According to different studies, high intake of natural products is associated with reduced cancer risk. It is suggested that the specific concentrations of phytochemicals may have cancer chemo-preventive effects without causing significant levels of toxicity. Nowadays, there is an increasing emphasis on combination chemotherapy using cytotoxic and natural chemotherapeutic agents. The successes of combination chemotherapy suggested that all cancers could be treated by providing the correct combination of drugs at the correct doses and correct intervals of administration. Silybin is the active ingredient of Silybum marianum that has been used in traditional medicine because of its liver protective effects in different countries. It can also modulate imbalance between cell survival and apoptosis through interference with expressions of cell cycle regulators and proteins involved in apoptosis. In present study, nano-liposomal formulations containing silybin have been prepared and their anti-tumor activities alone and in combination with doxil were assessed in a mouse TUBO breast tumor model. After injection of liposomes, tumor size and survival were monitored on 3 occasions a week for 100 days. The results of in vivo studies showed that anti-tumor efficacy of silybin liposome formulations alone in treated mice were not significantly more than control animals on day 27. In the other two groups, the efficacy of doxil and doxil-silybin (p<0.001) liposomes were significantly more than control animals. Also according to our data, even 100 days after inoculation, 83% animal survival was observed in doxil-silybin liposome were used simultaneously but in case of doxil alone, the survival percentage reached to almost 40% and for silybin liposomes alone reached to 20%. Therefore there is a significant difference between survival percent in control group with doxil alone (p<0.001) and doxil-silybin liposomes combination (p<0.001). The survival percent of the control group reached to zero, on around 40 days after tumor inoculation. In conclusion, these results indicated that combination therapy using Doxil and silybin can induce improvement in chemotherapy of treated mice.
The God said in the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was with God in the beginning. (John 1:1). Chinese Laozi said Way that can be spelled out. Cannot be the eternal way. Names that can be named. Must change with time and place. ???Emptiness??? is what I call the origin of heaven and earth. ???Existence??? is what I call the mother of everything that had a birth. (The book of Way, or the book of Daodejing) Chinese Dao is the same with the word in Bible. The book of EA or Changes said, in the system of EA there is the Great Ultimate, it generates the two Modes (Yin and Yang). The two Modes generate the four Forms. The four Forms generate the eight Trigrams. The eight Trigrams generate the sixty four divinatory trigrams or phenomena. EA has three essential properties, say easy, ever-changes, and non-changes. Appreciate emptiness from Taiji, that we may see nature of the Way???s versatility. Appreciate existence, that we may see the extent of the Way???s possibilities. These two, Emptiness and Existence, came from the same source. The micro observation of the world from the view of the Chinese Taiji matched with the Quantum mechanics. The quantum entanglement can be described by Yin-Yang Taiji, and the quantum superposition can be described by eight Trigrams. The Nano science application can be enriched by Quantum mechanics and Taiji philosophy likes quantum computer, quantum telegraph, and quantum medicine.
Nanoparticles have been widely used as remedies for disorders for a long time. They are 10-9 m specks of substances that can be found both naturally and synthesized in the laboratory with metal and nonmetal materials. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using the citrate reduction method, and the 35 nm size of the nanoparticles was determined using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at 525 nm wavelength. The synthesized nanoparticles were further studied on MCF-7 breast cancer cells to understand how various genes are expressed in the induction of apoptosis in signal transduction pathways. The results obtained from the anticancer activity of the gold nanoparticles showed approximately 90% inhibition of cell growth after 72 hours of treatment. Western blot analysis demonstrated the downregulation of p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) protein due to gold nanoparticle treatment. Moreover, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of apoptotic genes revealed the upregulation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, Bax, and caspase-9. The results assembled from this study further indicates that p44/42 MAPK, p53, caspase 9 and Bax play a major role in the mechanism of apoptosis in the MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
Novel nanostructures have been fabricated continuously with the help of the development of nanotechnology. These structures have a series of greatly different physical properties from their bulk counterparts, making them to have a great potential application in the physics, chemistry, materials science, biology and life science, nanoelectronics and nanotechnology. Research on two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and graphene-like group-IV materials is of fundamental scientific interest from the view of the variety of applications. For example, graphene possesses extreme mechanical strength, exceptionally high electrical and thermal conductivities, as well as many other supreme properties, all of which make it highly attractive for numerous applications. Inspired by the prospective properties of graphene, there has been increasing interest in its ???cousins???, i.e., two-dimensional honeycomb lattices composed of other group-IV elements, e.g. Si and Ge, which naturally have been considered to have a graphene-like hexagonal structure with similar exceptional properties. Layered silicon oxide is also an important building block that provides insulating barriers in electronic devices, e.g. as a gate oxide in field effect transistors. Moreover, thin silica films grown on metal single crystal substrates can be used as model systems for studying the structure-property relationships of silica and related materials using surface science techniques. This talk mainly focuses on the mechanical, electronic, magnetic and thermal transport properties of the two dimensional (2D) graphene-like materials.
