Objective: The study was undertaken to compare the efficiency and outcome of Laparoscopic Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy (LAVH) and Vaginal Hysterectomy (VH) in terms of operative time, cost, estimated blood loss, hospital stay, quantity of analgesia use, intra- and postoperative complication rates and patients recovery. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 diabetic patients were prospectively collected in the study period from January 2005 through January 2009. The performance of LAVH was compared with that of VH, in a tertiary care hospital. The procedures were performed by the same surgeon. Results: There was no significant difference in terms of age, parity, body weight or uterine weight. The mean estimated blood loss in LAVH was significantly lower when compared with the VH group (126.5±39.8 ml and 100±32.8 ml), respectively. As to postoperative pain, less diclofenac was required in the LAVH group compared to the VH group (70.38±13.45 mg and 75.18±16.45 mg), respectively. Conclusions: LAVH, is clinically and economically comparable to VH, with patient benefits of less estimated blood loss, lower quantity of analgesia use, lower rate of intra- and postoperative complications, less postoperative pain, rapid patient recovery, and shorter hospital stay.
Adhesions are abnormal fibrous connections, joining tissue surfaces in abnormal locations. Adhesions form after any trauma involving the peritoneum and the injured tissue surface or directly between the injured tissue surfaces. The ideal anti-adhesion agent should be safe, efficacious, easy to use in all types of surgery, and economical. It should prevent adhesions at the site of surgery as well as throughout the peritoneal cavity. Needless to say, the ideal agent is still elusive.
The use of endoscopic surgery in gynecology has blossomed from a select few procedures just two decades ago, to modern gynecology, where the majority of major and minor surgeries can be accomplished via hysteroscopy and laparoscopy. This well written, comprehensive textbook reflects the need for a definitive text on gynecologic endoscopy. The text is divided into eleven major sections and fifty-two chapters, many of which are written by leaders in their respective surgical fields. The opening section of the book covers general laparoscopic principles. Pelvic anatomy is discussed, specifically from a laparoscopic standpoint. A discussion of specific trocar types is supplemented by clear pictures of each product along with insertion techniques to reduce the risk of injury. Endoscopic suturing is discussed with written step-by-step details on how to load, throw and tie intracorporeal suture and knots. Sections two and three cover the management of the adnexal mass and endometriosis. Decision algorithms for evaluating the risk of malignancy and choosing the appropriate surgical route are discussed. Detailed drawings and surgical pictures show techniques for operating on a variety of adnexal pathology from endometriomas to dermoid cysts. The endometriosis chapters detail management from simple peritoneal endometriosis to deep infiltrating disease of the rectovaginal septum. Section four covers infertility surgery and is relatively short with only three chapters. However, many common fertility surgeries are covered in other sections that deal with tubal anastomosis, neosalpingostomy, hysteroscopy, and myomectomy. Some of the best written and illustrated chapters in the book are found in section five, which thoroughly covers all aspects of laparoscopic hysterectomy. Whether the reader is interested in a definitive discussion of LAVH and TLH or more advanced laparoscopy such as radical hysterectomy, this section details it all. The pictures, illustrations, and discussion found in this section are written to enable a resident to learn the procedures prior to operating while also serving as a thorough reference for the experienced laparoscopist. Section six focuses of urogynecology, giving detailed description of the laparoscopic approach to paravaginal repair, Burch urethropexy, sacral colpopexy, enterocele repair, and rectocele repair. In addition to the excellent surgical descriptions and pictures, this section has anatomic drawings and descriptions of pelvic support. Section seven covers laparoscopic myomectomy and tubal reanastomosis. Section eight covers special situations in laparoscopy, such as surgery on the pregnant patient and creation of a neovagina. Section nine is an up to date discussion of new techniques in laparoscopy, such as hand-assisted, single port, robotic, and natural orifice laparoscopy. Section ten consists of eight chapters which detail hysteroscopic management of the gynecologic and infertile patient. These chapters cover office hysteroscopy, endometrial resection and ablation, myomectomy, intrauterine adhesions, metroplasty, and proximal tubal cannulation. The final section of the book discusses how to avoid, identify, and manage the most common complications in hysteroscopy and laparoscopy. In summary, the second edition of this textbook is a definitive and up to date resource on gynecologic endoscopy. The best features are the numerous clear digital pictures outlining various laparoscopic surgeries in a step-by-step fashion. Additionally four DVDs are provided with over five hours of excellent surgical footage to supplement the text. The book contains chapters covering the vast majority of laparoscopic surgeries performed in gynecology and covers additional topics rarely seen in most textbooks, such as endosalpingiosis and genital tuberculosis. This text would make an excellent addition to the library of any gynecologist.
