RNA interference is a biological proceeding in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation by offsetting attacked mRNA molecules. Double-stranded RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is a simple and prompt method of silencing gene expression in a extent of organisms. The silencing of a gene is a outcome of deteoriation of RNA into short RNAs that activate ribonucleases to target homologous mRNA. The resulting phenotypes either are interchangeable to those of genetic null mutants or resemble an allelic series of mutants. Specific gene silencing has been shown to be related to two formaer processes, suppression in plants and quelling in fungi and has also been associated with risk management processes such as transposon silencing, protease inhibitor defence implements, gene regulation, and chromosomal reduction.
The discovery of SARS-CoV-2 and related disease Covid-19 showed a negative impact on health and lifestyle. Covid 19 is a disease that causes destruction on India which will have the largest population in world Currently Covid-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). In India social distancing and lockdown rules were imposed but they show a harmful effect on economy, health life. To identify the importance of biological and immunological process that underlines the clinical manifestations of Covid-19. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through droplets into the air also with a faecal contamination pathway but it still unproven. The onset of symptoms appears within 4-5 days after the infection. Recent findings stated the role of emerging tools used in Covid-19 in India. To understand the pharmacology of SARS-Cov-2 it is important to diagnose the target proteins and therapeutics that used in Covid-19.
Bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. It is also known as phage or bacterial virus. Frederick W. Twort in the United Kingdom (1915) and Felix d’Herelle in France discovered bacteriophages independently (1917). To describe the agent’s bacteriocidal ability, D’Herelle developed the term bacteriophage, which means “bacteria eater.” Bacteriophages can also infect archaea, which are single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
The 2019’s COVID-19 outbreak which spread to over 200 countries across the globe had its origin from the 2002’s SARS-CoV-1 epidemic. The corona viruses are single stranded positive sense RNA viruses with 4 structural proteins such as spike(S), membrane(M), envelope(E) and nucleocapsid(N) proteins and 16 non-structural proteins (NSPs). The spike(S) protein is a homo-trimer protruding from the viral surface comprising 2 subunits namely, the S1 and S2 where the S1 subunit consists of the receptor binding domain (RBD) and the S2 subunit consists of the fusion peptide. The spike glycoprotein is considered as the most desired pharmacological target for drug designing, thus blocking the viral entry into the host. Computer-Aided Drug Designing significantly reduces the cost and time in drug discovery compared to the in-vitro methods. Hence in our study, we have performed a virtual screening of the complete set of anti-parasitic drugs using the popular molecular docking tool, Autodock vina with an aim to repurpose the potential hits for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The repurposed drugs are advantageous for their easy and immediate access owing to their already proven safety records in toxicity and hence are better than novel drugs. Our results revealed 32 anti-parasitic compounds crossing our threshold binding affinity with selamectin, ivermectin, artefenomel, moxidectin, posaconazole, imidocarb, piperaquine, cepharantine, betulinic acid and atovaquone at the top of the list and occupying the three different electrostatic regions in the RBD. Further optimization strategies and in-vitro trials could make our potential anti-parasitic hits, a potential cure for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Keywords Virtual screening; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Spike protein; Receptor Binding Domain; Autodock Vina, Antiparasitic drugs; Anti-viral; Repurposed drugs. Abbreviations COVID-19: COrona VIrus Disease 2019; SARS-CoV-1: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-1; SARS-CoV-2: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2; S protein: Spike protein; RBD:Receptor Binding Domain; ACE-2: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2; NSP: Non Structural Protein; RNA: Ribo Nucleic Acid; CDC: Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO: World Health Organization; RT-PCR: Reverse Transcription.
The Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua is an economically important polyphagous insect and to reduce its pest density, baculoviruses are considered as the ideal eco-friendly pathogens under the pest management program. A nucleopolyhedrovirus infecting Spilosoma obliqua (SpobNPV) has been found to be a promising pathogen in the present study. Our report describes the pathogenicity, structural details and genome sequence characterization of SpobNPV-Manipur isolate. The pathogenicity of the virus was studied in terms of median lethal concentration (LC50) and survival time (ST50) and the LC50 of SpobNPV on third instar larvae was 2.7 x 105 POBs/ml and the median survival time (ST50) was 144 hours. The occlusion bodies (OBs) of the virus were purified and the viral genome was sequenced, annotated and compared with other baculoviruses. The sequenced genome of SpobNPV-Manipur isolate was 136,306 bp in length with GC content of 44.9% and it comprises a total of 144 ORFs. The gene content analysis suggested the presence of 13 SpobNPV genes associated with replication, 12 genes associated with transcription and 31 structure related genes. The pathogenicity, structural information and genome resources of SpobNPV-Manipur isolate virus can be utilized further to understand its molecular and genetic mechanisms and improve its efficacy in pest management through recombinant DNA technology.
HCV belongs to the Flaviviridae family of viruses. Have a 9.6 kb single-standard, positive-sense RNA genome. HCV has seven genotypes and 67 subtypes. HCV patient increases day by day in world. In HCV patient LFTs test values increase in men and they have some risk factor, those people who have blood transfusion in last 6 month, some mothers have HCV it transfer from parents to their mother and unprotected sex with multiple partner.
PED, which was initially discovered in English feeder and fattening pigs in 1971, is a destructive intestinal illness that expresses itself as intermittent outbreaks during the winter, causing devastation to breeding farms. PED resembles transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), but has less of an effect on suckling pigs (<4- to 5-week old); this is what allowed PED to first be distinguished from the TGE virus and other recognized enteropathogenic agents. The disease was dubbed “epidemic viral diarrhoea (EVD)” as it spread across Europe.
Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has generated a global health crisis, which needs more comprehensive analysis into immunological reactions to improve treatment and vaccine options. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate SARS COV2 spike protein antibodies against COV19 in post infection and post vaccinated individuals. Methods 256 patients were included in this cross sectional study conducted at Rehman Medical Institute (RMI), Peshawar. We described the immunogenicity 35 days after vaccination and 90 days after infection in 70 patients and established its correlation with age and gender, specimens were collected and investigated for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies by consuming Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) (Abbot Advice Dx SARS-CoV-2 IgG II assay (USA). Results 97% of patients revealed robust positive findings to SARS COV2 spike proteins antibodies i.e. >50 IU/mL. Our study shows that post infected and post vaccinated individuals can mount robust immune reactions against SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion Majority of the patients had significant higher antibody titers against SARS COV2 after infection and vaccination. Males and younger individuals developed a significant humoral immunity compared to females. Those vaccinated had antibody titers one scale higher than infected patients. Constant monitoring of antibodies titers in infected or vaccinated population is estimated to attain humoral immunity grade against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
New cancer therapies with novel mechanisms and functions are needed. Virotherapy is an outstanding example of such treatment. The ability to induce tumour destruction through a variety of pathways, as well as the possible lack of cross resistance with conventional therapies, is the benefits of virotherapy. The oncolytic virus not only has special mechanisms of action that aren't present in any other virus.
Since the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it has spread fast throughout China and many other nations. 2019-nCoV has now infected over 43 000 people in 28 countries/regions, making it a major worldwide health risk. Furthermore, in one study, 41 percent of patients were suspected of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 as a result of hospitalisation. Based on evidence of an increase in the number of infections and the probability of infection transmission by asymptomatic carriers. SARS-CoV-2 can be transferred easily between humans and has a high risk of becoming a pandemic.
