of heat exhaustion than their male counterparts and service members of other racial and ethnic groups, respectively. Consistent with prior annual reports, heat illness rates remained the highest among those younger than age 20 years, Marine Corps and Army members, and recruit trainees. To protect the force and increase readiness, military leaders and public health personnel can implement evidence-based prevention strategies, train service members to recognize the signs and symptoms of heat illness and take early action to counter the threat. The unadjusted incidence rate of heat stroke increased 6.9% from 2024 to 2025, for the second year in a row, while the unadjusted annual incidence rate of heat exhaustion fell by 9.1% in 2025, following a 4-year increase from 2021 through 2024. Locations where entry training are conducted for new Army, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Space Force personnel accounted for 40.3% of all heat illness diagnoses over the 5-year surveillance period. Training, specifically initial training upon service entry, remains a major risk factor for heat illness occurrence among U.S. active component service members.
Malaria infection remains a potential health threat to U.S. service members located in or near endemic areas due to duty assignments, participation in contingency operations, or personal travel. This report summarizes findings from surveillance of malaria infections among U.S. service members in 2025 and analyzes trends for a 10-year period, from 2016 through 2025. In 2025, 36 cases of malaria were diagnosed among U.S. service members, representing a 12.5% increase from 32 cases reported in 2024. The majority of malaria cases occurred in service members who were male (94.4%), in the active component (80.6%), and serving in the Army (63.9%). Africa was the leading region of acquisition (n=14), primarily for P. falciparum infections. A significant 2025 finding is a shift in the predominant species to P. vivax, which accounted for 41.7% (n=15) of all cases, a notable increase from 10% of all cases in 2024. Most P. vivax cases (80.0%) were acquired in Korea. Seasonality of infection remained consistent, with 72.1% of cases diagnosed May through October. These findings underscore the critical need for continuous surveillance, strict command emphasis on personal protective measures, and region-specific prevention strategies to protect the health of the force and maintain military readiness. The rise of P. vivax from Korea along with persistent P. falciparum infection from Africa not only directly affect force health protection but demonstrate a dynamic, regionally specific threat that requires specialized prevention strategies to maintain military readiness.
This study utilized de-identified surveillance data to estimate the incidence of head and neck cancer among active component service members (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard) from 2010 through 2024. This report updates the June 2021 MSMR analysis of oral and pharyngeal cancers (2007-2019) by expanding the case definition to include all head and neck cancers and extending the surveillance period through 2024. There were 549 cases of head and neck cancer diagnosed in the active component military during the 15-year period of analysis. The Army had the highest 15-year incidence rate (3.3 per 100,000 person-years) compared to the Navy (2.6 per 100,000), Air Force (2.6 per 100,000), Coast Guard (2.0 per 100,000), and Marine Corps (1.3 per 100,000). Service members ages 40 years and older had the highest overall incidence rate (12.3 per 100,000), which was 3.3 times the next highest rate observed among those ages 35-39 years. The 15-year male incidence rate (2.9 per 100,000) was greater than that among females (1.7 per 100,000). The parotid gland was the most common site of diagnosis, comprising 14.8% of cases. This report provides the most current head and neck cancer incidence data for active component service members from 2010 through 2024; it establishes baseline rates for monitoring of future trends and highlights specific high-risk populations (e.g., men, Army personnel, service members ages 40 years and older). Although head and neck cancer is the seventh most prevalent cancer worldwide, its incidence among active component service members is seldom reported. Head and neck cancer is often not diagnosed until it has metastasized. Significant physical limitations (e.g., difficulty chewing, speaking, and swallowing) and psychosocial effects (e.g., anxiety, depression, social isolation), compromising service member readiness, can accompany this type of cancer.
