Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa readily adapts to antibiotic stress, but the effect of increasing ceftazidime exposure on colony morphology across specimen sources is poorly defined. This study determined whether ceftazidime alters growth and colony morphology in a concentration-dependent manner and whether the response varies by specimen source. Methods: Forty-eight non-duplicate clinical P. aeruginosa isolates from pus, wound swabs, urine, and tracheal aspirates were characterised for ceftazidime susceptibility, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production, and biofilm formation. Colony morphology was assessed after 24 hours on M9 agar with Congo red and Coomassie brilliant blue (RB medium), alone and with ceftazidime at one-half, one, and two times the isolate-specific minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Ceftazidime resistance was 70.8%, ESBL production 47.9%, MBL production 33.3%, and strong biofilm formation 45.8%. Growth fell from 97.9% on RB medium to 45.8% at twice the MIC (p<0.001). Mean colony diameter decreased from 19.59 to 5.00 mm among growing isolates, and from 19.18 to 2.29 mm when non-viable colonies were scored as 0 mm (p<0.001). Colony diameter differed by specimen source under every condition (p<0.05); tracheal aspirate isolates retained the largest median diameter at and above the MIC. Morphology was characterised by small, round, flat, dry, red colonies. Conclusions: Ceftazidime produced dose-dependent reductions in bacterial growth and colony morphological variety, indicating phenotypic adaptation not detected by routine susceptibility testing. The response differed by specimen source, with respiratory isolates retaining the greatest growth capacity under drug pressure.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has improved medication research and development by shortening schedules, decreasing costs, and raising success rates. AI uses machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP) to analyse large datasets and quickly identify pharmacological targets, forecast chemical efficacy, and optimise medication designs. It speeds up lead development by predicting pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and probable side effects. It also improves clinical trial designs through better patient recruitment and data analysis. Recent advances in protein structure prediction and generative molecular design have further expanded the potential of AI in pharmaceutical research. However, challenges include data quality, algorithmic bias, lack of interpretability, validation, reproducibility, and regulatory concerns remain. Overall, AI represents a powerful complementary technology that may significantly accelerate the discovery and development of safer and more effective medicines. This article highlights the role of artificial intelligence in drug discovery, its applications, challenges and future perspectives.
Background: Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Adherence to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is crucial for treatment success, reducing relapses and improving patient outcomes. Aim and objectives of this study were to evaluate the drug utilization pattern of AEDs, identifying the extent of polypharmacy and percentage of adherence to treatment in patients with epilepsy attending neurology OPD. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over 12 months at RNT Medical College, M.B. Hospital, Udaipur after IEC approval. Inclusion criteria include patients age≥18 years with confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy prescribed at least one AED. Exclusion criteria include patients with status epilepticus or admitted. Data collection included patient demographics, treatment details and adherence assessment through the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS-10) questionnaire. Results: We evaluated 144 epilepsy patients. Demography showed 59% (n=85) males and 41%(n=59) females; mean age of 32.88±13.30 years. Patients diagnosed with generalized seizure was 93.8% than focal seizure 6.3%. Mean age of onset of seizure was 24.13±13.58 years. Monotherapy was given in 49.3% (n=71) patients while 50.7% (n=73) treated with polytherapy. Most commonly prescribed AED was valproic acid (63.3%) followed by levetiracetam (37.5%) and clobazam (23.6%). Total 71.53% (n=103) patients were adherent to treatment. Conclusions: Among 144 epilepsy patients, 93.8% had generalized seizures; Sodium valproate and Levetiracetam was most commonly used AEDs and total 71.53% patients was adhered to treatment.