We aim to reach concrete structures (low to medium rise) resist external environmental factors (hot climates - humidity - coastal environment - earthquake - frost areas - noisy areasindustrial areas - weather fluctuation - stormy areas.. etc), characterized by high fire resistance (externally and internally), achieves higher structural balance rates, higher sustainability rates & higher durability with longer life than counterparts. All of that achieved by using lightweight high performance structural concrete with totally environmentally friendly materials that donot involve any harmful substances, we called it :(KanCrete) it is the concrete of the future because, with all these features we do not use any (unconventional) materials, as they are composed of (coarse & fine aggregates) and (ordinary or resistive cement) have the same composition proportions as any conventional concrete, but with the addition of some elements to get all of these advantages, Without a significant increase in cost. (KanCrete) density = (1600 to 1850 kg / m3), reducing 25 % to 35% of conventional concrete weight, Compressive strength = 423 to 523 kg/cm2, with 40% to 75% more than conventional concrete, Heat gain %age = 2.47% to 2.58%, with heat transfer resistance 25 times of insulated conventional concrete, Not permeable to liquids and harmful substances & Chemically balanced in the face of harmful environments. we obtain fully structural system integral components and members, with full distribution of loads in various loading states, high stable & tough structure system.
The skeleton could be a metabolically active organ that undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life. Osteoporosis, which is fostered by advancing age, is that the most typical clinical disorder affecting bones. Although it's been postulated that osteocytes play a crucial role in sensing mechanical load in bone tissues, detailed molecular mechanisms of how osteocytes regulate bone metabolism remain largely unclear. The adaptor molecule p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate, hereafter stated as Cas), which is phosphorylated at focal adhesions upon extracellular matrix engagement, is involved in various cellular processes including migration, survival, transformation, and invasion. additionally, we reported that Cas binds to the cytoskeletons in an exceedingly stretch-dependent manner. this means that Cas can function as an initiator of intracellular signaling cascades through forcedependent changes within the cytoskeleton network. to research the role of Cas in bone metabolism, we generated osteocyte-specific Cas conditional knockout (cKO) mice by mating Casflox/flox mice with Dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1)-Cre transgenic mice, within which the Cre recombinase gene was specifically expressed in osteocytes. The resulting Dmp1Cre+/–; Casflox/flox mice (referred to herein as Cas cKO mice) exhibited a big decrease in bone volume, as determined by µCT analysis. Histomorphometric analysis of Cas cKO mice revealed a big increase within the eroded surface/bone surface ratio, osteoclast surface, and osteoclast number. Furthermore, the expression levels of RANKL genes were significantly increased within the osteocyte fractions derived from Cas cKO mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that the bone loss in Cas cKO mice was caused by increased osteoclatstic bone resorption. Under physiologic conditions, interactions between cells present within the bone remodeling compartment (BRC) lead to a balanced and matched remodeling of bone, a lifelong process to blame for bone damage repair and mineral homeostasis. one in all the functions of the osteocyte network is to detect microdamage and trigger its repair ; consequently, osteocytes have a prominent role within the initiation of bone remodeling at selected sites of the skeleton. Increased osteocyte apoptosis has been shown to be induced in vivo in areas of microdamage in several pathological conditions related to enhanced bone resorption like overload, bone disuse, glucocorticoid administration or estrogen deficiency suggesting that apoptosis is linked to targeted bone resorption