Coronaviruses having a single large and enveloped positive-stranded “+RNA” belongs to order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae and include about 30 species. In order to cause a number of important socioeconomic diseases that result from the cold or flu to more chronic diseases such as MERS, SARS and SARS 2 or COVID-19, coronaviruses have both medical and veterinary significance. As a result, in the past few years, interest in this viral family has intensified. The reservoir host for these coronaviruses was bat, while the intermediate host was SARS COV civet cats, MERS COV dromedary camel, and SARS COV 2 bat or pangolin. Coronaviruses causing human respiratory diseases were first identified in the 1960s, but were not considered to be highly pathogenic to humans until China's SARS outbreak in 2003. As a result of the recent COVID-19 outbreak (which is a new strain caused by SARS COV-2 that was discovered in late December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China.), coronavirus research is necessary to control its future host adaptation, viral evolution and load, transmissibility, pathogenicity, vaccine strategy development, and animal and human virus antiviral therapies. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent coronavirus infections, but there is still no confirmed cure or vaccine for the coronavirus. Therefore, only through proper preventive measures to protect the population can coronaviruses be contained. We will analyze the knowledge in this review to understand the biology of coronaviruses
The plant Punica granatum L., holds tremendous medicinal properties. The purpose of this research work is to isolate the phytochemicals from the leaves of Punica granatum L., and evaluate its antiviral efficacy under in vitro conditions against the clinical isolates of Human Herpes Virus-3. The phytochemicals were isolated chromatographically and their structures were defined through spectrophotometry. The antiviral activity was performed through post incubation assay and the selectivity index was calculated. Punicalagin, a major phytochemical present in the fruit rind of Punica granatum L., was commercially available and the antiviral potential against the HHV-3 was assessed in parallel for comparison. The antiviral results found that among the isolated leaf phytochemicals, Quercetin-3-O-glucoside and 4-isopropyl -2- methoxy-1-methyl benzene inhibited the HHV-3 induced CPE in post incubation assay. The active leaf phytochemicals and punicalagin were further proceeded to track down the actual inhibition mechanism through time of study antiviral procedures. The observed in vitro antiviral results were found to be consistent with the in silico docking analysis of active leaf phytochemicals and punicalagin with the HHV-3 protease in autodock software. Therefore, the present antiviral study inferred that the phytochemicals of Punica granatum L., inhibited the late events in the replication of HHV-3.
Background: Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. The virus was detected about three decades ago. The incidence and severity during pregnancy vary widely around the world.Material & Methods: This observational retrospective study was conducted from March 2019 to February 2020 in Obstetrics & Gynecology Department of Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore. 70 pregnant women with hepatitis E were subjected to detailed history taking. The diagnosis was based on positive Hepatitis E IgM (Anti HEV IgM) antibody on laboratory test in current pregnancy in antenatal period up to 42 days post partum were included.Results: Out of 70 pregnant women with Hep E IgM+ve, 3 (4.3%) women had Obstetrical hysterectomy as complications, with mean age of 26.0 ± 4.69 years. The mean gestational age when infection occurred was 31.12 ± 5.18 weeks. Among all females 9 (13%) patients expired due to fulminant hepatic failure, 12 (17.14%) females gave birth via spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD),17(24.2%) females gave birth via C-Section. 30 (42.8%) females were manage conservatively.Conclusion: Hepatitis E viral infection in pregnant females is a life threatening condition. The study showed that pregnant women with jaundice and hepatitis E virus infection had a high mortality rate during third trimester. Early diagnosis and management will help in the control of the disease and prevents its complications.  Â
Background and Objectives: In recent decades, enterococcal resistance to antimicrobials has greatly increased. Furthermore, these chemicals include several side effects on the patients. Since no reports are available of the bacteriophages' effects on eukaryotic cells, they can be good solutions for multidrug-resistant bacterial problems. Therefore, the major aim of this study was to isolate bacteriophages from wastewaters on clinical antibiotic-resistant enterococci. Materials and Methods: Clinical bacteria were isolated, then enterococcal isolates were identified using different methods. The antibiotic resistance scheme of the enterococcal isolates was assessed. The bacterial isolates were exposed to wastewater samples containing potential bacteriophages. Technically, isolated bacteriophages were studied by electron microscopy. Results: Isolated bacteria were verified as Enterococcus faecium. Results showed that bacteriophages could easily be isolated from wastewater sources. The isolated bacteriophages were effective on E. faecium as well as Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Furthermore, these bacteriophages were challenged with five other bacteria (ATCC) with no visible effects. In general, the isolated bacteriophages belonged to the Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Inoviridae families. Conclusion: Further studies on bacteriophages and their efficacy on enterococcal strains could increase the treatment possibility of enterococcal infections. Due to these bacteriophages' effects on Streptococcus strains, bacteriophages may be used to treat streptococcal infections as well.
