Introduction: Thiadiazole derivatives have emerged as promising candidates for the development of novel antibacterial agents. The integrated QSAR–docking–ADME approach highlights thiadiazole derivatives as promising leads with stronger predicted activity than ciprofloxacin, warranting further In-vitro and In-vivo validation. Materials and Methods: A dataset of thiadiazole derivatives with known antibacterial activity was analyzed. 3D-QSAR using comparative molecular field analysis was performed to identify essential structural features. Docking studies were conducted to predict the binding interactions of selected thiadiazole derivatives with bacterial targets, focusing on key interactions, including hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts Results: The QSAR analysis revealed significant correlations between the structural features of the compounds and their antibacterial activity. The 3D-QSAR analysis, utilizing comparative molecular field analysis, provided insights into the three-dimensional structural requirements for optimal antibacterial activity. Molecular docking studies predicted binding interactions between the thiadiazole derivatives and their potential bacterial targets. The results indicated that ligands 4, 5, 9, and 10 exhibited strong binding affinities, ranging from -8.9 to -9.5 kcal/mol. Ligand 4 demonstrated the highest binding energy (-9.5 kcal/mol) by forming hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions at the E. coli effector site. Discussion: Thiadiazole derivatives showed enhanced predicted antibacterial activity over ciprofloxacin, supported by QSAR correlations and docking interactions. Compounds 4, 5, 9, and 10 exhibited the strongest binding energies, highlighting the scaffold's novelty. Further in-vitro and in-vivo validation remains essential for translational application. Conclusion: The integrated QSAR, docking, and ADME analysis identified thiadiazole derivatives, particularly compounds 4, 5, 9, and 10, as promising antibacterial leads with higher predicted binding affinity than ciprofloxacin. While computational findings provide valuable insights, experimental in vitro and in vivo validation is essential to confirm their therapeutic potential.
Introduction: Second-generation lipid-based nanocarriers called nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), specifically their low drug loading capacity and tendency for drug expulsion. This study focuses on the preparation techniques, comparative benefits, uses, and new difficulties of NLCs in the administration of pharmaceutical drugs. Methods: Literature from recent studies was analyzed to summarize the technological advances in NLCs design, including high-pressure homogenization, solvent injection, microemulsion, ultrasonication, and microwave-assisted synthesis. Emphasis was given to their comparative performance against conventional systems and their applications via multiple routes of administration. Results: NLCs exhibit superior drug loading, controlled release, enhanced stability, and improved bioavailability relative to traditional formulations such as tablets, emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric carriers. They have demonstrated significant potential in topical, oral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and parenteral delivery, as well as in cancer therapy, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, dermatological conditions, and gene delivery Discussion: NLCs offer several positive benefits, including skin hydration, occlusion, increased bioavailability, and skin targeting, which give them a significant advantage in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics markets. NLCs design optimization for particular therapeutic targets, stability enhancement, and the development of more effective manufacturing techniques are the main goals of ongoing research. Conclusion: NLCs represent a promising and versatile platform for drug delivery, combining biocompatibility with functional adaptability. However, long-term safety, regulatory harmonization, and clinical translation remain critical challenges that must be addressed to realize their full therapeutic potential
The indole moiety is frequently included in a variety of classes of pharmaceutically active compounds with a range of biological effects, such as analgesic, anti-viral, anti-psychotic, antihypertensive, anti-migraine, and anti-arthritis properties. The objective of the present study is the synthesis, antimicrobial, and antiinflammatory evaluation of 3-(3-(phenyl/substituted phenyl)-1-(phenyl/acetyl-4,5-dihydro- 1H-pyrazole-5-yl)-3H-indole). The prepared compound was characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), and further evaluated for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The chemicals P5, H4, P9, P3, P7, P8, and P7 were shown to be the most active, according to the PMIC data. The compound H1 showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity, with a log IC50 of 1.82, according to the results of the anti-inflammatory study. Some of these evaluated pyrazole derivatives have notable anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, according to the study's findings. The results can be used to develop innovative leads with therapeutic potential against inflammation and microorganisms.