Background: Pharmacology is often perceived by medical students as cognitively demanding because of high information density and complex mechanistic reasoning. Infographics have emerged as visual tools that may support conceptual integration and reduce cognitive burden, yet qualitative evidence regarding how students experience infographic-supported pharmacology teaching remains limited. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted among Phase 2 MBBS students during routine pharmacology teaching across five system blocks (autonomic nervous system, autacoids, cardiovascular, central nervous system, and endocrine pharmacology). Infographics were systematically developed, validated through expert consensus, and piloted before implementation. Following the intervention, 125 students provided narrative feedback through an anonymous survey. Data were analyzed using deductive thematic analysis guided by cognitive load, multimedia learning, and dual coding theories. Results: Eight themes emerged and were organized into four overarching domains: cognitive learning impact, learner engagement, instructional design usability and recommendations. Students reported improved conceptual clarity, enhanced engagement, and efficient revision through infographic-supported learning. Visual structuring helped integrate mechanisms of action with clinical application. However, negative case analysis revealed that overly dense visuals could increase cognitive strain or encourage superficial learning. Students emphasized that infographics were most effective when integrated with interactive instructor guidance rather than used as standalone resources. Conclusions: Carefully designed infographics may enhance conceptual integration, engagement, and revision efficiency in pharmacology education when aligned with principles of cognitive load management and active teaching. Their effectiveness depends on appropriate visual density and integration within active teaching strategies.
Background: Self-medication (SM) involves using medicines without consulting a doctor, which can lead to wrong diagnosis, harmful interactions and delays in proper treatment. The market value of self-medication was estimated to be USD 87.5 billion in 2022 and is projected to reach USD 200.5 billion by 2032. Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a critical global concern in today’s world. One of the causes of antibiotic resistance is self-medication. This study assesses knowledge, attitude, and practice of antibiotic self-medication among first and third-year medical students. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, survey-based study conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication with antibiotics among first-year and third-year medical students at a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. The data for this study were collected through a self-designed, semi-structured, pre-validated questionnaire circulated through Google Forms to medical students. Results: A majority of students from both academic years demonstrated awareness that antibiotics are organism-specific. However, the understanding of the ineffectiveness of antibiotics against viral infections was higher among third-year students than among first-year students. Students in both first-year and third-year groups identified textbooks as the primary source of information about antibiotics. Conclusions: This study highlights a significant gap between the knowledge and practical application of antibiotic use among first-year and third-year medical students. To address this, targeted educational interventions are essential, including formal training, workshops and the establishment of specific courses on antibiotic use.
Background: Communication skills are an essential component of medical practice and are incorporated into undergraduate training through AETCOM modules. This study evaluated the effectiveness of structured communication skills teaching among Phase II MBBS students. Methods: This educational intervention study was conducted among phase II MBBS students at Government Medical College, Jammu. Students underwent pre-intervention assessment, followed by structured training using AETCOM Module 2 through lectures and role-play. Post-intervention assessment was done using the Kalamazoo essential elements communication checklist (KEECC-A) and Communication Skills attitude scale. Data were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Results: A total of 168 Phase II MBBS students participated in the communication skills training and attitude assessment. Post-intervention, students demonstrated a more positive attitude towards communication skills, with the majority recognizing communication as an essential component of effective medical practice and an important competency alongside medical knowledge. Kalamazoo essential elements communication checklist assessment was completed by 145 students which revealed strongest performance in information gathering, information sharing, and relationship building. However, comparatively lower performance was observed in understanding patient and family perspectives, reaching agreement, providing closure, and demonstrating empathy, indicating areas requiring further reinforcement. Conclusions: Structured communication skills training improves attitudes and competencies among medical students. Early integration of such training is essential for effective patient care.
Microplastics have quietly entered the human body, yet clinical medicine continues to treat them as a distant environmental issue rather than an immediate biological concern. Emerging evidence suggests that brine water used in kimchi preparation can act as potential source of microplastics contamination particularly when derived from sea salt or contaminated water sources. When ingested microplastics can persist within the gastrointestinal tract and actively interact with the gut ecosystem, challenging the long-held assumption that they are biologically inert.