Carbon Dots (CDs) with size but 10 nm have recently triggered great attention within the research of materials science and engineering thanks to their unique properties. They need been widely explored for applications for printing, bio imaging, drug delivery, thermoelectric materials, photo catalysis and biomedical engineering. These CDs were prepared from both topdown and bottom-up strategies and rigorously characterized by spectroscopy (UV-vis, fluorescence, FTIR and XPS), microscopy (AFM and TEM) and other (e.g., spectrum analysis, zeta potential, etc.) commonly used techniques. A significant medical challenge one faces to treat Central system nervous (CNS) related diseases is to cross the barrier. Recently, the in vivo experimental observations suggested that many CDs could enter the CNS of zebrafish and rats with different mechanisms. Due to the abundant presence of carboxylic acids on the surface, CDs are easily conjugated with transferrin and anticancer drugs Doxorubicin. The system was proved to be an efficient drug delivery system for the delivery of doxorubicin into cancerous cells. The study has shown that CDs with low quantum yield dark bind to calcified bone structures of live zebrafish larvae with high affinity and selectively. Binding resulted in an exceedingly strong enhancement of photoluminescence that wasn't observed in other tissues, including non-calcified endochondral elements. Retention of CDs by bones was very stable, long lasting and with no detectable toxicity. Further, it's shown that this high affinity and specificity binding property towards bone is exclusive to the CDs developed within the lab, selective CDs in literature didn't show any interaction with the bone. These observations support a unique and revolutionary use of CDs as highly specific drug delivery carrier.
Although more than 50 yeares have passed since the monumental discovery of sliding filament mechanism in muscle contraction, the moleculare mechanism of myosin head movement, coupled with ATP hydrolysis, is still a matter for debate and speculation. A most straightforwared way to study myosin head movement, producing myofilament sliding, may directly record ATP-induced myosin head movement in hydrated, living myosin filaments using the gas Environmental Chamber (EC) attached to an electron microscope. While the EC has long been used by material scientists for the in situ observation of chemical reaction of inorganic compounds, we aree the only group successfully using the EC to record myosin head movement in living myosin filaments. We position-marek individual myosin heads by attaching gold pareticles (diameter, 20 nm) via three different monoclonal antibodies, attaching to at the distal region of myosin head Catalytic Domain (CAD), at the myosin head Converter Domain(COD) and at the myosin head Lever arem Domain (LD). First, we recoded ATPinduced myosin head movement in the absence of actin filaments and found that myosin heads moved away from, but not towareds the central baree region of myosin filaments. We also succeeded in recording ATP-induced myosin head power stroke in actin-myosin filament mixture. Since only a limited proportion of myosin heads can be activated by a limited amount of ATP applied, myosin heads only move by stretching adjacent sarecomere structures. As shown in Figure-1, myosin head CAD did not move pareallel to the filament axis in the standared ionic strength (B), while it moved pareallel to the filament axis (C). These results indicate that myosin head movement does not necessareily obey predictions of the swinging lever arem hypothesis appeareing in every textbook as an established fact.
Nanoparticles or NPs are known to cause DNA damage for over at least the past decades, but the causal relation of NPs to human health remains unknown. Chemical reactions of NPs with the DNA cannot be the causal relation as DNA damage occurs even with inert gold NPs suggesting a physical causal relation such as high temperature. Photodynamic therapy is thought to kill cancer cells by high temperatures in laser heating of NPs. Although the laser increases the temperature of surrounding tissue, the NP temperature itself does not because the Planck law of QM requires the NP heat capacity to vanish. QM stands for quantum mechanics. Contrarily, photodynamic therapy does not induce necrosis of cancers by increasing the temperature of the quantum sized NPs and instead NPs produce EM radiation beyond the UV that induces cancer necrosis suggesting the causal relation of NPs to human health is therefore the well-known genotoxicity of DNA to UV radiation. The wavelength ? of the emitted EM radiation is, ?= 2nd, where n and d are the refractive index and diameter of the NP. For NPs having n=1.5, DNA damage for EM radiation beyond the UVC (?< 254 nm) occurs for NP diameters d<85 nm. Solar UV is only thought to cause DNA damage to the skin and may lead to cancer, but cannot penetrate the skin to damage internal organs. However, NPs rescind this paradigm. Indeed, NPs by entering the body in the GM food we eat produce the low levels UV to damage the DNA of tissue in the gut and digestive tract. The DNA damage from GM food that includes NPs in Monsanto???s Roundup herbicide enhances crop yields by controlling weeds in modern agriculture are discussed. To avoid genetic cancers in human DNA evolution, herbicide manufacturers should stop use of NPs in controlling weeds.