This paper describes the adsorption efficiency of tannic aciddoped polyaniline (TPAni) to remove methylene blue (Mb) dye from its water-based solution. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was used as an oxidant in the polymerization process to prepare TPAni. Tannic acid-doped polyaniline was characterized using FTIR, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, and ZETA potential conductivity techniques. The Langmuir capacity isotherm was found to be 42.3 mg/g. Additionally, the effects of temperature, pH, contact time, and initial concentration of Mb were examined and optimized to 35°C, 8.50 minutes, 8 mg/L, respectively. Temperature affects the Gibbs free energy, which is -3.356, -3.562, and -3.615 kJ/mol at 290, 300, and 305 K, respectively. This shift in Gibbs's free energy implies that tannic acid-doped polyaniline has the ability to spontaneously and practically remove methylene blue dye. The measured change in enthalpy of 1.13 kJ/mol indicated the presence of physical contact between the adsorbent and the dye molecules. It can be concluded from this study that the heterogeneous surface of TPAni was involved in the adsorptive elimination of the Mb and that a multilayer formed during the adsorption experiment. The study also examined the impacts of several parameters: contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and pH of the solution. The optimum values of these parameters were found to be 50 minutes, 8 mgL⁻¹, 0.004 g, and 8, respectively. The effect of temperature was also investigated, and found that higher adsorption occurs at high temperature. It is clear from this study that tannic acid-doped polyaniline (TPAni) with a greater number of negative sites on its surface is a very useful and new adsorbent for removing cationic dyes from wastewater.
Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin condition, is caused by an accelerated rate of skin cell turnover, leading to plaques, scaling, and inflammation. Commonly used conventional treatments for these symptoms include topical corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues. However, recent developments in gelling agents and topical gel formulations have significantly improved therapeutic outcomes, enhancing medicine administration and patient satisfaction. This patent study aims to analyze and gather the latest advancements in the production of topical gel formulations and gelling agents specifically designed to treat psoriasis. In addition to highlighting the innovative gel-based delivery systems'; effectiveness and safety, this review also emphasizes how they improve patient adherence, convenience, and general quality of life. By looking at these developments, this review sheds light on how topical gel formulations and gelling agents are set to revolutionize psoriasis treatment in the future.
Particle size has become a more prominent topic in multidisciplinary research in recent years, which aids in examining the relationship between the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of different materials. Generally, acid/enzymatic hydrolysis, gamma irradiation, simple nanoprecipitation, ultra-sonication, and homogenization treatments are used to create starch nanoparticles. After starch is converted into nanoparticles, various features are impacted, including size distribution, morphological, rheological, and amylose content. It has been shown that starch nanoparticles are superior to natural starches; therefore, they have a wide range of applications as fillers, binding agents, and texture modifiers in various food products, as well as in the production of biocomposite films with improved barrier properties. The principal applications for starch nanoparticles include medication administration, nanoemulsions, and nano-starch-based composite films. There is a dearth of research on the effects of starch nanoparticle production on different native starch characteristics. In order to maximize the use of starch nanoparticles in food and nonfood applications, this study thoroughly reviews all factors pertaining to different starch characteristics and their nanoparticles. Particular attention is paid to the abstract review of the literature on starch, which gives a clear idea of the relevance of this study.
