Introduction: The World Health Organization stated in the fact sheet published online that Maternal Mortality is unacceptably high and around 800 women die from pregnancy or childbirth related complications around the world every day. In the Philippines reported high rates were associated with poor birthing practice, including home births without the attendance of skilled health professional and no adequate and quality prenatal care. With this, the researcher was determined to explore how the geographical setting, cultural practices and beliefs affects the Facility-based childbirth likelihood of B’laan tribe in Norala, South Cotabato, Philippines. Methodology: This study used exploratory research method. For quantitative approach, a self-made validated survey questionnaire was utilized composed of two parts: Part I, Demographic Profile; Part II, Factors affecting Facility-based Childbirth likelihood of B’laan Parturients. A Focus Group Discussion was conducted for qualitative approach, a validated guide questionnaire was used to gain more insights on the effects of geographical setting, cultural practices and beliefs. The 30 randomly chosen participants in the study were the married or unmarried B’laan women who submitted for prenatal check-up from March 2019 to March 2020 of the identified locale of the study and 9 participants for the Focus Group Discussion three from each Barangay – Tinago, Puti, and San Miguel.
Cryptorchidism is a common congenital anomaly of newborns that may resolve, persist or first appear in later childhood. It affects 4% to 5% of full-term and in 9% to 30% of premature males at birth. The testis can be found in any position along its usual line of descent; however, approximately 80% will be located in the inguinal region, just outside the inguinal canal. Approximately 20% of undescended testes are nonpalpable and in 20% to 50% of children with nonpalpable testis, the testis is absent. Laparoscopy has been established as the most reliable diagnostic modality for the management of impalpable testes. In experienced hands, laparoscopy is capable of providing nearly 100% accuracy in the diagnosis of the intra-abdominal testis with minimal morbidity.
Lower reproductive tract infections (RTIs) in women are a prevalent clinical problem and one of the leading causes of morbidity. Lower genital tract disorders affect the female reproductive system's lower part, which includes the vagina, vulva, and lower cervix. Lower genital tract infections are one of the most common causes for sexually active adult women to seek medical attention. Few women have not had at least one vaginal infection, and a significant proportion of women struggle with severe or often recurring symptoms.
Fertility surgery is an operation for men or women to repair a structural problem that is causing infertility, which may be caused by a disease. Endometriosis, fibroids, polyps, and other disorders in the reproductive organs are some of the reasons of infertility in women that can be treated surgically. Hysteroscopy is used to examine the form, size, and lining of the uterus, as well as to identify and treat disorders that interfere with fertility or cause miscarriages.
A doctor who specialises in the endocrine system is known as an endocrinologist. Hormones are produced by a network of glands inside your body that help cells communicate with one another. The endocrine system is diverse and complicated, but one of its most essential functions is to aid reproduction. An obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) who identifies and treats endocrine problems that are either directly or indirectly connected to reproduction is known as a reproductive endocrinologist (RE). They mostly deal with infertility, which occurs when a woman is unable to conceive after a year of unprotected intercourse.
A gynaecological assessment of a kid is frequently requested of physicians, particularly gynaecologists, paediatricians, and family practitioners. Gynecological issues in children, particularly those involving the vulvar region, are prevalent. Recurrent bacterial vulvovaginitis, vulvar irritation, labial adhesions, and dermatological disorders are among the most common problems observed. Vaginal discharge is the only gynaecological condition that can be called frequent in a prepubescent child, and it is unquestionably the most prevalent paediatric gynaecological disorder seen by a paediatric gynaecologist.
The scientific study of the reproductive system is referred to as reproductive biology. Improved reproductive biology knowledge might lead to novel therapies for reproductive diseases including infertility. The study involves the biochemistry, physiology, endocrinology, cell biology, genetics, and molecular biology of a wide variety of biological processes involved in reproduction. Gametogenesis and germ cell biology, fertilisation, embryo development, implantation, pregnancy, sexual differentiation, and methods by which reproductive organs develop, differentiate, age, and become diseased are all examples of these processes.