Most of the surgeons find it difficult to perform myomectomy when it bleeds during the procedure as it becomes difficult to get into the correct plane of dissection. If this bleeding or blood staining of tissues is prevented it will be easier to get into the correct plane of dissection. In several studies, it is found that bilateral uterine artery ligation, at origin, does not interfere with future fertility as the end vessels and collaterals of the uterus are not interfered with. As no energy source is used to incise the myoma once Vasopressin has been used, the myomectomy scar integrity is better, as noted by various surgeons.
The occurrence of spontaneous torsion of normal ovary and fallopian tube in an adolescent is very rare. We report a case of a 14-year-old post-menarche teenager who presented as acute abdomen. Here, we discuss the differential diagnosis of acute pain abdomen, importance of immediate diagnostic laparoscopy and prompt decision for de torsion of the ovarian pedicle and mesoalphinx to salvage the fallopian tube and ovary, which has a bearing on future reproduction. The teenager is on follow-up for 4 years and has regular cycles and no recurrence of the symptoms.
Obstructive mullerian anomalies give rise to a spectrum of clinical presentations and are uncommon in routine gynecologic practice. The patient usually becomes symptomatic in early reproductive years. Recurrent pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, enlarging abdominopelvic mass, and abnormal vaginal discharge are the common presenting symptoms. We describe a rare case of a mullerian anomaly getting diagnosed 13 years after attaining menarche during the evaluation of postabortal sepsis. Patient presented 2 weeks following evacuation carried out for missed abortion, with acute abdominal pain, fever and foul smelling discharge per vaginum. The anomaly was identified as uterus didelphys with obstructed left hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis (Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome) complicated by pyocolpos. She was successfully managed by single-stage transvaginal septum resection under laparoscopic control.
Tubo-ovarian abscess usually results from ascending infection of the lower genital tract. In few cases, it can occur as a result of direct contamination at the time of tubal sterilization. We describe two rare cases of "tubo-ovarian stitch abscess" after post-partum tubal sterilization and managed successfully by laparoscopy at a tertiary care teaching hospital.
There has been an increasing trend in Laparoscopic surgeries. There is also a higher incidence of patients with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts due to the advances in the techniques of cerebral shunts. Surgeons may come across patients of VP shunts presenting with an indication for laparoscopic surgery. Although there is no absolute contraindication for laparoscopy in VP shunts, there is always a risk of raised intracranial pressure. We describe a case of VP shunt presenting with an ectopic pregnancy and undergoing laparoscopic salpingectomy. Patient withstood the procedure well and had an uneventful recovery. Reviewing the literature, we found that laparoscopy is safe in VP shunts. However, there should always be accompanied by good monitoring facilities.
Surgery using robotic techniques is becoming more and more common. One of the specialties at the fore-front of robotic surgery has been gynecology, much like it was at the fore-front a generation ago in bringing laparoscopy into the operating room. New considerations have been noted and new techniques have been learned on both sides of the drape in order to ensure a successful outcome for the patient undergoing robotic gynecologic surgery. The purpose of this article is to bring, to light the concerns facing the anesthesiologist in regards to robotic procedures. We discuss the problems facing anesthesiologists, when a patient is experiencing both intraabdominal insufflation and steep Trendelenburg position, and also the intraoperative management of such a patient.
The study was undertaken to compare the efficiency and outcome of laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH), total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) and vaginal hysterectomy (VH) in terms of operative time, cost, estimated blood loss, hospital stay, quantity of analgesia use, intra- and postoperative complications rate and patients recovery. A total of 750 patients were prospectively collected in the study period from January 2005 through January 2009 in a tertiary care hospital. The mean estimated blood loss in LAVH and VH group were significantly lower compared with the TAH group. As to postoperative pain, significantly less diclofenac was required in the LAVH and VH group vs the TAH group. LAVH, VH is clinically and economically comparable with TAH, with patients' benefits of less estimated blood loss; less analgesia use; less intra- and postoperative complication rates; less postoperative pain; rapid patient recovery and shorter hospital stay. The study concludes that thus, LAVH, VH is clinically and economically comparable with TAH.
Lymphangiomas are rare, usually benign tumors of the lymphatic system. Lymphangiomas may arise in any part of the body. Lymphangioma of the ovary is very rare tumor, which is usually slow-growing, remains asymptomatic for a long time, and identified incidentally at histopathological examination after excision. It is advisable to excise the lesion with microscopically clear margins. Many times, diagnosis becomes difficult because of confusion with malignant ovarian mass, especially in post-menopausal woman. A 72-year-old post-menopausal woman had a symptomatic pelvic mass. Imaging studies demonstrated a complex right ovarian cyst. Laparoscopic total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed successfully. Cystic Lymphangioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of an ovarian cystic mass, and laparoscopic excision may be the method of treatment.