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious challenge for worldwide health and is predominant in most populations living with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), thus new drug strategies must be created to enhance drug delivery and use. Empagliflozin is also a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that has high solubility and low intestinal permeability, thereby making its bioavailability in traditional formulations is limited. To overcome these drawbacks, we have formulated an empagliflozin microemulsion, which we expect to enhance permeability and therapeutic efficacy. Methods: The microemulsion was formulated according to a double emulsion technique with olive oil, Tween 80, ethanol, and xanthan gum, and followed by analysis on physical properties, stability, and drug release kinetics. The microemulsion was compared to the empagliflozin tablet for glycemic control and protection of organs in alloxan-induced diabetic Swiss albino mice. Results: The formulation yielded spherical droplets (0.2-0.3 µm), high encapsulation efficiency (EE) (84.9%), and sustained in vitro release (76% after 12 h). The in vivo findings indicated the microemulsion was more effective, with 63.50% reduction in blood glucose levels vs. 55.70% for the tablet, and a significant recovery of body weight (30.16 g vs. 28.93 g). Histopathological examination of microemulsion group revealed restored pancreatic islets and normal renal structures in contrast to significant destruction in diabetic controls. Conclusions: These results emphasize the ability of the microemulsion to enhance the pharmacodynamic profile of empagliflozin and can be considered as a new alternative to classical drugs in diabetes treatment. This study highlights significance of the above therapeutic benefits including patient compliance in a novel phase of drug delivery systems.
Phenytoin is a commonly used antiepileptic drug with a narrow therapeutic index and is susceptible to clinically significant drug–drug interactions. It is primarily metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP2C9. Isoniazid, a first-line anti-tubercular agent, is a known inhibitor of this enzyme and may precipitate phenytoin toxicity when co-administered. We report a case of phenytoin toxicity in a patient with reactivated pulmonary tuberculosis following the initiation of isoniazid therapy. The patient experienced neurological features including dizziness, generalized weakness, involuntary movements, and MRI brain revealed multifactorial encephalopathy suggestive of phenytoin toxicity, supported by laboratory findings (serum phenytoin levels-35.2 μg/mL) and clinical evaluation. Phenytoin was discontinued and replaced with levetiracetam, along with appropriate supportive management. The patient showed gradual clinical improvement after withdrawal of phenytoin, and antitubercular therapy was continued under close monitoring. This case highlights the importance of recognizing potential drug–drug interactions between phenytoin and isoniazid, early neuroimaging and therapeutic drug monitoring in tuberculosis patients receiving long -term antiepileptic therapy.
Background: Induction requires sufficient anaesthetic depth to prevent patient awareness while maintaining hemodynamic stability. The research study used Bispectral index (BIS) measurements to test the effectiveness of thiopentone and propofol as general anaesthesia induction agents. Methods: A randomised prospective trial with masked members of the study overcame the logistical issues of recruiting 60 ASA I patients of between18-65 years of age for consecutive first time surgical procedures, with all patients recruited on a non first case basis. The 60 patients were placed randomly into two groups for receiving either thiopentone 5 mg/kg (Group T) or propofol 2 mg/kg (Group P) as their induction agents. The study was conducted for 600 seconds with the first data collection point being at the start of the procedure (0) and at 24 seconds after induction, including BIS measurements along with heart rates and mean arterial pressure. Results: BIS values were found to decrease following propofol use by a total of 33.7±7.43 while thiopentone was 44.8±10.61. The total duration of a BIS<60 was greater for propofol than thiopentone (190.13±91.0 seconds versus 70.53±41.3 seconds). At 240 seconds post administration, propofol BIS was 43.9±15.12 and thiopentone was 65±6.8. It was also determined that thiopentone provided better hemodynamic stability since it caused very little decrease in mean arterial pressure or heart rate. Conclusions: Propofol was better than thiopentone in preserving sufficient hypnotic depth during induction and intubation, but thiopentone had better hemodynamic stability.
