This investigation evaluated the effects of eight micronutrient treatments on the growth, yield and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) at the Agricultural Research Farm, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, during the 2025–2026 rabi season. The experiment used a randomised block design with three replications. Treatments comprised an untreated control (T0), individual applications of boric acid at 0.01% (T1), ZnSO₄ at 0.01% (T2) and ammonium molybdate at 0.005% (T3), and their two- and three-component combinations (T4–T7). Treatment T7 (boric acid at 0.01% + ZnSO₄ at 0.01% + ammonium molybdate at 0.005%) recorded the greatest numerical plant height (26.67 cm), head diameter (9.78 cm), head weight (746.02 g), yield per plot (23.87 kg), reported head yield (313.15 q/ha), total soluble solids (7.21 °Brix) and leaf chlorophyll content (55.02 mg/100 g). It also recorded the fewest open leaves per plant (14.8), the shortest time to head initiation (54.09 days) and maturity (79.08 days), and the highest reported net return (₹234,496.7/ha) and benefit–cost ratio (1.66). Although T7 had the most favourable numerical values for these variables, several differences from other combined treatments were below the reported critical differences. These results describe treatment responses under the conditions of this single-site, single-season experiment; wider recommendations require further validation.
Background: Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), such as African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa), are strategic resources for food security in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the degradation of parklands and insufficient natural regeneration threaten the sustainability of this resource. Aims: This study assessed the influence of agroecological factors on reproductive phenology and fruit yield potential of P. biglobosa in Côte d’Ivoire. Methodology: Phenological monitoring was carried out on 10 individuals in Korhogo over a two-year period, corresponding to two phenological cycles of the species. Concurrently, ten trees of the species in each area of origin (Tiébissou, Niakara and Korhogo) were identified, and five fruit clusters were harvested from each for morphometric analysis. The data were subjected to statistical tests and multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results: The phenological cycle in Korhogo was relatively stable (123.67 ± 5.11 days; CV = 0.04), although morphological maturity exhibited substantial inter-individual variability (CV = 0.24). Morphometric analysis revealed significant differences among the study areas (p < 0.05). Tiébissou, located within the bimodal pre-forest zone, was characterised by heavier fruits (18.44 ± 4.11 g), greater pulp mass (6.60 ± 2.15 g), and heavier seeds (6.26 ± 1.64 g). PCA and HCA grouped the accessions into three distinct classes, with Class 2 (Tiébissou) comprising individuals exhibiting superior agronomic performance. Strong positive correlations were observed between fruit mass and pulp mass (r = 0.898) and between fruit mass and pulp-coated seed weight (r = 0.992). Conclusion: These findings indicate that agro-ecological gradients strongly influence the productivity of African locust bean. The Tiébissou morphotype represents a promising scientific basis for future breeding, conservation, and participatory domestication programmes for the species.
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) yield is associated with several morphological, bulb and quality traits. The present study was conducted to assess the associations between yield and quality traits in garlic (Allium sativum L.) using phenotypic and genotypic correlation analyses and path coefficient analysis. Fifteen traits, viz., number of leaves per plant, leaf length, plant height, neck thickness, bulb weight, bulb length, bulb diameter, weight of 10 cloves, number of cloves per bulb, yield per hectare, days required for harvest, total soluble solids, dry matter, titratable acidity and yield per plot, were evaluated. At the phenotypic level, yield per plot showed significant positive correlations with plant height (0.194), bulb weight (0.585), bulb length (0.306), bulb diameter (0.499), weight of 10 cloves (0.358), number of cloves per bulb (0.136), yield per hectare (0.674), TSS (0.117) and titratable acidity (0.213), while neck thickness (-0.335) and days required for harvest (-0.369) exhibited significant negative associations. At the genotypic level, stronger positive correlations were observed with bulb weight (0.843), yield per hectare (0.667), weight of 10 cloves (0.642), bulb diameter (0.480), number of cloves per bulb (0.415), bulb length (0.214), TSS (0.209), dry matter (0.220) and leaf length (0.243). Path analysis revealed high positive direct effects of bulb weight (0.369), bulb length (0.342), bulb diameter (0.310), weight of 10 cloves (0.332), number of cloves per bulb (0.242) and yield per hectare (0.171) at the genotypic level. At the phenotypic level, bulb weight recorded the highest direct effect (0.534), followed by bulb length (0.492), yield per hectare (0.325) and TSS (0.308). The results indicate that bulb weight, bulb diameter, bulb length, weight of 10 cloves and yield per hectare are important selection criteria for improving yield in garlic.
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) couple the target selectivity of a monoclonal antibody to the cytotoxic potency of a small-molecule payload, and the modality has matured from a single early approval to more than a dozen marketed products across haematological and solid tumours. Their defining analytical and pharmacokinetic feature is that an ADC is not a single chemical entity but a heterogeneous and dynamic mixture of species that differ in drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and that change continuously in the circulation through payload deconjugation, linker cleavage and antibody catabolism. This review critically examines how bioanalytical measurement and pharmacokinetic (PK) interpretation have co-evolved to address that complexity, and argues that the two disciplines are most usefully treated as one integrated problem rather than as sequential technical steps. The literature is synthesised around the definition of the measurable analytes, the relative strengths of ligand-binding assays, hybrid immunocapture liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and intact or native mass spectrometry, the in vivo characterisation of DAR and biotransformation, and the progression of PK modelling from empirical multi-analyte descriptions through target-mediated disposition models to multiscale and physiologically based frameworks. Convergent evidence supports several conclusions, including the dominant influence of linker and conjugation-site chemistry on systemic stability and the value of simultaneously quantifying total antibody, conjugated species and unconjugated payload. Substantial disagreement remains over which analyte best predicts efficacy and toxicity, how deconjugation should be parameterised, and how intratumoral distribution should inform dose. Reported relationships are frequently molecule-specific, and generalisation across payload classes is weakly supported. The analysis identifies priorities for standardising analyte nomenclature, strengthening the measurement-to-model link, and generating the mechanistic data required for dose optimisation under contemporary regulatory expectations. The modality now demands bioanalytical and PK strategies that are explicitly designed together from early discovery.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is associated with enlargement of the prostate and may adversely affect quality of life. This study evaluated the effects of an aqueous decoction extract of the whole plant of Leptadenia hastata in a testosterone propionate-induced model of benign prostatic hyperplasia in castrated Wistar rats. Thirty rats were castrated and allocated to six groups of five animals. Five groups received testosterone propionate at 3 mg/kg body weight, while the blank control received distilled water. Testosterone-treated animals additionally received either no intervention, flutamide at 1 mg/kg body weight, or L. hastata extract at 100, 400, or 800 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Prostate and selected organ weights were determined, and malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were assessed in prostate homogenates. Testosterone propionate significantly increased the prostate index compared with the blank control. The 800 mg/kg extract significantly reduced the prostate index and decreased prostate malondialdehyde levels compared with the positive control. Treatment with the extract also modified superoxide dismutase and catalase levels. However, the higher extract doses were associated with increased relative liver weight, and changes in kidney weight were also observed. These findings indicate that the aqueous decoction extract of L. hastata influenced prostate enlargement and oxidative-stress parameters in this experimental model. Further studies incorporating histopathological, hormonal, and comprehensive toxicity assessments are required before its potential relevance to benign prostatic hyperplasia can be established.