Military service members remain a priority population for assessing the prevalence, patterns, and long-term consequences of tobacco and nicotine use. The limitations inherent to documenting use among military service members, however, complicate the design of exposure assessment. This study combined 2 data sources-by aggregating self-reported Periodic Health Assessment (PHA) survey data with International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th revisions, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM) medical diagnostic codes-to classify nicotine and tobacco use as exposures delineated by recent use or history of any use. The study population included a total of 921,394 U.S. active component service members who completed a PHA in 2023. PHA classification for 'recent use' was defined by self-reported use of any tobacco or nicotine product within the past 30 days, whereas 'history of any use' included recent users in addition to those who reported cessation of use. The full roster of service members who completed the PHA in 2023 was matched to ambulatory and inpatient medical records within 30 days, before or after, the PHA sample period (December 1, 2022-January 31, 2024) to identify selected ICD-10-CM codes for recent use. Selected diagnostic codes for a 'history of any use' were queried for a period of 20 years preceding and 30 days following (January 1, 2004-January 31, 2024) the PHA sample period. Among PHA respondents, 22.0% (n=203,156) self-reported recent nicotine or tobacco use. When aggregating PHA data with recent exposure classified from diagnostic codes, the resulting assessment of recent nicotine or tobacco use increased to 28.7% (n=264,194). Critically, this aggregation identified 61,038 U.S. service members with no evidence of recent use on the PHA but with a concurrent clinical record during the specified matching period. Aggregating data sources for a history of any use only nominally improved the estimate, increasing it from 41.1% (PHA alone) to 43.1%. Agreement between sources was fair for both recent use (κ=0.28) and historical use (κ=0.36). The results of this study indicate that neither self-reported PHA data nor medical diagnostic codes alone provide a complete picture of tobacco and nicotine use among U.S. active component service members. The combination of medical diagnostic codes with self-reported PHA survey responses increases exposure estimates of recent tobacco or nicotine use among U.S. active component service members to 28.7%, in comparison to 22.0% if exclusively assessing recent use from the PHA. The integration of multiple data sources may provide a more comprehensive assessment of recent nicotine and tobacco exposure among service members, directly supporting enhanced public health surveillance.
From July 2024 through June 2025, a total of 806 members of the active (n=702) and reserve (n=104) components of the U.S. Armed Forces had at least 1 cold weather injury. Compared to the 2023-2024 cold season, the cold weather injury rates during the 2024-2025 cold season increased by 41.8% (from 38.6 to 54.7 per 100,000 person-years) and 45.8% (from 8.5 to 12.4 per 100,000 person-years) in the active and reserve components, respectively. The Army, Navy, and Marine Corps recorded their highest cold weather injury rates during the 2024-2025 season of the 5-year surveillance period. Frostbite was the most common cold weather injury in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, with the Marine Corps experiencing the largest surge in frostbite rates. Over the entire surveillance period, U.S. active component service member cold weather injury rates were generally higher among male service members, non-Hispanic Black individuals, and those under age 20 years. The incidence rate of cold weather injuries among active component service members increased by over 40% between the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 cold seasons, resulting in a 5-year rate of 41.5 per 100,000 person-years. This increase was primarily attributable to higher rates in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. The Marine Corps evinced the largest incidence rate increase (77.4%) during the 2024-2025 cold season. This year's update expanded cold injury surveillance to include "other specified and unspecified effects of reduced temperature," to provide a more comprehensive assessment of cold weather injuries.
Mental health disorders have long been recognized as a problem in a wide range of domains, including the military, resulting in significant impacts on general morbidity, health care provision, disability, and military discharges. From 2020 through 2024, a total of 560,035 U.S. active component service members were diagnosed with at least 1 mental health disorder. Annual incidence rates of mental health disorder increased steadily from 2020 until 2022, but adjustment disorder decreased since then, anxiety gradually increased, and the remaining conditions remained relatively unchanged. Most mental health disorder diagnoses were attributable to adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol-related disorder, and other mental health disorders. Historically, mental health disorders have often been misunderstood and stigmatized, leading to under-reporting, delayed treatment, and poor prognoses. Reflecting the unique stressors and cultural stigmas of military life, ongoing efforts to raise awareness, encourage help-seeking, and improve treatment options are essential to supporting the mental and emotional well-being of service members. While the incidence of U.S. service members who were diagnosed with at least 1 mental health disorder remained stable from 2023 to 2024, the annual incidence rate of anxiety disorders demonstrated a continual increase from 2020 to 2024.
