Background: Corona virus Disease, 2019 has been pandemic all over the world due to its strong human to human transmission. A number of measures have been put in place to prevent its spread among the population. However, for these preventive measures to be effective, the population should practice an appropriate COVID-19 prevention method. To our knowledge, there is no study yet done in the Amhara region. Thus, this study was aimed at assessing mask wearing practice and its associated factors for COVID-19 prevention among residents of metropolitan towns in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 20 to July 10, 2020. A total of 413 residents of metropolitan towns of the Amhara region, Ethiopia were enrolled in the study. A systematic sampling technique was used to collect data from selected households. Data were entered into EPI-DATA version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 24.0 for analysis. To identify the factors of mask wearing practice for COVID-19 prevention, multiple binary logistic regression analysis was used. Statistical significance was declared at p-value<0.05. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was used to assess the direction and strength of associations. Results: Four hundred thirteen residents were participated in the study with a response rate of 97.6%. Of these, 234 (56.6%) were female, 229 (55.4%) were lay in the age group of 31–45 years old, and 321 (77.7%) were married. The proportion of residents who had good mask wearing practice in the current study was 57.1% [(95%CI: 52.35%, 61.94%)]. Having formal education [AOR = 5.046, 95% CI (2.713, 9.385], employed [AOR = 1.827, 95% CI (1.172, 2.848)], having good knowledge [AOR = 3.125, 95% CI (1.361, 7.178)], and having positive attitude [AOR = 2.279, 95% CI (1.09, 4.767)] were significantly associated with mask wearing practice. Conclusion: more than half of the study respondents had good mask wearing practice regarding COVID-19 prevention. Having formal education, being employed, having good knowledge, and having positive attitude were significantly associated with mask wearing practice. It is recommended that local health authorities should implement interventions such, residents training and awareness creation activities to enhance residents to develop mask wearing practice.
The advent of COVID-19 has brought Healthcare Information technology to the forefront. rganizations across the globe have been forced to look at different options to keep their revenues (especially outpatient) going. Telemedicine was conceptualized in 1920s, till few months ago it was considered as a target market for only rural areas. In many countries it was still in the nascent stage. The current world situation has forced organizations to consider telehealth/telemedicine very seriously. BCBS Massachusetts announced in April 2020 that it processed 250K telemedicine claims, overall a 3600% increase over Feb 2020 and 5100% increase over 2019.
SARS-CoV-2 has been emerged from Wuhan in China and has now shacked out more than 200 Countries and territories all over the world. World’s best scientists are contributing and endeavouring to find drugs, immuno-modulators and vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus and positive-stranded RNA virus that originates from the Coronaviridae family. The most important structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are spike trimeric (S) protein, membrane (M) protein, envelop (E) protein and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The SARS-CoV-2 begins its life cycle, when the S protein binds with the host cells receptor ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). The viral protein(M) and genome (Protein-N) RNA eventually get assembled into virions (with Protein-S and HE), Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. According to the various research reports, there aremore than 50 drugs, immunomodulators and vaccines that may be effective against COVID-19. Some drugs had shown the in vitro activity against MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review is to highlight the properties,structure, life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and description of the agents which show potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
The Present Study Aims to Comparison of the effectiveness of feminist therapy (FT) with sex therapy on sexual intimacy in female. This Study Was Typed of Experimental Studies with pre-test and Post-Test with Control Group. The Study Consisted of All woman Referred to the Counselling Centres in university Neyshabur City. A Sample of 36 People Was Selected Then Randomly Assigned to Two Experimental Groups and One Control Groups. The people inventory sexual intimacy Botlani (SII) Was Used for Data Collection Then Based on 12 Meetings 90 Minutes for the Experiment Groups. The PreTest and Post-Test Scores Were Analysed Using a Manova Test in the SPSS 20 Software. According to the Results of Showed feminist Therapy More Effect Than Other Experimental Group and Control Group (p≤0.001) so sex Therapy More Effect Than Control Group in Variable (p≤0.001). The conclusion is that the feminist therapy approach can be used to increase sexual intimacy in developing Muslim societies