Background: Ayurvedic medicines are widely utilized for their therapeutic potential, yet many remain insufficiently evaluated for safety. Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi Linn.), a traditional remedy for gastrointestinal disturbances, is commonly used in South Asia. However, data on its haematological safety following prolonged use are scarce. This study aimed to assess the haematological effects of chronic ajowan administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Eighteen healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: control (n=8), low-dose ajowan (JAN) (50 mg/kg; n=5), and high-dose ajowan (JAN) (400 mg/kg; n=5). The extract was administered orally for 28 days. On day 29, blood samples were collected and haematological parameters- including red and white blood cell indices, platelet counts, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), were analysed using a CELL-DYN 3700 haematology analyser. Results: Chronic ajowan administration produced dose-related, though mostly statistically insignificant, changes in red cell indices, with slight increases in RBC, haemoglobin, and haematocrit values. White blood cell counts increased by 21.1% (low dose) and 32.8% (high dose; p=0.039), suggesting mild immunostimulation. Differential counts revealed decline in eosinophil and neutrophil, while lymphocytes and monocytes rose slightly. Platelet counts fell modestly (−2.5% at low-dose and −10.2% at high-dose), but platelet indices and ESR largely remained within normal ranges. No marked hemotoxic effects were observed. Conclusions: Chronic ajowan administration did not induce significant haematological toxicity in male rats, though elevated WBC counts and mild platelet reductions warrant further study.
Background: Cosmetovigilance is an emerging system aimed at monitoring and preventing adverse cosmetic reactions (ACRs). Despite extensive cosmetic usage, reporting of ACRs remains inadequate, particularly in developing countries. Healthcare students, as future professionals, play a crucial role in recognizing and reporting these reactions; however, their knowledge and practice regarding cosmetovigilance are not well established. Objectives were to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of cosmetovigilance among medical and paramedical students in a tertiary care hospital and to evaluate their willingness to report ACRs. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2025 to September 2025 among approximately 200 medical and paramedical students of ACS Medical College and Hospital, a tertiary care teaching hospital in Tamil Nadu. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire assessing KAP related to cosmetovigilance. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, and results were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed inadequate knowledge and poor practice of cosmetovigilance among the participants, with paramedical students showing lower levels compared to medical students. Awareness regarding the concept of cosmetovigilance and reporting mechanisms was limited. However, a positive attitude towards cosmetovigilance was observed, as most participants agreed that reporting ACRs is necessary and expressed willingness to report such reactions in the future. Conclusions: Although the attitude towards cosmetovigilance was favorable, significant gaps in knowledge and practice were identified among medical and paramedical students. Incorporation of cosmetovigilance training into healthcare curricula and regular educational programs is essential to promote adverse cosmetic reaction reporting and improve patient safety.
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is a critical precursor for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), facilitating essential metabolic pathways including the Krebs cycle and fatty acid synthesis. Despite its biological importance, conventional oral supplementation faces significant pharmacokinetic challenges, primarily the saturation of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporters (SMVT) and susceptibility to gastric degradation, which limit its systemic bioavailability. Liposomal encapsulation offers a biomimetic "Trojan horse" delivery mechanism that protects vitamin B5 from the acidic gastric environment. By utilizing a phospholipid bilayer, this technology enables non-saturable absorption pathways such as passive diffusion, endocytosis, and lymphatic uptake, effectively bypassing the competitive limitations of SMVT and the hepatic first-pass effect. Reported literature suggests that enhanced delivery of vitamin B5 through advanced formulations holds significant potential in several clinical domains: dermatological health: supporting skin barrier repair and addressing conditions such as acne, wound healing: facilitating tissue regeneration and dermatological repair, metabolic management: aiding in the regulation of dyslipidaemia through its role in lipid metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis, and neuroprotection: enhancing the synthesis of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to support neurological health. While liposomal technology significantly optimizes the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of pantothenic acid, further clinical evidence is required to fully map its long-term efficacy across diverse populations. Future research should focus on addressing existing evidence gaps to establish standardized protocols for its application in chronic metabolic and neurological therapy.