Trends in obesity among U.S. active component service members (ACSMs) and civilians are relevant to military recruitment and retention, as excess body weight is a common disqualification for military service. This study utilized measured height and weight data from the Military Health System Data Repository for ACSMs (cumulative n=12,262,745) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for civilians ages 17-62 years (cumulative n=19,334). Accounting for the design of each data source, the prevalence of obesity (body mass index≥30 kg/m2) and body mass index (BMI) distributions were calculated. Joinpoint software and polynomial regression regression were used to assess trends over time. From 2013 through 2023, obesity prevalence increased among ACSMs, from 14.7% to 24.2%. Although obesity rates among civilians were consistently higher, this gap narrowed over the course of the decade. The same pattern was seen in young men (ages 17-24 years). Civilians have greater proportions within the highest classes of BMI than ACSMs. Persistently high obesity prevalence among ACSMs overall and in young men, particularly since 2019, may affect military recruitment, retention, and ultimately, strength and readiness. From 2013 through 2023, the prevalence of obesity increased significantly among U.S. ACSMs, 2019 to 2023 in particular, while prevalence among civilians remained consistently high. The pattern of obesity is especially relevant in young men, the largest source of potential and newly accessed military recruits.
Although mental health conditions are the leading underlying cause of maternal mortality, there is limited research on the prevalence of perinatal mental health conditions among active duty service women (ADSW). In this study of live-born deliveries among U.S. ADSW (n=62,729) with pregnancy start and end dates (i.e., dates of last menstrual period and infant delivery, respectively) from October 1, 2016 through December 31, 2021, International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes were used to identify mental health conditions: trauma and stressor-related disorders, anxiety and panic disorders, depressive disorders, suicidal ideation or attempt, and eating disorders. Data were collected through 1 year postpartum, until December 31, 2022. The prevalence of diagnosed mental health conditions from 1 year prior to pregnancy through 1 year postpartum was 33.8%. Trauma and stressor-related disorders were most prevalent (23.1%), followed by anxiety and panic disorders (16.9%), depressive disorders (14.6%), suicidal ideation or attempt (1.6%), and eating disorders (0.4%). The prevalence of mental health conditions was higher in the postpartum period (22.0%) compared to pregnancy (18.4%) and prior to pregnancy (15.0%). Overall, higher prevalence of these conditions was found among non-Hispanic Black ADSW (37.4%), and those who were unmarried (38.4%), never deployed (34.9%), or in the Army (37.4%) and Navy (36.4%). One in 3 active duty service women were diagnosed with a mental health condition in the year preceding pregnancy through 1 year postpartum. Overall, non-Hispanic Black and junior enlisted active duty service women demonstrated higher prevalences of mental health conditions compared to all other racial and ethnic groups and military ranks.
While female U.S. Air Force and Space Force basic military trainees are screened universally for gonorrhea and chlamydia, male basic trainees are tested only when symptomatic or upon patient request. Epidemiology and follow-up testing of male basic trainees who test positive for gonorrhea or chlamydia in training is unclear. All active duty male basic trainees at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland who tested positive for gonorrhea or chlamydia from 2017 through 2023 (50 of 182,726 total male trainees, 0.03%) were matched, 1-to-1, by age and accession date, with active duty female basic trainees who tested positive for the same pathogen. Medical records from military hospitals and clinics were reviewed for follow-up testing within 12 months of the initial positive test and subsequent diagnoses for chlamydia and gonorrhea up to 3 years afterwards, or July 1, 2024, whichever occurred first. Among 50 male basic trainees, 30 (60%) reported symptoms when presenting for testing. Most cases (86%) were due to chlamydia. Only 56% (n=28) of male trainees had follow-up testing within 1 year, compared to 76% (n=38) of matched female basic trainees (OR 0.4, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.95). Low screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea among male basic trainees may contribute to reduced follow-up testing and represents a missed opportunity to identify infections, prevent transmission, and reduce the burden of infection in this population. Male basic military trainees who tested positive for gonorrhea or chlamydia had follow-up testing rates significantly below guideline recommendations. Rates of future infections among male basic trainees were not, however, statistically lower than female trainee rates of future infections.