Liposomes are an effective gene and/or drug delivery system, widely used in biomedical applications including gene therapy and chemotherapy. Here, we designed a photo-responsive liposome (lipVP) loaded with a photosensitizer verteporfin (VP). This photosensitizer is clinically approved for photodynamic therapy (PDT). LipVP was employed as a DNA carrier for pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor 1 (PAC1R) gene knockdown in PC12 cells. This has been done by incorporating PAC1R antisense oligonucleotides inside the lipVP cavity. Cells that have taken up the lipVP were exposed to light from a UV light source. As a result of this exposure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated from VP, destabilizing the endolysosomal membranes and enhancing the liposomal release of antisense DNA into the cytoplasm. Endolysosomal escape of DNA was documented at different time points based on quantitative analysis of colocalization between fluorescently labeled DNA and endosomes and lysosomes. The released antisense oligonucleotides were found to silence PAC1R mRNA. The efficiency of this photo-induced gene silencing was demonstrated by a 74% ± 5% decrease in PAC1R fluorescence intensity. Following the light-induced DNA transfer into cells, cell differentiation with exposure to two kinds of PACAP peptides was observed to determine the cell phenotypic change after PAC1R gene knockdown.
Due to the development and improvement of synthesis apparatus and techniques, materials science and design have advanced drastically. Recently, we have developed a new synthesis method available for intercalation and ion exchange, utilizing a solid-state electrochemical reaction under ambient hydrogen pressure. This synthesis method is called proton-driven ion introduction (PDII). The protons (H+) generated by the electrolytic dissociation of hydrogen, drive other monovalent cations along a high electric field in the solid state. This phenomenon can be thought of as ???ion billiards???. Such a liquid-free process of ion introduction allows the application of high voltage around several kilovolts to the sample. This high electric field strongly accelerates ion exchange. Actually, compared to conventional solid-state reaction, PDII introduced 15 times the amount of K ions into Na super ionic conductor (NASICON)-structured Na3???xKxV2(PO4)3 as shown in figure 1. Powdered Na3V2(PO4)3 as host material was put in a shallow alumina cylinder and placed on a carbon cathode stage. Then, a potassiumcontaining phosphate glass was also placed on the alumina cylinder as a K ion source material. When a voltage was applied, protons replaced K ions in the glass and drove these ions into Na3V2(PO4)3. K ions continuously migrated and formed Na3- xKxV2(PO4)3. The obtained compound exhibited a thermodynamically metastable phase, which has not been reported so far. At the current stage, H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Cu+ and Ag+ can be used as guest ions. Furthermore, various compounds with nanospaces can be candidates for host materials in this method. In this conference, details of PDII and obtained materials will be presented. Recent Publications 1. Fujoika M, et al. (2017) Proton-driven intercalation and ion substitution utilizing solid-state electrochemical reaction. Journal of the American Chemical Society 139:17987???17993. 2. Caglieris F, et al. (2017) Quantum oscillations in the SmFeAsO parent compound and superconducting SmFeAs(O,F). Physical Review B 96:104508 3. Fujioka M, et al. (2016) Discovery of the Pt-based superconductor LaPt5As. Journal of the American Chemical Society 138:9927???9934. 4. Fujioka M, et al. (2014) High-Tc phase of PrO0.5F0.5BiS2 single crystal induced by uniaxial pressure. Applied Physics Letters 105:052601. 5. Fujioka M, et al. (2014) The effect of exceptionally high fluorine doping on the anisotropy of single crystalline SmFeAsO1- xFx. Applied Physics Letters 105:102602
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is an important pathogen that infects an estimated 64 million people and causes ~200,000 deaths globally every year. Despite progress in the biology of RSV, there is no effective treatment or vaccine against RSV infection. Currently, only high-risk infants receive antibody-based prophylaxis, which is expensive and moderately effective in reducing hospitalization. Therefore, a broadly applicable, effective and inexpensive approach to prevent or treat RSV-bronchiolitis or pneumonia remains an urgent unmet need. We have been investigating nanomedical approaches against RSV infection and have reported on a variety of different strategies including genome vaccine, and siRNA based nanoparticles. More recently, we have developed a novel prophylaxis and/or therapy against RSV infection was inspired by the