Along with the development of medical assistant techniques, brain network is becoming an important tool for analysing brain nervous system diseases and researching the pathogenesis of diseases. Epilepsy is one of the common brain nervous system diseases, and it has been popular in researches. Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is a set of epilepsy syndrome with no other obvious causes besides genetic factors, accounting for about 30% of all kinds of epilepsies. This article summarizes recent progresses in IGE foci detection based on brain network analysis, mainly focusing on the applications in IGE, including functional and structural brain network. Moreover, trends in future development of brain network applications in IGE have been
Current detection methods for pesticide monitoring include spectrophotometric techniques which are time consuming and costly due to expensive instrumentation and complicated procedures. Electrochemical analysis techniques provide for portable, low cost and high speed pesticide detection. However, the direct usage of an electrode in detecting chlorobenzene amperometrically requires a high detecting voltage and usually results in low sensitivity and poor selectivity. In this study, NaOH was used to resensitize and improve the adhesion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to the electrodes. This increased the electron transfer signalling strength, resulting in greater sensitivity and reproducibility. Modified electrodes coated with five layers of MWCNTs had a short detection time of 26 s using cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrodes have significantly improved in sensitivity 400% as compared to unmodified electrodes. Moreover, after 100 consecutive uses, the detection capability continued to provide excellent results. The limit of detection of the modified electrode was 0.1 mgL^(-1) of chlorobenzene with a fast response time of 2 ms. Our results have indicated that the modified electrode is suitable for rapid organochloride pesticide determination.
In this work, high-specific biosensors for Salmonella typhimurium detection has been designed based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE) throught high sensitivity and simplicity of analysis have been demonstrated at the same time. First as a registering part for our experiments Spreeta SPR device (USA) was applied and then the SPR biosensor with flowing cell named as “Plasmonotest” was used for the same aims. Previous researches confirmed an efficiency of SPR biosensors used to detect specific antigen-antibody interactions therefore this type of reactions with some previous preparations of surface binding layer was used as reactive part. It has been defined that in case with Spreeta sensitivity was on the level 10 3 – 10 7 cells/ml. Another biosensor based on the SPR has shown the sensitivity within 101 – 106 cells/ml. Maximal sensitivity was on the level of several cells (less than 5) in 10 ml which has been obtained using the biosensor based on TIRE.
Although dopamine (DA) dysfunction is a well-known hypothesis for etiology of schizophrenia, molecular basis of mesolimbic DA hyperactivity has not yet been clarified. To explain this, modulating function of trace amines on DA neurotransmission and the decreased number of striatal Dneurons, trace amine-producing neurons, were considered. Notably, Trace Amine-Associated Receptor, Type 1 (TAAR1), a subtype of trace amine receptors, with a large number of ligands, including tyramine, β-phenylethylamine and methamphetamine that have influence on human mental state, is now regarded as a targeted receptor for novel neuroleptics. Reduced stimulation of TAAR1 on DA neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been revealed to increase firing frequency of VTA DA neurons. The decrease of D-neurons in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of postmortem brains of patients with schizophrenia has been reported. This implies the decrease of trace amine synthesis and consequent reduction of the stimulation of TAAR1 on terminals of midbrain VTA DA neurons, and may lead to mesolimbic DA hyperactivity in schizophrenia. The decrease of striatal D-neurons of postmortem brains of schizophrenia might be due to neural stem cell dysfunction in the subventricular zone of lateral ventricle. The new “D-cell hypothesis”, in which D-neurons and TAAR1 are involved, is in agreement with recent reports of TAAR1 research using animal models.
A method for the detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using Charge Coupled Device (CCD) detector is described. Monolayers of bacteriophage were formed at an air–water interface and transferred onto silica substrates by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method. Firstly, the interactions of a wide host range of Staphylococcus aureus lytic bacteriophage and S. aureus were characterized on silica substrates by CCD detector. Experiment results indicated that this biosensor system has a detection limit of 105 cfu/ml. To distinguish MRSA and methicillin sensitive (MSSA) strains, a penicillin-binding protein (PBP 2a) specific antibody was used as a secondary probe. A simple agglutination test was carried out using a latex reagent sensitized with monoclonal antibody against PBP 2a. Agglutination indicated the presence of PBP 2a in MRSA
The electrical conductivity (σ) of some coordination biopolymeric cross-linked zirconium (IV)- and tin (IV)-alginate complexes in the form of circular discs has been measured as a function of temperature. The measured values of the electrical conductivities were found to be in the range of semiconductors. The Arrhenius plots of log ơ vs. 1/T showed a complex behavior where two main conduction regions separated by two transition parabolic zones were observed. The observed increment in ơ values at the early stages was explained by formation of free-radical intermediates involving metal ions of lower oxidation states, whereas the sharp increment in ơ values at the elevated temperatures was interpreted by the degradation of such intermediates formed to give rise to the metal oxides as final degradation products. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the alginate complexes are amorphous in nature. Infrared absorption spectra revealed a sort of complexation among the polyvalent metal cations and the functional carboxylate and hydroxyl groups of alginate macromolecule. A suitable conduction mechanism was suggested and discussed in terms of the complex stability related to the coordination geometry.
The kinetics of formation of coordination biopolymeric multimembranes hydrogels of capillary structure between Ca(II), Sr(II) and Ba(II) metal ions and sodium alginate sol as a polysaccharide has been studied complexometrically at various temperatures. When the alginate sol was present in large excess over that of the metal ion concentration, the pseudo-first-order plots of sol-gel transformation showed sigmoidal curves of two distinct stages. The first stage was relatively fast, followed by a very slow stage at longer time periods. The rate-law of gel formation was described by the form (Ct - C∞) = Bo e-kf t + Po e-k s t, whereas the two gelation pathways showed a simple first-order dependence with respect to both the metal ion and alginate sol. The kinetic parameters have been evaluated and a gelation mechanism consistent with the kinetic results has been suggested.
Implementing implantable sensors which are robust enough to maintain long term functionality inside the body remains a significant challenge. The ideal implantable sensing system is one which is simple and robust; free from batteries, telemetry, and complex electronics. We have developed an elementary implantable sensor for orthopaedic smart implants. The sensor requires no telemetry and no batteries to communicate wirelessly. It has no on-board signal conditioning electronics. The sensor itself has no electrical connections and thus does not require a hermetic package. The sensor is an elementary L-C resonator which can function as a simple force transducer by using a solid dielectric material of known stiffness between two parallel Archimedean coils. The operating characteristics of the sensors are predicted using a simplified, lumped circuit model. We have demonstrated sensor functionality both in air and in saline. Our preliminary data indicate that the sensor can be reasonably well modeled as a lumped circuit to predict its response to loading.