This report provides an update, through June 2025, of routine screening results for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among members of the U.S. military. The HIV-antibody seropositivity rates for active component service members from 2024 through mid-year 2025 were highest for the Navy (0.23 per 1,000 tested) and Marine Corps (0.22 per 1,000 tested), followed by the Army (0.17 per 1,000 tested), and lowest for the Air Force (0.13 per 1,000 tested) and Coast Guard (0.11 per 1,000 tested). Mid-year HIV seropositivity rates, in comparison to 2024, increased for active component service members of the Army but decreased or remained stable for all other services, as of June 2025. From January 2020 through June 2025, approximately 7 million U.S. military service members among the active component, reserve component, National Guard) were tested for antibodies to HIV, and 1,463 were identified as HIV-antibody-positive (seropositivity 0.21 per 1,000 tested). Of the 1,463 new infections identified during this period, only 40 (2.7%) were among female service members. The HIV-antibody screening program remains an important element of U.S. force health protection, particularly for men under age 35 years, for all branches of service and service components. The measurement of military retention for HIV-positive service members reflects changes in U.S. Department of Defense policies that allow asymptomatic individuals with undetectable viral loads to serve without restrictions.
This report summarizes incidence rates and trends of the 5 most frequently occurring sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from 2016 through 2024 among active component service members of the U.S. Armed Forces. The data for this report were derived from medical and public health surveillance of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis as nationally notifiable diseases; case data for 2 additional STIs, human papillomavirus (HPV) and genital herpes simplex virus (HSV), are also presented. Chlamydia infections were the most common during the surveillance period, followed, in decreasing order of frequency, by HPV, gonorrhea, genital HSV, and syphilis. In 2024, both chlamydia and gonorrhea rates dropped to their lowest points of the period of surveillance, falling 25.5% and 26.4%, respectively, from their 2019 peaks. Declines were predominantly concentrated among service members younger than 25 years of age-who were the largest contributors to overall incidence. Notably, syphilis incidence rose steadily throughout the surveillance period, among all age groups, and both sexes, with steepest rises after 2021, increasing nearly 70%. Non-Hispanic Black service members continue to bear the highest syphilis burden, among whom incidence peaked in 2023, before declining approximately 15% in 2024. Syphilis rates continued to rise among all other racial and ethnic groups through 2024, with the largest relative increase, 456%, among non-Hispanic White service women under age 25 years. Genital HSV demonstrated a downward trend throughout the surveillance period, with overall incidence reaching its lowest point in 2024. Incidence of genital HPV also decreased among all service members, with a more pronounced decrease among men. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and genital HSV incidence rates dropped to their lowest points of the 9-year surveillance period. In contrast, total syphilis incidence rose among all age groups, and both sexes, with the highest incidence among service women ages 17-19 years. While syphilis incidence rates remain highest among non-Hispanic Black service members, its incidence has risen sharply in all other racial and ethnic groups, reflecting an evolving and expanding syphilis epidemiology within the military in addition to the general U.S. population.
Limited data on sexual networks in the U.S. military makes designing strategies to combat sexually transmitted infections (STIs) challenging. This retrospective evaluation assessed reported sexual networks of military service members with chlamydia, to inform future interventions for decreasing transmission of the infection. Thirty-two active duty service members at Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston tested positive for chlamydia infection during the evaluation period, June through December 2023. Service members who tested positive for chlamydia were interviewed by Army Public Health Nursing staff and were asked to identify their sexual partners from the preceding 60 days, for routine contact tracing. Patient responses were then anonymized for comparisons of sexual networks of military service members-by sex, branch of service, and whether they were participating in military training or had completed training ("permanent party"). Service members with chlamydia were predominantly female (n=19, 59.4%), in the Army (n=18, 56.3%), and in military training (n=20, 62.5%). Of the 45 sexual contacts of the 32 service members identified through contact tracing, the majority (n=30, 66.7%) of those sexual contacts were civilians. Those still in military training were more likely to report sexual contacts who were also military service members, compared to permanent party service members (n=12, 50% vs. n=3, 14.3%, p=0.014). This evaluation determined that most service members who developed chlamydia were in sexual networks with only a single partner (n=22, 68.8%). These data should form an initial assessment of a military sexual network that needs to be confirmed in larger settings. This analysis of sexual networks at Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston involving 32 military service members with chlamydia found that sexual networks for service members who were in training had a greater proportion of sexual partners who were also in the military compared to service members who were not in training (50% vs. 14.3%, p=0.014).