Introduction: Cancer is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and marks a critical life event for the entire family that can cause distress and significant challenges for all involved. Proverbially, cancer impacts not only those diagnosed but also families, especially those spouses who are often the primary caregivers of these patients. Resilience is the ability of individuals to adapt well in the face of adversity. Resilience and its associated factors among spousal caregivers were reviewed and synthesized to obtain better understanding and guidance for further research regarding this phenomenon. Purpose: To explore resilience, and identify the measurement used to assess resilience and associated factors in spousal caregivers of patients with cancer (PWC). Methods: A literature review was performed using electronic database across Cochrane, CINALH, ProQuest, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Google scholar. The articles were published in English with full text from January 2010 to January 2020. Inclusion criteria: (1) resilience in spousal caregivers for cancer patients who were alive; (2) resilience by using resilience scales or measure resilience by using related variables that reflects resilience which were clearly mentioned in the articles; (3) spousal caregivers’ age more than 18-year-old; (4) quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method research; (5) articles which met the above eligible criteria were included in this review if it was possible to extract the findings. Results According to data retrieval, 26 articles were finally selected including 17 quantitative researches, 6 qualitative researches, and 3 mixed-method researches . Resilience in spousal caregivers of PWC showed an ability to adapt and deal with the challenges of caring for their lovers, which would be those with female gender, younger age, better education, and no child-rearing burden. But other demographic characteristics such as ethnicity, occupation, work status were not associated with resilience. Two types of measurement in resilience were explored across 26 studies. resilience was measured by using exact resilience scales (i.e. Connor-Davidson or Wagnild Resilience Scales) or using other variables to indicate either more positive psychological outcome such as coping and adaptation or less negative psychological outcome such as lower depression and stress etc. For factors associated with resilience, these can be classified as individual internal and external factors. Internal factors include caregiver burden, psychological distress, coping strategies etc., whereas social support, couple interaction, patients’ health status etc. are external factors. Conclusions: The current findings add to our understanding of resilience as a distinct trajectory of adjustment and provide further knowledge on the resilience associated factors. Caring for patients with cancer can be a form of stress and affected spousal caregivers’ health and well-being. Resilience plays an important role in promoting positive adaptation in spite of adversity among the spousal caregivers of cancer patients. With the uniqueness of resilience among these caregivers, ways to assess resilience and identify its associated factors deserve more attention and careful consideration.
Poliovirus has been largely eradicated in the world, but remains at large in endemic countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria. In reviewing research, this paper aims to utilize how common practices of vaccination in the United States can be adapted by these endemic countries to deal with vaccination issues that prevent the eradication of poliomyelitis. Hypothesis: Vaccination programs implemented in the US are a good framework to increase awareness of vaccinations in developing countries. Methods: Search engines such as PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to analyze commonly faced issues in vaccination practices experienced by endemic countries of poliomyelitis. Further, searching for vaccination protocols that have been utilized by the United States to deal with similar issues provided a good framework for implementation of vaccination awareness in the endemic countries. Amongst the articles utilized, a varying set of study designs were used and exclusion criteria’s such as review studies, articles prior to 2009 were implemented. Conclusion: By implementing vaccination through educational based programs, through programs which leads to a change in method of vaccination administration, and law mandated programs, vaccination awareness and practices can be increased in endemic countries of poliomyelitis.
