The golden rules of multicenter studies are that protocol design be kept relatively simple and the same at all centers, that careful planning of the initiation, conduct, and analysis of the study is mandatory and that statisticians be involved in the process, and that communications problems be minimized through all possible techniques.
New simple accurate methods were developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Metformin hydrochloride and Pioglitazone hydrochloride in presence of Metformin impurity Melamine , both in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical preparation using spectrophotometric methods and thin layer chromatography . Method A used zero order spectrophotometric technique for determination of Pioglitazone at 268nm and isoabsorbtive point spectrophotometric technique to determine Metformine at 255 nm in presence of the other drugs and used double divisor technique to determine Metformine in presence of the other drugs at 254 nm. Method B uses TLC densitometric technique for separation and simultaneous determination of the three drugs using toluene / methanol / acetic acid (5:5:0.5) as a developing system and 240nm as a scanning wavelength. This method were validated and shown to demonstrate good accuracy and precision according to ICH guidelines.
The atypical antipsychotics are less potent D2 receptor antagonists than conventional antipsychotics and they have the distinctive feature of being 5-HT2A receptor antagonists, which improves their neurological safety. Thus, they have demonstrated a diminished incidence of extrapyramidal side effects, but they are associated with the development of metabolic disturbances. The occurrence of excessive weight gain (5 to 10 kg) mainly concerns clozapine and olanzapine, and to a lesser extent risperidone; the synergistic effects of histamine H1 and serotonin 5-HT2C antagonism have been postulated as the reasons for antipsychoticinduced weight gain. New-onset diabetes and glucose intolerance are associated with the use of clozapine and olanzapine. There are many possible etiologies for the induction of insulin resistance by an agent: weight gain, dopamine which stimulates insulin secretion through an β adrenergic receptor stimulation mechanism. Hypertriglyceridemia can occur during both clozapine and olanzapine treatment, generally after weight gain and perhaps related to an increase in serum leptin levels. Risperidone is a more potent dopamine D2 antagonist than clozapine and olanzapine. It may appear to have a lower propensity for metabolic side effects, except for therapy-induced hyperprolactinemia.
Patient behavior is often described as disruptive behavior as they have an altered mental stage of fear of being sick, anxious about out of the pocket cost, alteration of lifestyle if suffered from a chronic illness. And the outcomes often faced by providers are inappropriate language, make unreasonable demands, and may even resort to physical abuse. The article comprises a few of this unusual behavior and a simple comparison between patients from developed world with those of the under-developed east. Purpose of the study: Discussion and projection of behavior pattern, health seeking behavior and monitoring status in both developed and under-privileged countries. The pharmacists have a vital role to play which is discussed along with comparison. Findings: Developed or under developed country, patients have a separate behavior pattern which develops and worsen with disease progression mostly. So many factors are behind but one thing clearly understood that the handling of such situation is a provider’s function, a challenge they have to face along with treatment intervention. Research Limitations: Very few articles found in matters regarding along with a very less interest paid by general people to talk about healthcare matters. It was very difficult to bring out facts of irrational patient behavior, giving it a substantial figure to discuss in this article. However, the major limitation is the article could be a comparison of behaviors of developed and under-privileged countries which requires an enormous exposure and financial support. However, the sole focus was to detail mysterious patient behavior and a greater part is covered. Practical Implication: The soul of this article was to detail about patient behavior, both in Bangladesh and developed countries. Along with students, researchers and professionals of different background and disciplines, eg. Pharmacists, marketers, doctors, nurses, hospital authorities, public representatives, policy makers and regulatory authorities have to acquire much from this article. Social Implication: Patient behavior is the Sole of healing system and a scope for pharmacists and other healthcare providers to work with in both developed or under developed countries. The article should contribute an integrated guideline for patient compliance, demand rational behavior and last but not the least a silvery lining to better pharmacists’ dealings with them in near future.
Marine invertebrates have become attractive as nutraceutical and functional foods and as a source material for the development of therapeutic drugs. The bioactivity of echinoderm, Holothuria arenicola extracts and their secondary metabolites has been identified by researchers as a promising potential rich source of natural drugs. H. arenicola is rich in several phenolic compounds, amino acids, alkaloids and other important nutraceutical compounds. H. arenicola extract has been shown to produce promising antiulcerogenic efficacy that attributed to its high content of chlorogenic acid. The health benefits of H. arenicola are associated with its antioxidant, antifibrotic and antimicrobial effects. H. arenicola extract induced an apparent arrest in the progression of collagen deposition in the cholestatic animals which may be a consequence of the increased mass of regenerated liver cells. The previous work showed that the antibacerial efficacy of H. arenicola body wall extract may be due to its content of polyphenolic compound especially quinine, saponins and terpenoid. Thus, this review aims to elaborates and analyze the role of H. arenicola in the modulation of several organ-specific diseases.