This work investigates the interplay between electric field intensity and moisture in the dielectric breakdown of insulating materials. The objective is to develop a thermodynamic framework that captures the irreversible processes involved, highlighting the impact of moisture on the formation of conductive paths and system degradation. A phenomenological model is proposed, combining the Dielectric Breakdown Model (DBM) with principles from linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Coupled fluxes and forces are formulated using Onsager relations, and entropy production is evaluated under isothermal conditions. Figure~\ref{fig2} shows the dependence of the number of branches on the electric field intensity, illustrating the fractal-like growth behavior of the electric tree structure \cite{Niemeyer1984, Kudo1998}. This behavior is consistent with previous studies, which have established that higher electric fields reduce the number of active branches, leading to a more localized and intense dielectric breakdown. \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Figure 2 600dpi.jpg} \caption{Number of branches vs. electric field intensity, illustrating the fractal-like growth behavior.} \label{fig2} \end{figure} By integrating the linear phenomenological equations with the stochastic DBM framework, we obtain explicit expressions for the moisture and electric current fluxes: \begin{equation} J_{\mu} = T D \left(\frac{1}{T Nb}\right) + L_{\mu\phi} \left(\frac{E}{T}\right), \end{equation} \begin{equation} J_{\phi} = L_{\phi\mu} \left(\frac{1}{T Nb}\right) + T \kappa \left(\frac{E}{T}\right), \end{equation} where $Nb = C Br$ represents the effective number of moisture-conducting branches as predicted by the DBM model. The corresponding entropy production for the coupled system reads: \begin{equation} \sigma = T D \left(\frac{1}{T Nb}\right)^2 + T \kappa \left(\frac{E}{T}\right)^2 + 2 L_{\mu\phi} \left(\frac{E}{T}\right)\left(\frac{1}{T Nb}\right). \end{equation} Figure~\ref{fig3} compares the entropy production as a function of the electric field intensity in two scenarios: with and without coupling. \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Figure 3 600dpi.jpg} \caption{Normalized entropy production $\sigma$ vs. electric field intensity $E$: (a) no coupling ($L_{\mu\phi}=0$), (b) with coupling ($L_{\mu\phi} \neq 0$).} \label{fig3} \end{figure} As seen in Figure~\ref{fig3}, the entropy production increases significantly in the presence of moisture, indicating a higher degree of irreversibility in the system. This suggests that moisture not only facilitates conductive path formation, but actively enhances thermodynamic irreversibility through coupled flux mechanisms. Figure ~\ref{fig4} presents the dependency of entropy production on the electric field for various values of the coupling coefficient $L_{\mu\phi}$ . As $L_{\mu\phi}$ increases, the entropy production curve becomes significantly steeper. This behavior underscores the sensitivity of the system to even moderate moisture-electric coupling. Physically, it implies that materials with higher affinity between ionic/moisture fluxes and electric field exhibit accelerated degradation. It also highlights the potential of $L_{\mu\phi}$ as a critical design parameter in insulation systems. \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Figure 4 600dpi.jpg} \caption{Entropy production $\sigma$ vs. electric field intensity $E$ for different values of $L_{\mu\phi}$.} \label{fig4} \end{figure} These findings extend our earlier results, which connected the fractal analysis of tree growth with entropy production metrics in non-equilibrium systems \cite{Enciso2019, Razzitte2020}. The model shows that moisture significantly enhances entropy production, especially when the coupling coefficient between ionic flux and electric field is non-zero. Numerical simulations demonstrate that entropy production increases with both electric field intensity and coupling strength, accelerating degradation pathways. Figure~\ref{fig2} shows the dependence of the number of branches on the electric field intensity, illustrating the fractal-like growth behavior of the electric tree structure \cite{Niemeyer1984, Kudo1998}. This behavior is consistent with previous studies, which have established that higher electric fields reduce the number of active branches, leading to a more localized and intense dielectric breakdown. \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Figure 2 600dpi.jpg} \caption{Number of branches vs. electric field intensity, illustrating the fractal-like growth behavior.