Literature on adolescent delinquency indicated strong family bonds acted as protective factors against delinquent behaviors, hence brings significance to study attachment styles. The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship between Fear of compassion and then, Callous-unemotional traits in relation to attachment styles. The study further examined the relationship between Fear of compassion and Callous-unemotional traits. A purposive sample of 177 adolescents in detention centers were assessed using a Relationship Questionnaire with Fear of Compassion Scale and Inventory of Callous-unemotional Traits - Youth. Findings of the study indicated Fear of compassion is not significant in relation to attachment styles. However, Callous-unemotional traits were significantly related to attachment styles. Additionally, Fear of Compassion suggested predictive value to Callousunemotional traits. The study provides a contextual perspective on the importance of attachments styles in the wider context of familial relationships for adolescents.
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects both males and females but males are more severely affected than females. It is characterized by intellectual and learning disabilities, behavioral and or psychiatric comorbidities, mildly dysplastic connective tissue, and large testes. Fragile X cases have more than 200 repeats of the trinucleotide CGG at a fragile locus of the X chromosome (Xq27.3) which affords the basis of the molecular diagnosis of the syndrome. Although there is no current curative treatment of Fragile X syndrome, there are many available therapeutic modalities that can be used to control its manifestations and improve the quality of life of its sufferers. Lastly but by no means least, it is well documented that the earlier the diagnosis and implementation of early intervention and individualized rehabilitation programs, the better the prognosis.
Background: In South Asian region particularly in Bangladesh, adolescent pregnancy is still a major public concern. Therefore, identification of potential risk factors of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing may help to formulate policy to prevent premature delivery, death and disability.Objectives: The main objective of this study was to identity the determinants factors of adolescent pregnancy in Bangladesh.Study design: Retrospective two-stage stratified sample design.Methods: Data were extracted from nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2011. In this study, age of childbearing was considered as dependent variable and classified as adolescent (≤19 years) and adult (>19 years). Several individual, household and community level factors were considered as the independent variables. Multilevel logistic regression model with household and community random intercept was used to identify the association between dependent and independent variable.Results: The study found that about 28% adolescent had given birth in Bangladesh. Higher educated women (OR=0.65, 95% CI, 0.49-0.96), husband with higher education (OR=0.69, 95% CI, 0.56-0.84) and age at first marriage after age 15 years (OR=0.50, 95% CI, 0.45-0.55) were found to be protective for adolescent pregnancy. Secondary educated women (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.39) showing the higher adolescent pregnancy than women with no education. The risk is high among women in Rangpur (OR=1.19; 95% CI, 1.12 1.25), followed by Khulna (OR=1.16; 95% CI, 1.09 1.23), Rajshahi (OR=1.16; 95% CI, 1.09 1.23) division showing among in Barisal division.Conclusion: Around one fourth of the total pregnancy occurred adolescent age in Bangladesh which is caused by various individual, household and community-level factors. Proper education and increase awareness about the adverse effect of adolescent pregnancy are necessary to reduce occurrence of adolescent pregnancy in Bangladesh.
One of the most important psychological conditions influenced by social changes is social anxiety disorder. Lack of balance in the sources of self-knowledge is considered to be a significant factor in development of social anxiety among adolescents with physical-motor disabilities. We aimed in this study to examine the importance of utilizing the sources of self-knowledge by adolescents with physical-motor disabilities and its relationship with social anxiety disorder among this population; therefore, the goal of the present study was to explore the role of sources of selfknowledge in predicting social anxiety among adolescents with by adolescents with physical-motor disabilities. This was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population included all middle and high school students with physical-motor disabilities in the school year 2016-2017. All the students in this population (n=126; 68 boys, 58 girls) were selected as the study sample. The Results indicated that Equality of variances (P ≥ 0.05) and normality presumptions were established by the results of Levene's test and Shapiro Wilk test, respectively (P ≥ 0.05), therefore, parametric tests were used, and given that a correlational and prediction design was used, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using the Enter method, were used to analyze the data. According to Pearson’s correlation results, self-observation, social feedback, and social comparison were positively correlated with social anxiety in adolescents with physical-motor disabilities. In addition, the regression analysis to predict social anxiety based on the sources of self-knowledge indicated that self-observation and social comparison were significant predictors of social anxiety in adolescents with physical-motor disabilities, however, social feedback was not a significant predictor. Identifying the sources of self-knowledge underlying social anxiety is an important approach that can be used by consultants and psychologists trying to improve the mental health of adolescents with physical-motor disabilities.