following discoveries: (1) A platform of phospholipid micellar nanoparticles (PMN) was developed, which when given intranasally delivers payload predominantly to the lung, (2) A decoy short heptad repeat (HR)2 peptide was identified, which effectively inhibits the RSV-cell fusion. iii) Human mesenchymal cells were found to be highly susceptible to RSV. The latter aided in establishing a novel 3D scaffold for anti-RSV drug screens, which consisted of creating a completely naked mouse lung scaffold (nMLS) by completely decellularizing and recellularizing the nMLS with desired human cells such as including hMSCs and epithelial cells and then infecting the cells in scaffold with RSV with or without drugs. (4) A robust immunocompromised mouse model was created by combining cyclophosphamide treatment with infection by a highly mucogenic strain, RSV-L19F. These developments have led to the hypothesis that a RSV-targeted PMN (RTPMN), combining HR2D anti-fusion peptide and plasmid encoded siRNAs against RSV-NS1 can provide a safe, effective and inexpensive anti-RSV prophylaxis and/or therapy. The completion of preclinical formulation of antiRSV PMN-based prophylactics and therapeutics is expected to pave the way to IND-driven studies and clinical trials.
The poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is due to high recurrence rate mainly caused by intrahepatic metastasis. Hic-5 (hydrogen peroxide inducible clone-5) which belongs to the paxillin superfamily can be stimulated by a lot of metastatic factors including transforming growth factor (TGFβ) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which further regulate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion. The molecular mechanisms for Hic-5 to trigger EMT and tumor progression appeared to be closely associated with its impact on signal transduction. Our recent report demonstrated that Hic-5 not only can be a poor prognosis marker for HCC but also served as a mediator of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-c-jun-Nterminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway for HCC progression. Notably, Hic-5 appeared to locate both upstream and downstream of ROS-JNK cascade. In our recent study, a more comprehensive Hic-5-ROS-JNK positive feedback pathway has been established. Specifically, Hic-5 may interact with regulators of NADPH oxidase such as Rac-1, Traf4 and nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) for activating NADPH oxidase and ROS generation, leading to JNK phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of Hic-5 mediated by c-jun/AP-4. The Hic-5 thus induced in turn re-activates the ROS-JNK signal cascade. This positive feedback circuit is essential for elevating mesenchymal transcriptional factors such as Snail, Zeb1 and matrix degradation enzyme MMP9 and decreasing the epithelial marker E-cadherin (Fig.1). Currently, the missing links in both the upstream and downstream of Hic-5-NADPH oxidase-ROS-JNK-c-jun pathway are being clarified. Moreover, whether knockdown of Hic-5 in vivo may decrease HCC progression in a SCID mice are being investigated. Our study will benefit designing a more effective target therapy aiming at Hic-5 against HCC.
Green synthesis of nanoparticles aims to diminish generated waste and implement sustainable processes. The green approach of nanoparticles synthesis possesses reduced or no toxicity. A number of plants and herbal extracts have been reported to be involved in such synthesis. Plant extracts contain number of secondary metabolites which has a vital role during the nanoparticle synthesis by acting as reducing or capping agents. Studies have shown that silver nanoparticles (AgNO3) are highly stable and toxic to bacteria, fungus, and viruses. Therefore plant leaf extracts are considered to be an excellent and beginning source for metal as well as metal oxide nanoparticle synthetic process to facilitate nanoparticle synthesis. Similarly, plant leaf extract play a dual role by acting as both reducing and stabilizing agents in nanoparticle synthesis. It is extensively used in nanosystems and employed in various biomedical purposes. Various unorganized parts of the plants have been utilized for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Hence, the present study green synthesis of AgNO3 was to synthesize nanoparticles by using aqueous leaf extract of the weed. It acts as a reducing agent and capping agent which synthesize and stabilizes the nanoparticle. Optimizations of parameters for maximizing the synthesis of silver nanoparticle were also carried out by plant extract concentration, incubation time and metal ion concentration. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV visible spectroscopy and it showed a peak at 440 nm and the maximum concentrations were obtained at 80mg/L.