} \label{fig2} \end{figure} By integrating the linear phenomenological equations with the stochastic DBM framework, we obtain explicit expressions for the moisture and electric current fluxes: \begin{equation} J_{\mu} = T D \left(\frac{1}{T Nb}\right) + L_{\mu\phi} \left(\frac{E}{T}\right), \end{equation} \begin{equation} J_{\phi} = L_{\phi\mu} \left(\frac{1}{T Nb}\right) + T \kappa \left(\frac{E}{T}\right), \end{equation} where $Nb = C Br$ represents the effective number of moisture-conducting branches as predicted by the DBM model. The corresponding entropy production for the coupled system reads: \begin{equation} \sigma = T D \left(\frac{1}{T Nb}\right)^2 + T \kappa \left(\frac{E}{T}\right)^2 + 2 L_{\mu\phi} \left(\frac{E}{T}\right)\left(\frac{1}{T Nb}\right). \end{equation} Figure~\ref{fig3} compares the entropy production as a function of the electric field intensity in two scenarios: with and without coupling. \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Figure 3 600dpi.jpg} \caption{Normalized entropy production $\sigma$ vs. electric field intensity $E$: (a) no coupling ($L_{\mu\phi}=0$), (b) with coupling ($L_{\mu\phi} \neq 0$).} \label{fig3} \end{figure} As seen in Figure~\ref{fig3}, the entropy production increases significantly in the presence of moisture, indicating a higher degree of irreversibility in the system. This suggests that moisture not only facilitates conductive path formation, but actively enhances thermodynamic irreversibility through coupled flux mechanisms. Figure ~\ref{fig4} presents the dependency of entropy production on the electric field for various values of the coupling coefficient $L_{\mu\phi}$ . As $L_{\mu\phi}$ increases, the entropy production curve becomes significantly steeper. This behavior underscores the sensitivity of the system to even moderate moisture-electric coupling. Physically, it implies that materials with higher affinity between ionic/moisture fluxes and electric field exhibit accelerated degradation. It also highlights the potential of $L_{\mu\phi}$ as a critical design parameter in insulation systems. \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Figure 4 600dpi.jpg} \caption{Entropy production $\sigma$ vs. electric field intensity $E$ for different values of $L_{\mu\phi}$.} \label{fig4} \end{figure} These findings extend our earlier results, which connected the fractal analysis of tree growth with entropy production metrics in non-equilibrium systems \cite{Enciso2019, Razzitte2020}. The results confirm that moisture not only alters the local electric field distribution but also reinforces irreversible processes through coupling mechanisms. The coefficient Luø emerges as a critical parameter in assessing insulation performance under humid conditions. This study provides a theoretical framework for understanding moistureinduced dielectric breakdown from a thermodynamic perspective. The findings may assist in designing more robust insulating systems and motivate further exploration into nonlinear and non-extensive generalizations of irreversible processes.
Carboxymethylated quinoa starch nanoparticles loaded with naringin were prepared using the rapid and reliable nanoprecipitation method with the aim of enhancing the drug's solubility and release. Naringin is widely used as an anti-inflammatory agent and is also beneficial in the management of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. It is used as a model drug in this study. The objective of this study is to increase the solubility and release of the drug. Carboxymethylated quinoa starch nanoparticles loaded with naringin were created using a quick and dependable nanoprecipitation process. Quinoa seed starch was extracted through the water steeping method. Naringinloaded Carboxymethylated Starch Nanoparticles (NCMSNPs) loaded with model drug naringin were prepared to enhance the solubility of the drug by using the nanoprecipitation technique. Blank and naringin-loaded carboxymethylated starch nanoparticles were prepared by the nanoprecipitation technique, containing 0.5-4.5%w/v Carboxymethylated starch and 0.5%w/v drug. The selected batch based on minimum particle size, minimum PDI, and maximum % entrapment efficiency was assessed for in-vitro drug release profile, anti-inflammatory activity, and anti-oxidant activity. The in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity of NCMSNPs were observed to be higher (95.50%, 62%) than those of the pure drug (73.03%, 53%). The drug release profile of NCMSNPs revealed maximum drug release of 88.19% over a specified period of 24 h in phosphate buffer (pH-6.8) as compared to 42.62% release from drug solution following the NCMSNPs “n” value was found to be (n>0.5), which shows the release of drug from NCMSNPs occurs by the mechanism of Super case II transport diffusion. Therefore, carboxymethylated quinoa starch possesses excellent potential as a carrier that can be explored for future applications in the field of pharmaceutical research.