We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the current evidence on the effect of COVID-19 infection on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Available literature was searched using MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane library from December 2019 to 30 June 2021. A combination of keywords for COVID-19 and perinatal outcomes was used. The quality assessment of the included studies was done using the National Institute of Health quality assessments tools for observational studies. A total of 21 observational studies that assessed the adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection compared to non-infected pregnant women were selected. Out of the total, only 12 studies reported the incidence of COVID-19 among pregnant women, which was ranged from 1.3% to 29.1%. Six studies reported that COVID-19
Preeclampsia is classified as a hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, which occurs in the absence of other causes of elevated blood pressure and in combination with generalized edema, proteinuria or both. Preeclampsia is an obstetric disease of unknown cause that affects approximately 5% of pregnant women. It is a systemic disorder that can affect almost every organ in the body. The visual system may be affected with variable intensity, being the retinal detachment a rare complication. The retinal detachment in preeclampsia is usually bilateral and serous, and its pathogenesis is related to the choroidal ischemia secondary to an intense arteriolar vasospasm. Exudative retinal detachment is an unusual cause of visual loss in Preeclampsia.
Fertility is described as the inability to become pregnant while having regular, unprotected intercourse for at least a year for most couples. Infertility can be caused by a problem with either you or your spouse, or by a combination of circumstances that impede conception. Infertility can be caused by a variety of factors, including insufficient levels of specific hormones in men and women, as well as problems with ovulation in women.
Menopause is a time when a lot of things change. Hormone fluctuations can affect anything from your skin to your mood. They can even have an impact on your immune system. The loss of oestrogen and progesterone, in particular, might cause your immune system to deteriorate. Cortisol levels, which are stress hormones, are affected by menopause. Cortisol levels can rise as the body changes throughout midlife, which might have an impact on the immune system. The immune system is weakened by high cortisol levels.
Urogynecology, sometimes known as urogynaecology, is a surgical subspecialty of urology and gynaecology. Urogynecology is a subspecialty of Gynecology that is also known as Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery in some countries. A urogynecologist treats clinical issues related to pelvic floor and bladder dysfunction. The bladder, reproductive organs, and intestines are all affected by pelvic floor diseases.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a condition marked by infrequent, irregular, or extended menstrual periods, as well as high levels of the male hormone androgen. PCOS is a metabolic and endocrine illness that affects the entire body, not only the ovaries. Ovarian cysts aren't present in everyone with PCOS, and polycystic ovaries don't match the diagnostic criteria on their own.
Introduction: Physical activity is one of the dimensions of a healthy life. Physical inactivity is known as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Physical activity in women is very important because of its major effects on public health. Physical activity of women before pregnancy is associated with proper weight gain during pregnancy and reduces the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Overweight and obese women are usually reluctant to be active. Half of people who start physical activity stop their physical activity program in less than 6 months. Therefore, more effective behavioral interventions than educational methods are needed. The cognitive process plays an important role in following people’s instructions and training problem-solving skills. Because lack of physical activity can result from dysfunctional cognitions and behaviors, cognitive-behavioral counseling can correct dysfunctional cognitions and behaviors.
During or around menopause, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can help balance estrogen and progesterone levels. A doctor may also prescribe supplemental sex hormones for a variety of other reasons. HRT, often known as menopausal hormone treatment, can help reduce sweating, hot flashes, and other menopausal symptoms.
Background The days and weeks after childbirth are crucial for both the mother and her newborn child leading for the majority of maternal and perinatal mortalities. The World Health Organization recommends at least three postnatal visits within 42 days after birth. However, postnatal care utilization remains low worldwide. Quantitative findings revealed low utilization of postnatal care in Ethiopia, however, no study explored the barriers for postnatal care. This study aimed to assess the barriers to postnatal care service utilization in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based, mixed type cross-sectional study was conducted from December 15, 2018, to February 15, 2019. The quantitative data was gathered using the interviewer-administered interviewing technique from 751 women who gave birth within one year prior to the study selected by multistage sampling. The qualitative data were collected from purposively sampled women, facility leaders, and health extension workers using in-depth interviews and focused group discussions. The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using logistic regression and by the thematic content analysis method, respectively. Results The study revealed that postnatal care service utilization was 34.6%. The odds of using PNC services were greater in women aged 25-34 years and used maternity waiting home. In contrast, women who were muslim religion followers, had normal or instrumental birth, not aware of the PNC services and whose partners were not supportive of the use of MCH services were less likely to use PNC services. According to the qualitative findings, lack of awareness, traditional beliefs and religious practices, distance and transportation, environmental exposure, and waiting time were identified as barriers to PNC service utilization. Conclusion and recommendation The study showed low utilization of PNC services in East Gojjam zone, northwest Ethiopia. Improvements in personal health education, in construction of relevant infrastructure, and to transport, are needed to remove or reduce barriers to PNC service use in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.