The healthcare organizations in the United states (US) are either public or private entities. For-profit healthcare organizations constitute a large segment of healthcare infrastructure. Since the market based pattern of healthcare services can lead to significant profits, investment in the healthcare sector can be beneficial from an investor's standpoint. However, there can be a concern among the medical community and the public in general regarding amalgamation of business with health care. Furthermore the cost of healthcare expenditure is ever increasing in the US which may be driven with this model as well. The integration of business models with healthcare may lead to standardization algorithms with the expectation from healthcare providers to meet key metrics as well as targets which may result in compromised patient care. This has prompted the provision of value based care to patients instead of pay for service model. However, the balance between provision of optimal healthcare which is cost effective can be challenging from the hospital administration and healthcare provider’s perspective with ethical, moral, logical and practical aspects to keep in consideration. In this article we discuss a few factors which may raise ethical dilemmas for the hospital administration and physicians.
Purpose: Multicultural adolescents are increasing every year in Korea, and multicultural adolescents have many difficulties compared to general adolescents because their parents have different cultural backgrounds. In particular, adolescents are highly dependent on smartphones, which negatively affects their mental health. This study was to identify the correlation between stress awareness, depression experience, generalized anxiety disorder, and smartphone overdependence of multicultural adolescents and general adolescents. Method: Data from the 16th online survey of youth health behavior (2020) was used to analyze 39,987 adolescents. The data were analyzed using complex sample analysis by using SPSS/Win 22.0 Results: There was no significant difference in stress awareness, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and smartphone overdependence between multicultural and general adolescents. Multicultural adolescents showed significantly higher control failure of smartphone overdependence. The use time of smartphones on weekdays and weekends was significantly higher in multicultural youth. In both multicultural and general adolescents, smartphone overdependence was higher in the middle-level academic achievement and the higher the stress awareness and generalized anxiety disorder, the higher the possibility of smartphone overdependence. The smartphone overdependence of general youth was significantly related to gender, age, school level, residence type, and depression. Conclusion: To prevent adolescents€™ overdependence on smartphones, it needs to differentiate approaches according to the characteristics of multicultural and general adolescents.
Maternal paleness is a typical issue in pregnancy, especially in developing nations. Pallor influences very nearly 66% of pregnant ladies in creating nations and adds to maternal dismalness and mortality and to low birthweight. Pregnant ladies establish a high hazard gather for insufficiency. Micronutrient lack particularly the iron, folate, calcium and zinc inadequacy is the most despicable aspect of our lives, influencing all areas of society. Lamentably, the ladies amid pregnancy, youthfulness, and youngsters are under this revile especially in creating nations like Pakistan. A high level of the pregnant ladies is iron inadequate because of elements, for example, high equality, poor dietary accessability and financial status. Intercessions to improve the admission of a few micronutrients ought to be considered to counteract iron deficiency in pregnant ladies. The systems and battle of Pakistani government will prompt a positive bring about killing micronutrient lack from Pakistan. Nutritional status assumes vital job in anticipating micronutrient inadequacy. There is a critical need to expand mindfulness with respect to significance of this less appetite among WOCBA particularly by including medicinal services experts, network wellbeing laborers, drug specialist, media, symposiums furthermore, workshops as it is totally preventable general medical issue. In the 1st trimester the percentages of values falling into the critical range are significantly increased for thiamine and vitamin B6, but not for vitamin A, riboflavin, and vitamin C. In the 3rd trimester an additionally greater number of women not sufficiently supplied could be found for vitamin A; the percentages of values for thiamine and vitamin B6 in the critical range were found to be significantly higher. For iron and folate, likewise known to be critical nutrients in pregnancy, no supply parameters can be presented at the present time from our investigations.