The collision-induced light scattering (CILS) has been a considerable effort devoted to the comparison between experimental and theoretical interactions. Therefore, many methods have been applied in the theoretical calculations: one is based on an analytical expression of the motion of the pair. An analytical formula for the moment of the collision-induced scattering (CIS) over the Kihara potential is presented in this work. Due to its calculation yield, the proposed analytical formula can be used for the collision-induced polarizability in real gases. As far as we know, this work offers the first analytical formula for calculating the first two moments for the collision-induced scattering of gases by the Kihara potential. Also, the accuracy of the offered analytical expression is shown owing to its comparison with various results obtained using Lennard-Jones (LJ) (12-6) potential results. Kihara potential transformers LJ (12-6) potential when the d = 0 , potential parameter is equal to zero. Therefore, the obtained results for the moment of the collision-induced scattering over the Kihara potential have been compared with the obtained results d = 0 . The calculations obtained are valid for the arbitrary values of temperatures, and the calculation results are in good agreement with the literature.
The elimination of organic dyes from industrial wastewater is vital due to their adverse health and environmental impacts. Rhodamine B, a toxic dye linked to cancer, exemplifies these concerns and has led to regulatory actions in India. Among perovskite family materials, barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles have demonstrated potential as oxide photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants via advanced oxidation processes. This study aims to synthesize and evaluate pristine and iron (Fe)-doped BaTiO₃ nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. Pristine and Fe-doped BaTiO3 nanoparticles (1-3 mol% Fe) were synthesized using the sol-gel method. Structural and optical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-visible spectroscopy. Photocatalytic efficiency was assessed using Rhodamine B under UV irradiation. XRD revealed cubic and tetragonal phases with particle sizes ranging from 23 to 29 nm. UV-visible spectroscopy showed a bandgap of 3.23 eV for pristine BaTiO3, which decreased with increasing Fe doping. Photocatalytic results indicated that Fe-doped samples exhibited enhanced degradation compared to pristine BaTiO₃. Performance improved with Fe doping up to 2 mol%, beyond which activity declined, likely due to recombination effects and possible secondary phase formation. These findings highlight Fe-doped BaTiO3 nanoparticles as promising, ecofriendly photocatalysts for water purification applications.
A comprehensive analysis of the conformational space of the three most abundant naturally occurring methoxylated anthocyanidins -peonidin, petunidin, and malvidin-, as well as their frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) was performed for the first time to explain bioactivities of interest, such as antioxidant and antimutagenic activities. Planar (P) and non-planar (Z) conformers were analyzed in vacuum and in various solvents (using polarizable continuum model; PCM), including acetic acid, methanol, and water, at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level of theory. Boltzmann averages were also calculated, thereby achieving the quantitative contribution of each conformation to the total population. Physical properties such as dipole moment and polarizability were also evaluated for each conformer and the entire conformational space. Thirty-five new conformers were reported for peonidin, thirty-four for petunidin, and nineteen for malvidin. Correct characterization of the whole conformational space for these compounds demonstrated the coexistence of positively charged quinoidal structures, together with other resonance structures. Solvent polarity, incorporation of donor groups into ring B, together with the percentage contribution of P and Z conformers within the conformational space modified the antioxidant activity of these compounds. The percentage atom contributions to HOMO were appropriate to demonstrate antimutagenic activity as enzyme inhibitors, as well as the steric and electrostatic requirements to form the pharmacophore. Peonidin was the strongest antioxidant anthocyanidin and malvidin was the anthocyanidin with the best antimutagenic activity. The methodology proved to be a useful tool to explain specific bioactivities in anthocyanins and related flavonoid compounds.