This study investigates a spontaneous preference for an equal distribution of resources. Toddlers are presented with real life events followed by a verbal test question. In the first experiment one of the distributors (the ‘equal’) gives one cherry to each receiver, while the other one (the ‘unequal’) gives both cherries to just one of the two receivers. In the second a distributor (the ‘equal’) gives one cherry to each receiver, and left one for himself, while the other (the ‘DI-unequal’) gives two cherries to one receiver and one cherry to another receiver, creating a state of disadvantageous inequity. In the third experiment a distributor (the ‘equal’) gives two cherries to each receiver over while the other (the ‘DI-unequal’) gives one cherry to each receiver and keeps two to themselves, creating a state of disadvantageous inequity where the distributor has more than receivers. Toddlers show a spontaneous preference for an equal distributor of resources versus an unequal distributor and insensitivity to the contents of the distributor’s basket.
Field and aim: One of the factors that effects on children’s weight and health status is their eating behavior. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare eating behaviors in hyperactive – attention deficit children with healthy children in Kerman.Method: The investigated population in this study was 80 children including 40 healthy children and 40 hyperactive – attention deficit children that their weight, height, body mass index and information related to their eating behaviors were measured and recorded in children by using food behaviors questionnaire.Results: Mean body mass index in the whole population was 16.9 ± 3.7 Kg/m2 that was 17.48 ± 4.05 in hyperactive – attention deficit children and 15.96 ± 3.29 in healthy children. There was a significant relationship between body mass index and the presence of this disorder in the investigated children, so that, the mean body mass index was higher in children with this disorder. Weight loss prevalence in the whole investigated population was 19.5% that 7.3% was related to hyperactive children and 12.2% healthy children. Overweight prevalence in the whole population was 12.2% that 6.1% was related to both hyperactive – attention deficit and healthy children. Obesity prevalence was 17.1% in the whole population that 13.4% of it was related to hyperactive children and 3.7% of it to healthy children. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding eating behaviors, moderate eating behavior in hyperactive – lack of concentration children, fast eating behavior, low eating in fatigue time and activity rate. There was no significant difference between eating behaviors and weight indices.Discussion and conclusion: Considering that the specific dietary and eating behaviors were higher in obese and low weight children with significant difference, investigating eating behaviors in children with deviations from normal weight and BMI must be a part of the comprehensive assessment and treatment program for such children to prevent its negative consequences on health in the next period of life by intervening in a timely manner.
Adolescents are more vulnerable to internet addiction (IA) as they have less ability to control their enthusiasm for internet activities. In this study, a descriptive approach was used to assess the level of IA and its impact among high school students. A conceptual framework was based on Roy’s Adaptation Model. The tool consisted of a baseline proforma, a modified form of IA test and a structured questionnaire developed during the study. Those tools were employed to assess the level of IA and its impact among adolescents of English medium high schools. Opinions from fourteen experts were used to modify the tools for the validity. The reliability of the tool was determined by using a split half technique. The reliability was measured by Karl Pearson’s coefficient correlation and was found to be reliable. The study revealed that majority (70.5%) of the adolescents were normal users, 23% had a mild addiction, 6% had a moderate addiction and 0.5% had a severe addiction. The majority (73%) of samples had a mild impact, 16.5% had a moderate impact, and 10.5% had no impact. Some of their demographic variables like age, class, and occupation of fathers have significant associations with both IA and impact of IA.
Introduction: While media use is an integral part of the daily life of teenagers, there are a number of risks associated with social media use, specifically, negative effects on mental health. Teenagers, who are regular media users, have lots of friends, get along well with their parents, and are happy at school, but lack of close friends is the strongest predictors of depression and negative self-views. Our study was based on association between social media users and depression in female teenagers in Buraydah city Qassim Reigon, K.S.A.Methods: It was cross sectional study designed to examine both exposure (social media) and disease outcome (depression) simultaneously for each subject. It was conducted among female teenagers, aged between 13-17 years in Buraydah city, which is located in the central part of Saudi Arabia, during the period of January to July 2014. Study sample; Female teenager (16-19) from high schools in Buraydah. 80 female teenagers were selected randomly. Descriptive statististics; demography, family history, use of social media, and Analytical statististics; Prevalence of depression (outcome); Association between use social media and depression were estimated.Result: The mean age in study group was 16.27 ± 1.46 years. 35% have diagnosis with depression and 48 (60%) addicted users (≥5 h/day) of social media, out of which only 20 (41.67%) had depression.Conclusion: This study showed that people, who spend a lot of time using social media, do not always have depression. Out of 48 participants who used social media more than 5 hours daily it is only 20 (41.67%) who had depression (p<0.2915 not significant).