Leucas aspera (L. aspera) is commonly known as “Darkolos or Dandokolos” in Bangladesh. The plant is used for the treatments of antipyretic, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial diseases. The purpose of this present study was to investigate the central nervous system (CNS) depressant activities of methanolic extract of L. aspera leaves (MELA) in mice models. The central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity of the MELA was evaluated using open field, whole cross, force swimming, tail suspension, and thiopental sodiuminduced sleeping time tests. For CNS tests, diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was used as reference drug. In all mice models, MELA was administered orally at the doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg, where as the control group expected deionized water (0.1 mL/mouse, p.o.). The present study indicated that MELA significantly decreased locomotor activity of open field and whole cross tests in mice. The extract significantly increased the duration of immobility time both force swimming and tail suspension tests. MELA significantly (*p< 0.05, vs. control) induced sleep at an earlier stage and lengthened the duration of sleeping time in thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test. The findings of this study indicated a CNS depressant activity of L. aspera leaves extract. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the potential use of L. aspera for the treatment of CNS depressant diseases.
In present days Patients’ behavior in making decisions regarding health is currently changing from passive recipients to recipients who play an active role in taking action to control their health and taking self-care initiatives. This study was conducted to evaluate the people’s health seeking behavior among general public and its associated factors and to evaluate the medicine taking behavior in public and the practice of self-medication. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among general public in, Andhra Pradesh, India. A convenience sampling of 300 participants successfully completed the survey. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among the residents in the Narasaraopet. This study showed that most of the participants choose to consult the physician when they experience any health problems (47.6%), followed by self-medication (18.4%). The first action for consulting the physician was significantly predicted by respondents and prevalence of self-medication was 61%. The practice of self medication was significantly associated with educated people, people with alone living status and people with more selfcare orientation. From our study we concluded that, increasing the awareness of the public about the rational choice of getting medical assistance is a very important issue to control their health. A health education program is needed to increase the awareness about the use of medicines among the general public and to enable them to make the right decisions relating to health problems.
The increasing prevalence of resistance development of uropathogens to antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI) has stimulated interest in naturopathies including use of cranberry. Cranberry (vaccinium macrocarpon) ingestion, particularly in the form of cranberry juice, has long been associated with prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. Cranberry has many chemical components which might possess beneficial properties in either preventing or treating non-complicated urinary tract infections. One group of chemicals in particular, proanthocyanidins (PACs) has shown the ability to inhibit the adhesion capacity of certain strains of E. coli, which are the primary bacteria associated with UTIs. Data collected and analyzed by this review provided contradicting results. Some studies showed potential benefit of using cranberry products to prevent or treat UTIs, while others showed the contrary. Most studies did not report the dose and dosage form used (tablets, capsules), optimum duration of treatment and amount of active ingredients in the cranberry products used.
The aim of this review can be summarized as medicinal importance of apricot and it’s kernel. In this context; to give information on some research results which hitherto intended it’s biological and pharmacological importances.
The genus Hertia L. contains 12 species distributed all over south and North Africa and Southwest Asia. Some species of these plants are used traditionally for pain of stomach and to reduce hyperglycemia. It has been found that the species belonging to this genus possesses a rich phytochemical content and a wide range of pharmacological activities such as acaricidal, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antioxidant effects and α-glucosidase inhibition. In an aim to highlight the importance of Hertia, this study evaluated its phytochemical and pharmacological properties.