Currently, childhood obesity is a major public health issue in the Western world. There has been evidence citing that although obesity is a major problem during adolescence, it could also be the beginning of more serious conditions during adulthood. Because of this, numerous studies have been conducted to understand childhood obesity, most of which rely on cardiometabolic risk factors to predict and determine the prevalence of childhood obesity. This study aims to correlate childhood obesity with cardiometabolic factors to generate insights on forthcoming studies on this subject matter. Methods: This study relies on research into the verified risks linked to childhood obesity. Reliance of secondary sources of data, which include journals and textbooks that are relevant to this study were also included. Database (PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar) searches including key terms such as “childhood obesity”, “cardiometabolic risks”, “childhood obesity risks” and “metabolic syndromes” were used. Strategically, articles were included as early as the 1970s to track the changes in diet and lifestyle, which could be implicated as risk factors. This study consists of different populations of children from various parts of the U.S., which in consequently explores the implications of socioeconomic differences. Results: It has been shown that childhood obesity is associated with numerous cardiometabolic risks that can affect both children and adults. Additionally, evidence shows that childhood obesity has a high morbidity and mortality. It also has been shown that childhood obesity has been found to lead to exacerbation cardiovascular risk factors during adulthood. The evidence generated on this subject is not on par with meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials as the majority of these studies were non-experimental. Conclusion: The study into the association between childhood obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors as well as adult cardiometabolic risk factors underlines the requisite for more research on this subject matter. Suggested studies should include the restructuring of the general management of childhood obesity as well as associated risks for current and future generations. Although there is considerable information available on childhood obesity and related cardiometabolic risk factors, the validity as well as reliability that more assertive studies such as Random Controlled Trials (RCTs) and metaanalyses have been yet to be included.
Purpose: Racial disparities in health are well-documented, underscoring the need for health equity education for future healthcare professionals. The goal of this literature review was to examine and describe the interventions, strategies, and an overview of the current evidence-based strategies for implicit bias education of future medical providers. Method: Guided by the exploratory question of discovering the ways Physician Assistant and Medical students are being taught about implicit racial (IR) bias, a search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, and Google Scholar. Search terms reflected keywords about IR bias education strategies with an intervention and outcome, and PA or medical students within the last 10 years. Results: Of the dozens of peer-reviewed articles on this topic, 12 were chosen for inclusion. Despite heterogeneity in the study designs in this review, there is evidence that healthcare professional student’s exhibit implicit racial or ethnic bias. In both quantitative and qualitative measures, students and faculty consistently and overwhelmingly recognize the importance ofeducation on this topic. Conclusions: There are different types of successful strategies implemented for IR bias education. There is limited and inconclusive research evidence about the impact of IR bias on clinical decision-making due to difficulty in measuring this.
The permission or otherwise of prenuptial STD test on prospective spouses in Islam: Premarital medical examinations on Sexual transmitted diseases (STD) promote the wellbeing of the future offspring as well as the welfare of the family and society. Marriage is a positive and effective means to protect individuals, especially young People, from indulging in illicit sexual activities that could lead to infection with the HIV, Hepatitis and inherited disease called Genotype virus. The teachings of the prophet Muhammad (SAW) urge Muslims to make marriage affordable and easy for all members of the society. Premarital medical testing on Sexual Transmitted Diseases usually tests for one or two disease because there are more than 5000 hereditable diseases and more are being discovered every day in Nigeria and the world at large. The findings revealed that, prenuptial Sexual Transmitted Diseases is permissible in Islam. Therefore needs urgent step to address the issues for precaution. Data are drawn from books, articles, scholarly journals and others.