Background: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding after childbirth, defined as more than 500 ml after a vaginal birth. It can occur within 24 hours (primary PPH) or up to 12 weeks after delivery (secondary PPH). This study aims to observe the effect of carbetocin versus oxytocin in PPH in vaginal delivery. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted for a period of six months April 2024 to October 2024 for a study population postpartum hemorrhage in vaginal delivery. Results: A comparative analysis was conducted between the carbetocin and oxytocin groups in terms of age and body mass index (BMI). Both groups consisted of 50 participants each, representing 100% of their respective groups. When examining the history of chronic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes, 20% of participants in the carbetocin group had a history of hypertension, compared to 16% in the oxytocin group. Similarly, 10% of participants in the carbetocin group had a history of diabetes, while 14% in the oxytocin group reported the same condition. Both comparisons showed no statistically significant differences, with p values of 0.524 and 0.631, respectively. Conclusions: This study found no statistically significant differences in maternal and obstetric characteristics, pregnancy complications, or labor and delivery outcomes between women treated with carbetocin and those treated with oxytocin.
Current case report is regarding a 20-year-old female patient presenting with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis and new-onset seizures who developed rapidly progressive erythematous pruritic rash after administration of tablet lamotrigine followed by escalation of its dose and which was combined with tablet sodium valproate and tablet lacosamide. Cutaneous involvement was diffuse but mucosal surfaces were spared. Laboratory investigations revealed mild transaminitis and monocytosis without systemic involvement. A probable lamotrigine‑induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction was diagnosed based on temporal association and Naranjo causality assessment. Prompt discontinuation of lamotrigine and initiation of systemic corticosteroids resulted in complete clinical resolution. Present case highlights risk of occurance of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions caused by oral lamotrigine when co-administered with sodium valproate which is known to cause enzyme inhibition as well as in the presence of immune dysregulation. There is a need to take precautions where these conditions exist. Early recognition and timely withdrawal of the offending drug are critical to prevent progression to Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).
Background: Patients with new-onset psychosis are particularly sensitive to adverse effects of antipsychotic medications, which may influence treatment adherence and long-term outcomes. Risperidone and olanzapine are commonly used second-generation antipsychotics with differing safety profiles. This study aimed to compare the safety of risperidone and olanzapine in patients with new-onset psychosis using standardized assessment tools. Methods: A prospective, randomized, open-label comparative study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in the sub-Himalayan region of India. Seventy-four consenting adults with newly diagnosed psychosis were randomized into two groups: risperidone (2-8 mg/day, n=36) and olanzapine (5-30 mg/day, n=38). Participants were followed for six months with assessments at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months. Safety evaluation included clinical adverse effects, biochemical parameters, and extrapyramidal symptoms using the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) and extrapyramidal symptom rating scale (ESRS). Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Both treatments were associated with weight gain, with a greater metabolic impact observed in the olanzapine group. Significant increases in blood glucose and lipid parameters were noted with olanzapine at six months compared with risperidone (p<0.05). Liver enzyme elevations were more frequent with olanzapine but remained clinically manageable. Extrapyramidal symptoms were more pronounced in the risperidone group, particularly during early treatment, as reflected by higher AIMS and ESRS scores. Most adverse effects were mild to moderate and improved over time. Conclusions: Both risperidone and olanzapine are relatively safe in new-onset psychosis but exhibit distinct adverse-effect profiles. Olanzapine is associated with greater metabolic disturbances, whereas risperidone shows a higher propensity for extrapyramidal symptoms. Individualized drug selection with appropriate monitoring is essential to optimize treatment outcomes.
This case report describes about the treatment efficacy of the combination therapy of injection dexamethasone followed by single dose of pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide in a 53-year-old male patient diagnosed with Tolosa Hunt syndrome (THS) with normal immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) level. This patient with history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, coronary artery disease presented with complaints of left sided headache, blurring of vision with diplopia. On further examination and investigation patient was diagnosed with THS. The patient was managed with intravenous steroid followed by single dose of intravenous steroid sparing agent. Treatment with intravenous steroid sparing agent led to rapid and significant clinical remission. He was discharged with a plan of combination therapy with oral steroid and steroid sparing agent and follow up recommendation.