Few studies have investigated body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness factors related to coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 hospitalizations among U.S. active duty service members. This investigation examined associations between measures of physical fitness, BMI, and Army physical fitness test (APFT) performance with COVID-19 hospitalizations of U.S. Army active duty soldiers. From May 2020 through November 2021, 13,074 male soldiers were diagnosed with COVID-19 (90 hospitalized, 12,984 non-hospitalized) who also had an APFT and BMI record no more than 9 months from the COVID-19 diagnosis date. Female soldiers were excluded due to insufficient numbers of COVID-19 hospitalizations. In adjusted logistic regression models controlling for race and ethnicity as well as comorbidities, and including age, BMI, and their interactions, both BMI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.07; 95% CI 1.01, 1.14; p=0.021), and the age and BMI interaction were statistically significant (aOR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00, 1.02; p=0.004). Each additional year of age amplified the odds of hospitalization by an additional 1% for every 1 unit increase in BMI. Development and maintenance of a healthy body weight may reduce likelihood of COVID-19 hospitalization and sustain individual and unit health and medical readiness. For male U.S. Army active duty soldiers, the association between having a higher BMI and COVID-19 hospitalization was amplified by age, indicating about a 1% increase in the odds of hospitalization per BMI unit for each additional year of age. Maintaining a healthy body weight may reduce the risk of COVID-19 related hospitalization for military personnel. The U.S. Army's Holistic Health and Fitness Program is one example of a comprehensive health program established to simultaneously enhance several facets of military health and fitness.
Despite a longstanding U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) requirement for seasonal influenza vaccination of active component service members (ACSMs), quantifying the impact of the DOD immunization program is challenging. To measure the burden of severe influenza among this highly immunized ACSM population, this study evaluated seasonal and cumulative seasonal influenza hospitalization rates among ACSMs from 2010 through 2024, stratifying by sex, age group, race and ethnicity, service branch, recruit site, and location (U.S. vs. non-U.S.). In contrast to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) U.S. population data, the highest ACSM cumulative seasonal influenza hospitalization rate was in the age group under 25 years (9.3 per 100,000 person-years [p-yrs]) and recruits (70.1 per 100,000 p-yrs). Non-U.S.-based ACSMs had lower influenza hospitalization rates (4.8 per 100,000 p-yrs) compared to ACSMs in the U.S. (8.0 per 100,000 p-yrs). Within the DOD, cumulative seasonal influenza hospitalization rates were highest in the youngest age group, particularly among recruits. This may influence DOD influenza vaccine distribution priority considerations in the future. Compared to U.S. national data, in which adult seasonal influenza hospitalization rates increase with age, the highest cumulative hospitalization rate among ACSMs occurred in the youngest age group, those younger than age 25 years, especially in recruit settings. Lower cumulative rates of seasonal influenza hospitalization in older age groups of ACSMs help quantify the impacts of the longstanding DOD vaccination requirement for influenza. The higher burden of hospitalization among recruits offers DOD vaccine distribution priority considerations in the future.
Prior studies have found a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes due to COVID-19 infection; however, recent literature documents few adverse impacts to younger and otherwise healthy populations, but with limited information about military members. The study population comprised active component service women with a singleton delivery between 2021 and 2023. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were evaluated by COVID-19 infection and vaccination history, as well as by demographics and pre-existing comorbidities. During the surveillance period, 39,355 active component U.S. service women had a singleton delivery. After controlling for potential confounders in the adjusted logistic regression analysis, COVID-19 infection during pregnancy was associated with eclampsia (OR 2.18, p<0.05) and antepartum hemorrhage (OR 1.11, p<0.05), and COVID-19 infection prior to the start of pregnancy was associated with antepartum hemorrhage (OR 1.18, p<0.05). In comparison, after adjustment, COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and prior to start of pregnancy was not associated with increased odds of any adverse pregnancy outcome in active component service women. COVID-19 vaccines are recommended for pregnant women by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and, previously, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This analysis found no significant difference in adverse pregnancy outcomes among those who received a COVID-19 vaccine prior to delivery compared to women who did not, between 2021 and 2023. COVID-19 infection prior to start of pregnancy was associated with antepartum hemorrhage whereas COVID-19 infection during pregnancy was associated with eclampsia and antepartum hemorrhage. The findings from this analysis suggest there is a benefit to vaccinating pregnant active component service women against COVID-19. There was no increased risk of these adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with receipt of a COVID-19 vaccine in this study population. In contrast, COVID-19 infection may be associated with increased occurrence of some adverse pregnancy events.