Background: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding prevention and screening of breast cancer among reproductive-age women. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 110 women aged 15 – 45 years old. 5- point Likert scale and interview schedule was performed with the help of structured and semi-structured questionnaire to collect data. Finally, collected data are analyzed by using the descriptive statistical method. Findings: Majority of the respondents i.e. 71.8% had heard about breast cancer. 42.7% responded that fitness could be the best preventive measure with a mean value of 2.21. A large number of participant's i.e. 76.36% strongly agreed about development from breast cells and 49.1% reacts surgery is only the treatment option for breast cancer. 46.4% of them agreed that breast self-examination (BSE) is a necessary tool for early detection of breast cancer. Conclusion: The knowledge regarding breast cancer screening and prevention is lacking in many participants and it should be spread worldwide which helps to decrease the incidence and could save the lives of many women. Keywords: Attitude; Breast cancer; Knowledge; Practice; Prevention & Screening, reproductive age women
G ranular cell tumor is a rare tumor that can occur at any location. The most frequent one is the buccal mucosa especially on the tongue, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Few cases were reported to occur in the perianal area. Although it is an almost always-benign entity, it can be associated to an alteration of the patient’s quality of life. Although a malignant variant of this tumor exists, it barely presents 2% of all cases. The basic treatment is surgical excision. In our work, we report a case of perianal granular cell tumor in a 52 years old female evolving during a period of one year. In our work, we also discuss the most important epidemiological, clinical, pathological, therapeutic and prognostic features of this rare entity.
Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is a Drosophila melanogaster transcription factor protein the the Bondos group discovered has the ability to form ordered materials in vitro. Ubx monomers are produced in E.coli and, following purification, are suspended in a buffer solution and where they do not aggregate in the volume of the solution when refrigerated. When allowed to rest at room temperature, the monomer self assembles at the air/water interface through nucleation, fibril formation and, eventually, film integration. The the self assembled film can then be pulled into a fibre with diameters in the range of 2???50 ?m or lifted off as a film with microscale thickness. These materials are highly elastic and maintain physical properties through cycles of drying and re-hydrating. Novel functions can be directly incorporated into Ubx-based materials via gene fusion to produce chimeric polypeptides capable of both self-assembly and the desired chemical reactivity. Unlike most protein-based materials, the gentle conditions under which Ubx self-assembles enable incorporation of active heterologous proteins. This talk will review recent work on the continued development of this unique materials system including mechanical properties enabled by dityrosine bonding between monomers, dynamics of surface film assembly, and advances in Ubxbased materials production. A key advantage of protein
Statement of the Problem: Human tumors are heterogeneous which evoke different responses from different treatments. Current animal models used in cancer research are xenografts which would not mimic human tumors. A noninvasive imaging modality to assess cell death in target and non-target organs simultaneously may help to overcome the heterogeneity and may identify a biomarker which can be used to predict the efficacy and toxicity of treatments. Apoptosis Index (AI) is the measure of cell death in tumor, the modulation of which reflects how it responds to therapy. For example, we and others have shown that lower the spontaneous AI, lower the response and vice versa from the treatments irrespective of the nature of treatments. We have developed a novel technology “A Priori Activation of Apoptosis Pathways of Tumor” (AAAPT) which raises AI of spontaneous tumors above a threshold level in order to evoke a better response from therapy. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Cancer cells have ability to enhance survival pathways (e.g. NF-kB and PARP) and down regulate the cell death pathways (e.g. CD95, ASK1) for their survival. Hence, we have designed new technology to target these pathways to sensitize those resistant tumor cells using targeted activation technology. We have used clinically oriented SPECT and Ultrasound Imaging techniques to assess AI as a predictive biomarker of efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy respectively. Findings: SPECT imaging of Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) showed an enhanced cell death (higher AI) post treatment by Cyclophosphamide while, US imaging reversed the cardiotoxicity by doxorubicin by using AAAPT as a neoadjuvant to Doxorubicin. Conclusion & Significance: The noninvasive assessment of AI (measure of cell death) by SPECT combined with US imaging can be used to risk stratify patients in terms of who responds to which therapy earlier compared to tumor regression timelines.