To evaluate the effects of clinical rehabilitation exercise on post-stroke dysphagia (PSD). We used an evidence-based method to summarize the effects of rehabilitation training in patients with PSD. The Delphi method was used to demonstrate, amend and validate evidence-based outcomes. A total of 108 stroke patients who were admitted to the third-class hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were selected and divided into the experimental group (54 cases) and the control group (54 cases) according to the time of consultation. Based on routine care, the control group received neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NES) treatment. The experimental cohort received NES along with rehabilitation exercise interventions for dysphagia for 3 weeks after the stroke event. The recovery rate of two rounds of expert letter inquiry questionnaires were 90% and 100% with expert authority coefficients of 0.895 and 0.9, respectively. The formation of rehabilitation exercise of post stroke dysphagia contained 8 first-level entries and 26 second-level entries. After the intervention, the standardized swallowing assessment (SSA) scores in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The effective treatment rate in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The self-rating depression scale (SDS) and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores were both significantly lower in patients in the experimental group compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). The rate of patient PSD rehabilitation exercise was over 83.3%. Therefore, the clinical rehabilitation exercises can be used to improve functional outcomes in patients suffering
Aim: To explore the perceived challengeslikely to confront nursing and midwifery as autonomous professions in Ghana and the way forward. Design: Ten nurses and midwives from four main hospitals in the Tamale Metropolis, the respondents were from senior nursing and midwifery officer ranks. Methods: A qualitative cross-sectional in-depth interview was employed for the study among senior nurses and midwives in the hospitals in the Tamale Metropolis. Results: Participants identified specificity of professional focus and split in training arrangement as the main cause of perceived autonomy and challenge. For instance, there are still differential gaps in the training and practice functions of nurses and midwives, different examinations and clear distinctions in job descriptions of both professions. Power of association culture was considered a contributory factor. The study concludes that regardless, nursing and midwifery are two distinct but closely related professions that have similar characteristics and natural fusion of learning and work.
Research Aim: In response to the noted rationale, this structured literature review sought to investigate the impact of the SBAR communication and handover tool when used by nurses upon patient safety outcomes. Background: In nursing practice, effective communication is the most primitive and fundamental trait that has direct influence over the provision of care and thus, care quality and patient safety. Indeed, a wider range of evidence and serious case reviews have shown that deficits in communication and clinical handover can lead to patient harm and even death and thus, utilising tools to optimise communication quality and sufficiency represents an opportunity to prevent such adverse outcomes. The Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendations (SBAR) framework is one of the most common communication tools used in nursing practice but little is known about its specific direct impact upon measures of patient safety. Thus, there is a need to address this important knowledge gap to help inform current and future nursing communication and handover practices. Methods: A structured literature review was designed using the PRISMA criteria for systematic reviews to enhance credibility. A search for literature relevant to the research aim was undertaken in February 2021 using the databases of MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and Google Scholar. Search terms were constructed using the research question, modified with syntax and combined with Boolean logic to optimise search precision. Articles eligible for review were restricted to English language, peer-review and publication since the year 2010. All studies were appraised using the principles of CASP and data was analysed via narrative synthesis due to limited homogeneity across studies that precluded meta-analysis. Results/Discussion: A total of 12 studies were eligible for review, which comprised eight quasi-experimental before-and-after studies, three cohort studies and one randomised controlled trial. The overall risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies given the detection of issues associated with non-response, recall, confounding and outcome ascertainment biases. Applicability to the UK context also varied due to issues of sample size and representativeness. Narrative synthesis revealed that the use of SBAR by nurses to guide inter-professional communication and clinical handover was consistently positive in optimising patient safety when compared to non-structured communication controls or baseline. Specific improvements in safety outcomes included: reductions in the number of care omissions, the incidence of near-miss and patient safety events, falls, adverse drug events, restraint use and nosocomial infections and even mortality. Moreover, some studies explored the impact of SBAR upon indirect patient safety measures, which included perceptions that the tool optimised patient safety, as well as inducing improvements to care quality and culture through enhancing communication and documentation quality and sufficiency. These findings were supported by the wider literature and this derived some key implications for nursing practice and handover guidelines. Conclusion: Overall, this review that was based on the most relevant and best available evidence showed that SBAR can be used to enhance patient safety within varied health contexts and for patients of differing age groups. It is strongly recommended that SBAR is employed with routine nursing practice to guide inter-professional communication and handover, although this may require supplementation with more extensive information exchange in situations of clinical complexity. Moreover, it is important that the current NICE guidelines for structured handover better emphasise the value of SBAR in optimising communication and in reducing the risk of communication errors that can compromise patient safety. Through wider adoption and use of SBAR, it is hoped that the findings of this review will promote marked improvements in patient safety across national and international health systems. Future research, that can account for biases detected among the current evidence, is needed to re-explore the value of SBAR upon patient safety such to validate the findings herein. Key Words: Handover tool, SBAR, Communication errors, ISBAR, Adverse outcomes and Patient safety.