Etoposide is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of number of neoplasia.However, as a topoisomerase inhibitor, during clinical use several side effects may occur.In addition in several in vivo and in vitro studies etoposide has shown a range of genotoxic effects including mutation induction and inhibition of DNA synthesis.Amifostine, an organic thiophosphate prodrug, has been shown to exert important cyto-protective effects in many tissues.The aim of this study was to explore whether amifostine protects against etoposide-induced genotoxicity in HepG2 cell line.HepG2 cells (25×10 4 cells/well) were cultured in 24-well plates: a control group and three 'amifostine etoposide groups (pre and co-treatment conditions).Our results show that etoposide induced a noticeable genotoxic effect in HepG2 cells.Amifostine reduced the effects of etoposide significantly in both type of experiment conditions, through reduced the level of DNA damage measured via comet andmicronucleus assay.Furthermore, amifostine decreased the intracellular ROS generation induced by etoposide.It increased also the intracellular GSH levels in HepG2 cells.Altogether, our results suggest a protective action of amifostine against etoposide cytotoxicity and genotoxicity via various pathways.The most protective effect was observed with amifostine when it was administrated 24 h before etoposide treatment.
Many advances have been made in the treatment of depression with the recent discovery of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and mixed serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
New animal models have emerged in recent years; some are based on the possibility of genetic modifications as close as possible to those found in humans.We chose to show what could be achieved through genetic transcription.We chose 3 models: APP and APPxPS1 transgenic mice, frontotemporal dementia and tau mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau and α -synuclein accumulation in Lewy body diseases.
The monitoring of clinical trials is an essential function for the smooth running of studies.The monitor or the clinical research assistant, in charge of this activity and a real link between the investigator and the sponsor, will have to ensure the respect of the subjects' rights, the reliability and the traceability of the data generated, and to verify that the study is conducted in accordance with the protocol, good clinical practice (GCP) and applicable clinical regulation.Beyond these control objectives, monitoring is also a prevention tool to minimize or avoid potential problems during the study and to anticipate their too late identification, which could lead to more critical consequenceson the conformity of the study.The objective of this paper is to review the various stages of the monitoring and then to give practical tools that can be used at each of these stages.
article or s.c.(subcutaneous) injection [1,2,27,31,35]Thereby, the recommended dosing regimen of ENR conventional injection was administrated a single 2.5 ~ 5 mg/kg b.w. per day or twice a day, meaning that a course of treatment needs multiple dosing [40].Obviously, in the clinical application the conventional injection caused a lot of inconvenience, for example, repeated stress response maybe worsen animals' illness or result in more disease, and the drugs' action was not sufficient when it was in peaks and valleys, what's more, frequency administration spent great human, financial and material resources.On the other hand, studies revealed that the fluoroquinolones had biphasic concentration-dependent characteristics.When the blood drug concentrations were far more than the MIC (minimum inhibition concentration), they didn't have the killing effect, only had bacteriostatic action [4].Then the drugs' action could not be exerted sufficiently.It also brings new challenges to the development of long-acting injection of this drug.The preparation methods of traditional long-acting injection, such as the process for making suspension or oil, were to increase blood drug concentration by adding the dose, which maybe also play against the drug's efficacy.For these reasons, there is a need for at least drug administration as possible, followed by longer duration of therapeutically effective drug concentration in the body.Injectable in situ forming systems have received considerable interest over the past few years, which had many distinct advantages including simple operation, low cost, and easy industrialized production [8,20,21,24,30].The reversal thermal gelation (RTG) phenomenon constitutes one of the most promising strategies for the development of injectable drug delivery systems.The poloxamer 407 (P407) thermosensible in situ gels display low viscosity at ambient temperature, allowing the gel to flow freely into the body through a syringe during injection, and exhibit a sharp viscosity increase following a certain temperature rise, producing a semi-solid gel as the drug ' deposit ' at body temperature [25,33].Drugs release slow along with the gel to achieve the purpose of sustained-release.The in vitro process of thermo sensible in situ gel form of many drugs indicated that the release of this drug could sustain 4 ~ 7 days [23,28,29], which highly accorded with the medication cycle (3 ~ 5 days) in veterinary clinical application.
The term “theranostics” refers to simultaneous diagnostic imaging and treatment and “nanotheranostics” refers to the simultaneous diagnostic imaging and treatment that makes use of nanomaterials for selective delivery of an imaging agent and a chemotherapeutic agent to a target organ.
Independent and methodological review of clinical research activities and documents to determine whether the activities related to the establishment and monitoring of this clinical research were conducted, if the data were collected, analyzed and reported in compliance with the protocol, standardized operating procedures.System audits should be of a reasonable size and easily manageable with the resources provided (can be managed).Audits must be organized and conducted in such a way that they generate in acceptable results.Most importantly, do not downgrade your audit program, leave windows for nonprogrammed audits.