Introduction: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), also known as Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) is a powerful, nondestructive, and nonintrusive characterization technique to evaluate unpaired electrons in paramagnetic substances. Unpaired electrons are found in free radicals and transition metals and are the main source of physicalchemistry changes in inorganic and organic substances. Thus, EPR characterization has a wide range of applicability in catalysis, photonics, electrochemistry, biology, medicine, semiconductors, biofuels, and radiation dosimetry. Methods: However, to extract useful data from EPR analysis, a set of measurement parameters have to be adjusted. The present study aims to report how an EPR parametrization such as the number of scans, modulation amplitude and sweep time are effective in the characterization of europium-thulium co-doped yttria (YET) nanoparticles. Results: Based on results, EPR spectra of YET particles with suitable signal/noise ratio and resolution could be achieved using 10 scans, modulation amplitude of 4G, and sweep time of 10.2s. Conclusion: These findings are promising data to advance toward formation of new materials based on rare-earth oxides for radiation dosimetry.
Background: Among the various types of quantum dots, Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) have emerged as a particularly promising class of nanomaterials. CQDs are characterized by their tunable photoluminescence, high chemical stability, low toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, including bioimaging, sensing, drug delivery, and energy-related devices. Recent research has focused on enhancing the optical properties of CQDs through doping with rare earth elements, which introduces unique photoluminescence properties due to their distinct electronic configurations and energy transitions. Photon upconversion, a process where lower-energy photons are absorbed and re-emitted as higher-energy photons, is a key area of interest in CQD research. This phenomenon is particularly useful in applications that require high-energy ultraviolet light, such as bioimaging and photocatalysis. The ability of CQDs to exhibit photon upconversion, alongside their traditional downconversion photoluminescence, adds to their versatility and potential for innovative applications. Objective: The objective of this study is to synthesize and characterize pure and rare earthdoped Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) using a hydrothermal method with gelatin as the precursor. The research aims to investigate the photoluminescent properties of these CQDs, with a particular focus on their photon upconversion capabilities and emission stability. By exploring the effects of doping and synthesis conditions on the optical characteristics of CQDs, the study seeks to enhance their potential for applications in fields such as bioimaging, fluorescent marking, solar cell efficiency enhancement, and other technologies requiring stable and reliable luminescence. The ultimate goal is to demonstrate the suitability of these synthesized CQDs for various scientific and practical applications, contributing to advancements in nanomaterial research and technology. Method: The hydrothermal bottom-up method for synthesizing Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) involves dissolving 0.5 grams of gelatin in 25 mL of doubly deionized water with continuous stirring to create a uniform solution. This solution is then transferred into a 50 mL Teflon-lined autoclave, which is placed in a muffle furnace set to 160°C. The mixture undergoes a hydrothermal reaction under controlled heat and pressure for 4 hours, converting the gelatin into CQDs. After heating, the autoclave is allowed to cool gradually, stabilizing the synthesized CQDs with distinctive optoelectronic properties. Results: Gelatin-based pure and doped Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) were synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and their photoluminescent and up-conversion properties were studied. Photoluminescence was observed at different excitation frequencies. At an excitation wavelength of 314 nm, the emission wavelengths for P-CQD, C-CQD, and L-CQD were 395 nm, 402 nm, and 398 nm, respectively. For an excitation wavelength of 341 nm, the emissions were 402 nm, 422 nm, and 417 nm. Photon up-conversion was examined using a 420 nm excitation, showing emission frequency variations with doping. Conclusion: The synthesized gelatin-based pure and doped CQDs exhibited distinct photoluminescent and up-conversion properties, with emission wavelengths varying according to the excitation frequencies and types of doping. The observed shifts in emission wavelengths, especially under up-conversion at 420 nm excitation, demonstrate that doping influences the optical behavior of CQDs. This tunability of emission frequencies is particularly promising for frequency conversion applications, such as enhancing the spectral absorbance range of solar cells, potentially improving their efficiency by enabling better utilization of the solar spectrum.
The oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol can produce several valuable chemicals, including cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and other derivatives. Thus, the oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol is a significant chemical transformation in industrial and academic contexts. Moreover, change of medium and the catalyst plays a crucial role in the specification of intermediate species and the preposition of mechanism. The objective of this study was to identify the role of the catalyst to find whether it acts via the catalyst redox cycle or not, which is an important question to be settled before the proposition of the reaction mechanism in the redox system. The study also explored whether or not the system remains unchanged in its reactivity when the medium is changed from acidic to alkaline. A proper selection of the method for analyzing one of the reactants or products, without interference from the remaining reaction constituents, effectively solves the problem of monitoring the kinetics. Thus, the osmium (VIII)-catalyzed oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol by chloramine-T in an alkaline medium was investigated, along with its kinetic and mechanistic aspects, using titrimetric analysis. Despite the advancement of new techniques, titrimetric analysis remains one of the best methods available today. The reaction was first-order with respect to both the oxidant and the catalyst. However, the rate was independent of the substrate concentration. The reactive species of chloramine-T and osmium (VIII) were discussed, and a corresponding reaction mechanism was proposed. The first-order dependence of the reaction on chloramine-T eliminated the possibility of a catalyst redox cycle. The reaction proceeded via complex formation between the substrate and the catalyst, which then interacted with chloramine-T to yield the product. The rate law was derived from the mechanism, accounting for the experimental observations. The findings from this study offer a clear understanding of the reaction. Osmium (VIII)-catalyzed oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol by chloramine-T in a basic media is significant because of its high selectivity, efficiency, and prerequisite for green chemistry. This reaction is pertinent in catalysis and oxidation chemistry because it is vitally valuable to organic synthesis processes, medicine, and industrial oxidation processes.
Nano-catalytic methodologies offer innovative approaches to convert biomass into gaseous and liquid fuels, contributing significantly to sustainable energy solutions. This abstract explores key aspects of nano-catalysis in biomass conversion, highlighting its role in enhancing reaction efficiency, selectivity, and process sustainability. The utilization of nano-sized catalysts, such as metal nanoparticles supported on various substrates, facilitates crucial thermochemical and biochemical processes. These include pyrolysis and gasification for gaseous fuel production, as well as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation for liquid biofuel synthesis. Nano-catalysts improve reaction kinetics, reduce energy requirements, and enhance product yields by providing tailored active sites and promoting desirable chemical transformations. Challenges such as catalyst stability under harsh conditions and scalability issues are also addressed, underscoring the need for continued research in catalyst design and process integration. Ultimately, nanocatalytic methodologies represent a promising avenue toward maximizing biomass utilization, advancing renewable energy technologies, and mitigating environmental impacts associated with conventional fuels.
Introduction: Concrete's filler material gets strengthened over time by specific chemical reactions that harden it. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are more frequently used as fillers than SWCNTs, owing to their lower cost of production and their superior reinforcement properties in cement composites. Methods: Mechanical properties like compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity are proportional to the water/cement ratio (w/c) and are considered critical criteria in the design of structural elements. Results: The aim of the present work was to prepare, characterize, and determine the effects that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can have on the mechanical strength of various matrix cementitious composites. Conclusion: The results showed that the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to the concrete greatly improved both its compressive strength and its splitting tensile strength.
Introduction: The interaction of dyes (crystal violet, malachite green, and congo red) with cationic (cetrimide) and anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate) in the aqueous medium were studied via conductometric and UV-visible spectroscopy. Methods: The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of both cetrimide and SDS upsurges in all the selected dyes on increasing the temperature. Thermodynamic parameters like change in Gibb’s free energy of micellization (Δ G°m ), change in enthalpy of micellization (Δ H°m ) as well as change in entropy of micellization (Δ S°m ) were calculated by employing mass action model. Results: The Δ S°m values obtained are positive with Δ G°m and Δ H°m values being negative signified that the phenomenon of micellization is spontaneous as well as exothermic in nature. Moreover, the more negative Δ H°m in water as well as in the presence of dyes signify the presence of electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositively charged dyes and surfactant moieties. UV-spectroscopy reveals that spectral changes occur because of the interaction of surfactants with dye molecules. Conclusion: By analyzing shifts in absorption peaks, changes in intensity, and alterations in band shape, insights into the nature of surfactant-dye complexes and their potential applications in various industries can be assessed. This understanding can help in the design and optimization of products and processes involving surfactants and dyes.