Effective empathy training interventions based on scientific evidence becomes essential. A theoretical framework should guide the proposed interventions and be coherent with the evaluation of the dimensions taking in account that empathy is currently a multidimensional concept. The study aimed to determine, for nursing students, what is the effectiveness of experiential versus humanistic training, in terms of improvement of empathic ability (dimensions) and maintenance over time of what has been learned, and to establish the degree of coherence between the proposed theoretical model and the trained and evaluated dimensions. A systematic review using six databases was performed. The data were synthesised, and the risk of bias was analysed using the Equator Guidelines. Nine articles were selected. Further evidence of the effectiveness of experiential intervention against humanistic educational strategies was observed. Most studies were not based on a solid theoretical framework and, in these cases, inconsistency between empathic trained dimensions and those evaluated was detected. Although a better understanding of training time variable is required, middle-term interventions are recommended. Increasing the multicentre controlled trials; specifying the intervention that includes the empathy dimensions; triangulating the data from health professionals, patients, and external observers; and including monitoring, becomes a necessity.
The prevalence of autism is of high percentage in developmental disabilities in Jordan. Owing to parents being the primary caregivers in most situations, their ability to recognize the signs and symptoms of autism and respond appropriately is importance to provide training programs to autistic individuals. This study aims to ascertaining the parent’s knowledge and awareness and perception of autism. A study was performed to screen the Knowledge, awareness and perception of parents of non-autistic children. Sample of 200 parents of non-autistic children were selected. Data were analyzed using (SPSS version 16). The study displayed a lack of awareness and knowledge and perception of autism. Special programs should be provided to those parents to promote their knowledge, awareness, and perception deficits,. On a positive note, most were willing to get their children tested and treated in case of a diagnosis. However, only a small number of participants knew of autism centers. Counseling parents about autism is needed. Background: The prevalence of autism is growing all over the world. Owing to parents being the primary caregivers in most situations, their ability to recognize the signs and symptoms of autism and respond appropriately is of paramount importance in aiming to provide the best educational training programs to autistic individuals. This study was conducted with the aim of ascertaining the parent’s knowledge and awareness and perception of autism. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed by the researcher to screen the Knowledge, awareness and perception of parents of non-autistic children in Zarka area, Jordan. The researcher excluded the parents belonging to the medical profession, those who have autistic children, and those who couldn’t completely comprehend Arabic. A sample size of 200 parents of non-autistic children was selected. A validated and pre-tested questionnaire was administered among the study participants to record demographic information, knowledge, and perceptions regarding autism and its signs and symptoms. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 16). A knowledge score was calculated for opinions about autism and its signs and symptoms individually to reflect a participant’s overall knowledge regarding autism. Results: From the study population, 75% of our population had heard of autism, with those who knew of someone with the disorder displaying greater awareness. However, our participants displayed poor knowledge scores, with a mean score of 5.59 in the section concerning correct opinions on autism and that of 6.84 in the section testing knowledge of signs and symptoms. Despite this, 95.6% of the participants were willing to get their children treated, in the event of them being diagnosed with autism. Conclusion: The population of the study displayed a lack of awareness and knowledge and perception of autism. In order to full fill the gap of knowledge, awareness and perception deficit, special programs related the deficits should be provided to those parents to promote their knowledge, awareness, and perception regarding autism, so as to allow for early diagnoses and intervention therapy. On a positive note, most were willing to get their children tested and treated in case of a diagnosis. However, only a small number of participants knew of autism centers in Zarka. General practitioners are needed to play a key role in counseling parents about autism.
