According to GLOBOCAN, about 1.41 million new prostate cancer (PCa) cases were registered in the year 2020 globally. PCa is a costly disease, with diagnostic interventions being a major contributor to the rising costs of the disease. This review compared the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility studies of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)-guided biopsy (MRGB) with systematic transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided biopsy for screening and diagnosing PCa. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, WorldCat, NHS Economic, Scopus, OATD, Tuffs registry, and the reference lists of the included studies were searched with no date restrictions through October 2024. The reporting quality of included studies was assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The lowest and highest numerical values of outcome measures were 6.50 and 46,717,192 QALY, respectively. The lowest and highest numerical value of the cost were 251.326$ and 513877.91$, respectively. All studies found that mpMRI, bpMRI, and MRGB were cost-effective in men with a negative biopsy. This study showed that MRI-guided biopsy before TRUS was superior to TRUS-guided biopsy alone due to convenience, higher QALY, and lower cost. bpMRI and mpMRI were more cost-effective than TRUS-guided biopsy. This review suggested that biopsy strategies combined with magnetic resonance imaging were superior to biopsy methods alone and should be considered a good option for screening and diagnosing PCa among men with PCa and suspected of having PCa.
As healthcare systems become increasingly complex, it is essential to equip nurses with the knowledge and competencies needed to provide safe and high-quality patient care. This study aims to understand the characteristics of nursing students’ readiness for entering clinical practice by synthesizing and integrating qualitative research findings, using the dimensions of the Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, Reinforcement (ADKAR) model. We applied the meta-ethnographic process by Noblit and Hare (1988) to identify, interpret, and integrate existing qualitative evidence on the readiness of first-year nursing students for clinical entry. To this end, 22 qualitative studies were included and synthesized using directed qualitative content analysis. The findings indicate that first-year nursing students need adequate preparation before entering clinical settings. Key components, in the order of their appearance, include preliminary awareness, desire to enter clinical practice, clinical knowledge, functional ability, and reinforcement. Preliminary awareness involves educational requirements and understanding of care. Next, intrinsic motivation and desire (linked to altruism and professional development) play a crucial role. While acquiring sufficient knowledge is essential, challenges related to knowledge deficits and learning basic nursing knowledge are also significant. Functional ability for implementing new skills and behaviors depends on the clinical skills center facilities and skill enhancement. Finally, reinforcement through learning stimulation and a supportive interactive environment helps sustain favorable changes. This study demonstrates that first-year nursing students often lack sufficient readiness for clinical practice, facing challenges in preliminary awareness, intrinsic motivation, basic clinical knowledge, and the practical application of clinical skills. A structured focus on these dimensions, along with a supportive environment, can better prepare students for clinical transition and promote effective use of their competencies in practice.
BACKGROUND: Venipuncture is commonly accompanied by pain and fear among children. Thought diversion tools can help reduce their pain and fear. This study compared the effects of video games and watching cartoons on the fear and pain caused by venipuncture in children. METHODS AND MATERIAL: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 135 children admitted to Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital in Rafsanjan. The children were randomly divided into three groups. In the first intervention group, venipuncture was done after they watched a cartoon, and in the second intervention group, the child played the video game Pou for 8 min and no intervention for control group. Fear was measured using the Scary scale tool before and after the intervention, and pain was measured using the Oucher scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) utilizing descriptive statistics methods including mean and standard deviation, analytical statistics from ANOVA, and Chi-square test with a significance level less than 0.05. RESULTS: The results of the present study showed a statistically significant difference in the average fear score of children after the intervention between the cartoon and video game groups and the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two intervention groups ( P = 0.14). The average pain score of children during venipuncture was also statistically significant between the cartoon group and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Watching cartoons and video games reduces children’s fear and pain during venipuncture. Therefore, it is recommended these interventions be used to improve the outcomes of venipuncture.
Maternal and neonatal health can be negatively impacted by the mother’s postpartum anxiety. For fear of difficulties for the baby, mothers want to avoid taking any drugs during this time. The purpose of this systematic study was to evaluate how herbal remedies affect postpartum anxiety. We conducted a comprehensive search across various databases, including Persian databases (Magiran and Scientific Information Database), as well as international databases such as PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar until August 2024. Our search was focused on identifying randomized controlled trials that investigated the effectiveness of herbal medicines compared to placebo or routine care in reducing postpartum anxiety. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. RevMan and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software were utilized to conduct meta-analysis, metaregression analysis, sensitivity analysis, and the Egger test. This systematic review included five RCTS; a meta-analysis was carried out, and statistically significant differences were found between the intervention and control groups in the mean score of postpartum anxiety based on herbal medicine taken to reduce the mothers’ anxiety (standard mean difference = –1.19; confidence interval 95% = –2.08 to –0.30), and there was a considerable level of heterogeneity between the studies (I 2 = 97%, P < 0.001). According to the metaregression analyses results, maternal age and total sample size were not identified as risk factors for the effect size of postpartum anxiety. The sensitivity analysis revealed that overall estimates of postpartum anxiety were not influenced by outlier studies. Based on the available evidence, we cannot recommend the use of herbal medicines for reducing postpartum anxiety, as there is currently insufficient evidence to support their effectiveness.
BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) hold significant relevance for dental professionals. Dentists frequently adopt various physical postures during work, necessitating high precision and focus. However, they are also susceptible to improper postures, which increases their risk of developing MSDs. This research aimed at a health promotion approach by examining the prevalence of MSDs among dental students and exploring their correlation with demographic factors and the physical conditions of these students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This fitting trial study was designed as a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. 105 dental students from Ardabil University of Medical Sciences participated and were selected through a convenience sampling. The participants were categorized into two groups: those in semesters 7 and 8 without clinical practice, and those in semesters 11 and 12 with clinical practice. The demographic essential details collect such as age, gender, marital status, work activities outside of official h, daily working h, and the type of exercise. The standard Nordic questionnaire was employed to assess the presence of MSDs, while the rapid entire body assessment (REBA) technique was utilized to evaluate physical conditions. Data analysis was conducted using Chi-square, Mann–Whitney U , and Kruskal–Wallis tests, with all statistical evaluations performed using SPSS 22 software. A significance threshold of less than 0.05 was established. RESULTS: The study revealed that the waist region exhibited the highest prevalence of MSDs among dental students, with 67.7% reporting issues in the past 12 months and 45.8% in the past week. Neck pain was also prevalent, affecting 58.1% of students over the past year and 38.1% in the last week, leading12.4% of participants to reduce or cease their work activities. MSDs were influenced by factors such as academic semester, age, gender, marital status, work activities, and physical activity levels. Notably, gender, age, and sports activity demonstrated significant differences in REBA scores. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate a moderate prevalence of MSDs among dental students, influenced by gender, age, and physical activity levels. The findings underscore the necessity for enhanced focus on education of ergonomics, both theoretically and practically, as a part of the dental educational curriculum before the initiation of fieldwork.