Background: Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. The number of new cases and death in Bangladesh increased in current years. The aim of the study was to detect the difference between demo-graphic data, warning signs, comorbidity, treatment pattern, and laboratory investigations in two different types of dengue fever during the pick season. Methods: This retrospective observational study was done in Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College from May to October 2021 from records of hospital on a total of 113 dengue NS1, IgG and IgM positive patients. The classical dengue fever (CDF) group consists of 76 and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) group consists of 37 patients. Socio-demographic data, co-morbidity (DM, HTN, Bronchial Asthma, COVID-19), ‘warning sign’ (abdominal tenderness, mucosal bleeding, lethargy, restlessness, persistent vomiting, clinical fluid accumulation, liver enlargement >2cm, increase HCT, decrease Platelet), treatment pattern, and laboratory findings were assembled, analyzed and compared between two groups. Results: Out of 113 patients, the majority were male. The mean age of patients was (26.0±15.8 and 27.7±17.2) in CDF and DHF. The mean duration of hospital stay was slightly longer in DHF (6.78±2.1 days) compared to CDF patients (6.13±1.45 days). The co-morbidities were similar between groups. Among warning signs, only mucosal bleeding was significantly more in DHF (37.8%) than in CDF patients (7.9%) (p <0.001). Similarly, decreased HCT and clinical fluid accumulation were significantly higher in the DHF group (p <0.001 and p=0.024). Conclusions: The frequency of CDF was higher than DHF, but the ‘warning sign’ and significant thrombocytopenia and leucopenia in DHF reflect the progression to dengue shock syndrome.
Background: Hypertension is a major preventable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and poses a significant public health burden in India. Its rising prevalence is linked to urbanization, lifestyle changes, and an aging population. As lifelong treatment is required, medication adherence is crucial, but high out-of-pocket costs can affect it. Despite similar therapeutic effects, antihypertensive drugs show significant inter-brand price variation, highlighting the need for cost-minimization to support rational prescribing. Methods: A three-month cross-sectional cost-minimization study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital pharmacy to assess inter-brand price variation among oral, single-molecule antihypertensive drugs. Data from pharmacy stock records were analysed using cost difference, cost ratio, and percentage cost variation. Only drugs with multiple brands of the same strength were included. Results: Enalapril and ramipril showed minimal inter-brand price variation (≤10%), indicating stable pricing. Among ARBs, telmisartan had low variability (≤16%) and remained close to NLEM prices, while losartan showed moderate variation (~56%). Atenolol also maintained stable NLEM-compliant pricing. Verapamil and diltiazem showed minimal variation, whereas amlodipine 5 mg had higher variability (~97%). Among diuretics, frusemide (~84%) and spironolactone (~68%) showed notable variation. Clonidine showed minimal variation at 100 µg but moderate variability at 150 µg (~23%). Conclusions: This cost-minimization analysis shows significant inter-brand price variation among antihypertensive drugs despite therapeutic equivalence. Greater prescriber awareness, stricter price regulation, and cost-effective prescribing are needed to reduce patient burden and improve adherence.
Background: Rising healthcare costs are a big concern in a populous nation like India. In April 2008, the Indian government introduced the Janaushadhi initiative, which offers inexpensive generic medications, in an effort to curb rising health costs. In Indian homes, a significant amount of out-of-pocket costs are related to medications. This study aims to assess the perception regarding Janaushadhi program among medical students in Karnataka. Access to medicines, affordability, practical implementation of the project was ascertained through this study. Medical students who are the doctors of the future, their preference for branded or generic medicines were ascertained in this study. Methods: A cross-sectional study, done among 157 Medical Students of Vijayapura District from January to February 2026. The participants were selected using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, that assessed the perception on Janaushadhi Program, which was distributed as Google form. Results: The participants were from the age group of 17 years to 26 years and were MBBS medical students from 1st year. The majority of the participants were females 95 (60.5%), and males 62 (39.5%). 77.1% were aware about generic medicines, 65.6% understood the difference between generic and branded medicines. 128 (81.5%) thought that Jan Aushadhi medicine stores should be made available in every hospital. Conclusions: The majority of medical students who participated in this study 128 (81.5%) thought that generic medicines were less costly than branded medicines. 29 (18.5%) thought that generic medicines were not cheaper than branded medicines. There is association between gender and knowledge on Janaushadhi questions. Further studies should be done in this field and medical students should be given information regarding generic medicines.