We report a case of cervical agenesis or lack of uterine cervix. It is a rare mullerian anomaly and occurs in 1 in 80,000-100,000 births. The patient presented to us with primary amenorrhea and cyclical left lower abdominal pain. She was diagnosed to have cervical agenesis associated with vaginal agenesis and left endometriotic cyst. Neovagina was created laparoscopically. Utero-vaginal anastomosis was tried but it was not technically feasible. Subsequently, laparoscopic hysterectomy was done due to recurrent endometriotic cyst formation.
A non-communicating rudimentary horn is an uncommon site for ectopic pregnancy. Rudimentary horn pregnancy (RHP) is a rare entity but associated with grave clinical consequences. Majority of these cases if not detected timely end up in uterine rupture and present as an obstetrical emergency. We present this case of a 32-year-old, third gravida with a 12 weeks live gestation in the right rudimentary horn, which was successfully managed with laparoscopic resection. Early diagnosis is the key stone in the management of such cases. Laparoscopic resection is a safe and viable option in the surgical management of unruptured RHP.
A 43-year-old, who underwent a subtotal hysterectomy for postpartum hemorrhage following a normal delivery, 10 years ago, presented with a history of persistent vaginal discharge and post-coital bleeding. A pap smear reported moderate dysplasia, and a subsequent colposcopic biopsy reported severe dysplasia with crypt extension. The patient underwent a laparoscopic trachelectomy, and histology of the stump reported cervical squamous carcinoma in situ, with no microinvasion.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of aquadissection technique to reduce the blood loss in myomectomy and to assess the benefits and feasibility of the use of barbed suture for myometrial defect closure. Vasopressin is diluted with saline as 10 units of vasopressin for every 100 ml of saline. For a fibroid of about 8 cm size, 40 units of vasopressin is diluted in 400 ml of normal saline. The whole of 400 ml of this saline is injected in the myometrium. Incision is made on the uterus with just simple scissors (no energy source is required). As the uterus is cut, instead of bleeding, saline leakage takes place. This helps to keep the field clear and it is easier to get the correct plane between the fibroid and the myometrium. The separation of the fibroid is helped due to the dissection of the correct plane by the saline injection.
The fundamental idea is to have all of the laparoscopic working ports entering the abdominal wall through the same incision. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery is an alternative to conventional multiport laparoscopy. Single-access laparoscopy using a transumbilical port affords maximum cosmetic benefits because the surgical incision is hidden in the umbilicus and reduces morbidity of minimally invasive surgery. The advantages of single-access laparoscopic surgery may include less bleeding, infection, and hernia formation and better cosmetic outcome and less pain. The disadvantages and limitations include longer surgery time, difficulty in learning the technique, and the need for specialized instruments. This review summarizes the history of SPAL hysterectomy (single-port access laparoscopy), and emphasizes nomenclature, surgical technique, instrumentation, and perioperative outcomes. Specific gynecological applications of single-port hysterectomy to date are summarized. Using the PubMed database, the English-language literature was reviewed for the past 40 years. Keyword searches included scarless, scar free, single-port/trocar/incision, single-port access laparoscopic hysterectomy. Within the bibliography of selected references, additional sources were retrieved. The purpose of the present article was to review the development and current status of SPAL hysterectomy and highlight important advances associated with this innovative approach.
Although there are many studies the ongoing debate on the management of posthysterectomy vault prolapse whether it should be abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic still continues. However there is no clear consensus. Though the incidence of vaginal vault prolapse is said to range from 0.2 to 45%, the choice of the optimal treatment depends on the surgeon's experience, suitability for surgery, age, symptoms, quality of life impairment, and prolapse grade. Abdominal sacrocopopexy (ASCP) with mesh interposition is the traditional surgical procedure for treating pelvic organ prolapse and has been shown to have one of the highest long-term success rates for vaginal vault prolapse. The laparoscopic approach offers reduced morbidity, shorter hospitalization, and decreased post operative pain. The disadvantages of the laparoscopic approach include longer operating time and need for advanced laparoscopic surgical skills including suturing. Robot-assisted laparoscopic procedure allows the performance of complex laparoscopic maneuvers with less difficulty, and thereby simplifies the complex procedure. The aim is to describe and demonstrate the use and benefit of robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy in the treatment of posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse in obese patients along with mid-urethral sling application.
Uterine leiomyomas are one of the most common benign smooth muscle tumors in women, with a prevalence of 20 to 40% in women over the age of 35 years. Although many women are asymptomatic, problems such as bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility may necessitate treatment. Laparoscopic myomectomy is one of the treatment options for myomas. The major concern of myomectomy either by open method or by laparoscopy is the bleeding encountered during the procedure. Most studies have aimed at ways of reducing blood loss during myomectomy. There are various ways in which bleeding during laparoscopic myomectomy can be reduced, the most reliable of which is ligation of the uterine vessels bilaterally. In this review we propose to discuss the benefits and possible disadvantages of ligating the uterine arteries bilaterally before performing laparoscopic myomectomy.