The goal of this research work is to not only prepare you intellectually, emotionally and in a meaningful way, but also instruct you in choosing a life partner properly. It is not only so that you fulfill your responsibilities and duties related to your life partner, but also to make you ready to face future difficulties and problems in a positive way, as most people become involved in various difficulties after marriage. This paper investigates on the introduction of pre-marriage course in Islam as mechanism to reduce rate of divorce in Nigeria. The paper begins with a brief about position of marriage in Islam. It continues with importance of marriage in Islam as well as prohibited women to marry. It explains the purpose of marriage in Islam, rights and duties of husband/wife, which helps one to understand his/her rights and duties Islamically. The paper ends with introduction pre-marriage course in Islam, months/years in pregnancy and breath feeding, etc. It also shows that Islam does not leave any loophole untouched in the affairs of marriage. Analytical research methodology has been used in preparing this paper. Data are drawn from interview, books, articles, scholarly journals etc.
The Covid-19 pandemic continues to affect lives. This evidence-based strategy describes pathways to address the crisis and meet goals of undergraduate baccalaureate nursing education. Impact of the pandemic on clinical site availability provided opportunities to revise the maternity clinical course from direct on-site clinical to a clinical course with multiple modalities including small-group hospital clinical, faculty-facilitated remote clinical days, and written assignments. The design incorporated adult learning principles. This presentation illustrates transformation of the “Community Clinical Education Day” from on-site activities to remote virtual experiences. Teaching strategies that successfully fulfilled requirements of maternity clinical course, components of the eight-hour offering, and effectiveness of a multimodal clinical course compared to a traditional clinical course are described. Objectives: To identify mission, services, and population of community agencies and to develop education offerings for target population Format: Live remote faculty presentation on community-based health promotion; assessment, values, and beliefs; social and health-related issues affecting women; cultural competence in healthcare; and health literacy. Students independently review agency websites, and in small groups develop client education materials on assigned topics. Students reconvene remotely to present teaching projects. Implications: Changes from traditional methods of on-site community clinical education to remote model with multiple modalities of instruction reflect adult learning principles, enhance student engagement, and provide templates for educators. Evaluations of remote community clinical demonstrate completion of course objectives and positive student and faculty perceptions of the experience. The effectiveness of a remote multimodal course compared to traditional course provides a model for adaptation of clinical courses.
Background: UK ‘home grown’ (born and/or socialised in Britain) South Asians (Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Indians) are underrepresented in the NHS nursing and the allied health workforce but there is a dearth of evidence on documented interventions specifically designed for targeted widening participation activity for South Asians. Despite a range of inclusive outreach activities taking place at the University of Bedfordshire (UoB) which has its main campus in Luton, a culturally diverse town located in the South East of England, South Asian prospective students are underrepresented in applications and attendance at the nursing and midwifery summer school. This paper presents the details of the design, delivery and evaluation of the Collaborated Targeted Outreach Programme (CTOP) which is a feasibility intervention aimed at improving the knowledge, perceptions and status of nursing and midwifery among the South Asian community in Luton and increasing numbers of ‘home grown’ South Asian students on nursing and midwifery courses at the UoB. Methods: The CTOP intervention encompassed a young people’s and community out reach event. The outreach events included break-out discussion workshops designed to de-mystify nursing and midwifery, a debateanda multilingual theatre performance of the barriers and enablers to choosing nursing and midwifery as a course or career option and career journey’ presentations from peer mentors and role models. The outreach events were evaluated. Results: The design and delivery of the CTOP intervention was effective in meeting the aim of improving the knowledge, perceptions and status of nursing and midwifery among the CTOP participants. All participants had positive views about attending the CTOP outreach events and reported it was a good experience. Conclusion: The CTOP intervention has demonstrated that there are feasible culturally competent approaches that could be adopted to widening participation in the NHS workforce via the UK’s ‘home grown’ diverse population. In fact, there is no reason not to consider the CTOP approach for other workforce areas within the public sector. What is clear is that CTOP is underpinned by genuine community engagement and empowerment, which requires dedicated skills, time and resources to ensure that diversity and inclusion in the NHS workforce becomes more of a reality rather than rhetoric.