Lacking an instrument that monitors behavior problems in developmentally delayed patients in Thailand, this study’s purpose was to create a cross-cultural translation of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C) into the Thai language. After forward and back-translation, the prefinal version ABC-C Thai version was tested and evaluated by ten healthcare officers. The final version was used to calculate the reliability and validity with 40, 2-18 year-old developmentally delayed patients by two raters. The results indicated that the ABC-C Thai version has high internal consistency (α=0.922), high inter-rater and test-retest reliability [ICC=0.90 (95% CI: 0.81-0.95) and ICC=0.92 (95% CI: 0.86-0.96) respectively. It also has a high positive correlation with The Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S), (r=0.87; pË0.01) with evaluation of concurrent validity. The ABC-C Thai version has good psychometric properties and can be used to evaluate and monitor behavior problems of developmentally delayed patients in the clinical and research fields.
Generalized epilepsy is accompanied by large-amplitude synchronized spike-wave discharges on electroencephalography. The condition rapidly and synchronously involves most regions of the brain, but the mechanism underlying this global involvement remains unclear. Here I attempt to clarify this phenomenon by hypothesizing a series resonance in an equivalent electric circuit for the white matter. This hypothesis is based on the ideas that the electric conduction along an axon is due to the displacement current, and the unit structure composed of a node of Ranvier and the next node can be regarded as a capacitor or an inductor, depending on the geometry and the substance around the nodes. The flash-visual evoked potentials at various flash repetition rates were measured in generalized epilepsy patients, and compared with those for healthy controls and focal epilepsy patients. The P100 amplitude plotted against the flash repetition rate had a maximum peak at a certain flash repetition rate only for each of the generalized epilepsy patients. The observation of a peak in the P100 amplitude was inferred to reflect the series resonance phenomenon in the white matter. I speculate that patients with generalized epilepsy have large regions of white matter with similar resonance frequencies.
Learning styles like (Visual, Auditory, Kinaesthetic) as in the VAK theory and (Visual, Auditory, Read/Write, Kinaesthetic) as in VARK, and the Mind Styles Model (i.e. concrete vs. abstract perceptual abilities and sequential vs. random ordering abilities)—propose in one way or another individualisation of education (i.e. mainly here learning and teaching languages as in TESL and TEFL). Similarly, learning theories propose different interpretations for the system of learning as in (behaviourism, constructivism, cognitivism, social psychology, and connectionism)— through which learning and teaching should take place. Five models were proposed approaching these issues with the first model for the vocabulary system (i.e. form aspect(s), meaning aspect(s), and distribution aspect(s), the second model for integration of learning theories and five types of aids (visual, audio, audio-visual, action and multimedia aids), the third, fourth and fifth models for three learning styles’ theories (i.e. VAK, VARK, and the Mind Styles Model). Given that my approach was only based on my designed models inspired by the original theories, conclusions included that experimental and behavioural based evidence is needed to give credibility for the effectiveness of using learning styles towards more effective teaching of vocabulary. With this in mind, it was proposed that learning styles could be used as indicators other than reliable and valid diagnostic tools for he learners’ preferences-helping teachers to consider the use of as many as possible of the five introduced types of aids while teaching vocabulary-enhancing the implications from the learning theories, too.