Stress urinary Incontinence is defined as the involuntary leak of urine during efforts or exertion. It is reported to be affecting (4%-35%) of women with successive increase in prevalence over age. In our society the prevalence is probably higher considering the trend for multiparty from one side and the social conflict of declaring the problem on the other side, all on the background of the diminished availability of the specialized centers to deal with it. Our study sample included patients with the stress urinary incontinence (SUI); and mixed unary incontinence (MUI) that have been admitted for TOT operation in our hospitals in the above period whose case files turned to be having accessible and full data pre and up to one year post operatively, and those were randomly selected till the ceiling of SO was reached, of those 38 cases had pure stress, while 12 had mixed stress with the first being predominant by urodynamic study. Patient records were retrospectively investigated for the success rate (determined by subjective admittance of no more complaint of urine leaking upon exertion) both immediate and at one year follow up visit; for the postoperative complaints (immediate and at one year); as well as for variables that might affect the success, including: Patient demographic variables (age, parity, menopausal status, BMI) at time of surgery. Patient related clinical variables (concomitant systemic disease as Asthma, OM or being a smoker; or concomitant surgery at time of TOT) Data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS, statistical significance was assessed using the quoi square and P value, where a value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Persistent incontinence postoperatively was assigned as a TOT failure Assessment of the study sample demography revealed: a median age of 49; median BMI of 28.3; 65% of them being postmenopausal, 93% being multiparious. In the past obstetrical history: 85 % with vaginal delivery with the rest having either cesarean or both vaginal and cesarean. All those being reported in literature as risk factors for stress incontinence .Only few had coexisting medical conditions as OM or asthma, being less frequently encountered than concomitant surgeries at operation time where 35% had anterior +/- posterior repair done at TOT time. The success rate was calculated to be 81%, at 2 week postoperatively with no short term complications or complaints like pain, difficult urination or worsening urge At one year follow up visit: success rate was calculated to be 84%, and with complaints not exceeding 15%.
Preterm delivery is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in the world. Its worldwide incidence ranges from around 5%-15%, depending on the population. The worldwide rates of preterm birth have increased in the past couple of decades in spite of the efforts to alleviate the problems associated with preterm delivery and the medical advances made. Preterm deliveries and associated complications account for over 75% of the neonatal mortality rates and for around half of the neurological sequalle in newborn children. Consequently, women presenting with threatened preterm labor are often treated with hospitalization and the administration of tocolytics to avoid preterm delivery. Randomized studies on the use of tocolytics in threatened preterm labor have demonstrated a significant prolongation of pregnancy by about 7 days but no significant reduction in the incidence of preterm delivery, perinatal morbidity or mortality. In order to contribute to the efforts for prediction of preterm delivery, we conducted a prospective cohort study at the Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Skopje. Patients were eligible to join this prospective cohort study if they attended the University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Skopje and were admitted to Department of High Risk Pregnancy Unit with symptoms of preterm labor (symptoms of uterine activity, three regular uterine contractions in 10 minutes).The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sonographic cervical length, fetal Fibronectin (fFN), phIGFBP-1 (Actim partus test), cytokines (IL-6,IL-2R and TNF-alpha) and spontaneous preterm birth(SPTB) up to 14 days from sampling. In this study was include symptomatic and asymptomatic patient at 24.0 to 36.6 gestation weeks. The studied biochemical markers in our study were only moderately successful in the prediction of preterm delivery. The best predictor model in our study was the combination of the fFN test, Actim partus test, concentration of IL-6 in the cervical fluid, the cervical length <21.5 mm, concentration of CRP and IL-6 in the serum. Our study is only the beginning of this type of research in our population. Further research is required in terms of the evaluation of cost-benefit of using such test to prevent subsequent unnecessary interventions in the low-risk group, as well as achieve the benefits from such intervention in the high-risk groups of patients.