Background: Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) is a good candidate for a variety of applications due to its excellent dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. Methods: Pure and doped Barium Titanate (BTO) nanoparticles have been synthesized by the sol-gel method. Barium hydroxide octahydrate (Ba (OH)2.8H2O) and titanium (IV) iso-propoxide (Ti {OCH[CH3]2}4) were used as starting materials. Apart from pure Barium Titanate nanoparticles, Fe-doped BaTiO3 nanoparticles of three different concentrations: 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 in mol% were prepared and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: From the X-ray diffraction pattern, the particle size was found to be varied in a range of 17-25nm. By using UV visible spectroscopy it was observed that the band gap energy of pure BaTiO3 NP is 3.2eV. As the pure BaTiO3 nanoparticles are doped with 0.1% Fe, the band gap reduces to 3.175eV. For BaTiO3 doped with 0.2% and 0.3% Fe, the band gap energy values are 2.709 and 2.652 respectively. FTIR spectra were used to analyze the vibrational modes of BaTiO3. From the result obtained from FTIR, we can see that the absorption spectrum ranges from 450cm-1-4000cm-1. The prominent peak of pure BaTiO3 is at 500cm-1 which is due to the vibration of the Ti-O band in crystal lattice. For BaTiO3 doped with Fe2O3, the wave number of the absorption peak is shifted from 500cm-1 in pure BaTiO3. The antibacterial studies were conducted on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Conclusion: Both pure and iron-doped Barium Titanate showed significant antibacterial properties, confirming the antibacterial property of Barium Titanate nanoparticles.
Introduction: The Spectrophotometric method was used to identify iodate by utilizing a class of antidepressants known as imipramine hydrochloride (IPH), desipramine hydrochloride (DPH), clomipramine hydrochloride (CPH), and trimipramine hydrochloride (TPM). Method: Iodate in nano amounts can be measured using this method in an acidic medium with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride hydrate (MBTH) acting as an electrophilic coupling reagent. The MBTH-IPH/DPH/CPH/TPM method had a blue with a maximum absorbance at 630 nm. Beer, 's law was followed, and the blue color that was produced remained stable for up to 24 hours at room temperature (27°C). Result: The boundaries depending on the situation for the assessment of the strategy like molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity gave various qualities with various reagents. The method was tested with interference from common 11 cations and 8 anions, and the results obtained were within a reasonable range. Conclusion: The procedure was used for the determination of iodate in iodized edible salts because iodate is one of the common ions in iodized salt. It was found that the method is reliable and can be used effectively for the determination.
Since the introduction of the first enzyme electrode in 1962, the area of glucose biosensing has undergone substantial expansion and advancement. The ongoing development of sensing platforms has been achieved by extensive study on different immobilization methods and improvements in electron transfer efficiency between enzymes and electrodes. The advancement of nanostructures and their composites has further accelerated this process. Some noteworthy examples include carbon nanotubes, graphene/graphene oxide, and metal oxides. Nanomaterials are used in biosensors to optimize the immobilization process and enhance the electrocatalytic activity of glucose. This article provides a concise overview of the development of glucose biosensors, emphasizing several iterations and recent patterns in utilizing nanostructures for glucose detection, with or without using enzymes. A complete overview was created by collecting, evaluating, analyzing, and reviewing the most recent literature on electrochemical glucose biosensors, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic approaches. The paper comprehensively analyzes the evolution from the 1st to the 4th generation, focusing on the prospects for the most recent generation of glucose biosensors. In addition, this article examines the many mechanisms of glucose sensors using complex materials and methods for glucose detection technology. We specifically aim to comprehend the mechanisms revealed by different electrochemical techniques that enhance glucose oxidation and its interaction with the electrode. To heighten our comprehension of glucose oxidation, we examine the historical background of these biosensors, progress made in improving electron transfer, the creation of several sensing platforms that utilize nanomaterials, and their resulting performance.