This review focusing on studies on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention disorder hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which consists of assessment and intervention on three main domains; neuropsychological (cognitive), social interaction and behavioral problems. Majority of the studies reviewed used non-randomized control studies which involves mostly children, some adolescence and few adults, who are diagnosed as either ASD, ADHD or ASD +ADHD. The outcome of these studies mostly shows positive results in improving autism symptom such as cognitive skills impairment, social interaction dysfunctions between child and parents and behavioral problem. Children with ASD that undergone occupational therapy using sensory integration needed less caregiver assistance during selfcare and social activities. Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) challenges the child to improve communication and increased parental self-efficacy. Social skills training (SST) promote social competence and friendship and decreasing feelings of loneliness. Animal companionship increases alertness and attention in human, which might promote enhance concentration and task persistence and promote calming effect in children suffering from ADHD. Mind-Body Therapies showed positive results in mental and emotional health and decreased in behavioral problems in children with ASD. In parent -mediated early intervention for children with ASD, children’s language, adaptive skills and parents stress showed no significance change. Despite of small to medium improvement, there were little scientific evidence of effectiveness of each type of intervention that could be suggested as best suited therapy for children with ASD and ADHD. Therefore, it was suggested to have standardized training technique as a promising area for future research along with continuous monitoring is needed in the long term to see the results in these children.
Objective: The imbalance between increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defense has been implicated in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Which of these has a greater impact on ASD behavioral symptoms is still unclear. We measured urinary levels of the oxidative stress biomarker hexanoyl-lysine (HEL), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the DNA methylation biomarker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8- OHdG) and their relation to the plasma levels of the oxidative stress biomarker superoxide dismutase (SOD) and of the anti-inflammatory fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Methods: We studied the relationships between these biomarkers and behavioral symptoms in 19 individuals with ASD (mean age 10.9 ± 5.3 years) and 11 healthy controls (mean age 14.3 ± 6.3 years). Behavioral symptoms were evaluated using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). Results: Ages were not significant difference between two groups. The ASD group showed significantly reduced levels of urinary TAC and significantly increased levels of urinary HEL compared to the control group. Urinary 8- OHdG levels or plasma SOD and EPA levels were not significantly different between the two groups. The ABC subscale and total scores were significantly higher in the ASD group had significantly higher ABC subscale and total scores than he control group. Stepwise regression analysis and the standardized regression coefficient indicated that urinary TAC levels provided greater impact for distinguishing the two groups. There was significant correlation between the urinary TAC levels and plasma EPA levels and the ABC irritability scores. Conclusion: Urinary TAP levels may be important in the imbalance between the urinary levels of HEL and TAC, and altered plasma SOD levels may contribute to this imbalance.
The aim of the present study was to develop a response inhibition training program and investigate its effectiveness on reducing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and improving social skills in children with ADHD. The research design was quasi-experimental, with comparisons across pre-test, post-test, and control groups. Sixteen students with ADHD who ranged in age from 7 to 11 years old (Mage=8.67 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group. The experimental group received different types of response inhibition training over 12 sessions, while the control group received no training. When the data were analyzed with Multivariate Analysis of Covariance, receipt of the inhibition training problem, relative to control, was associated with a reduction in ADHD symptoms and an improvement in social skills. In this instance, response inhibition training was demonstrated as effective for children with ADHD.
Excessive perseverance with video-internet game usage, or alternatively Internet Gaming Disorder, presents a condition that, despite the potential utility of the underlying technology, augurs an assemblage of poor health and well-being, psychiatric liability and psychosocial perturbation with concomitant regional brain disturbance accompanied by incremental and inexorable prerequisites for appropriate interventions and eventual prevention. The tendency within the pathological expressions of disorder is for vulnerability to reside among the young, e.g., adolescents, rather than the older adults, over gender. Symptom-profiles of the condition incorporate varied, allconsuming and protracted problems ranging from cognitive-affective dysfunctions to biopsychological abnormalities such as sleep disturbances and fatigue. Escalating prevalence and epidemiological entanglement describe a putative framework of loneliness, introversion, neuroticism and impulsivity interspersed with expressions of depression, anxiety, sensation seeking, anger, a singular lack of assertiveness and the hazardous indications of ADHD propensity. Neurophysiological, brain regional and biomarker modifications underlying disorder pathophysiology appear more-or-less attuned to the symptomatic expressions of both diagnosed patients and those found to use excessive gaming, unconstrained from age-level: child, adolescent or young adult. Interventional strategies have centred upon the distinction of individual symptom-profiles, the description of withdrawal symptoms and related tolerance and the administration of coping strategies and resourceful behaviors, as for example implied by the “Craving Behavioral intervention”.
