Introduction: Incidental abnormalities are frequently encountered during imaging performed for preventive health assessment. Their clinical importance ranges from negligible findings to abnormalities requiring prompt evaluation. Abdominal ultrasonography is particularly suitable for health-check programs because it is non-invasive, readily available, and free of ionizing radiation. This study assessed the frequency and severity of incidental findings detected during preventive abdominal ultrasonography and examined their association with HbA1c. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included adults who underwent abdominal ultrasonography during routine master health check-ups at the Department of Radiology, Panimalar Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, between January and December 2023. Ultrasound reports were anonymized and reviewed. Incidentally detected fatty liver were classified by ultrasound and subjectively graded as Grade 1 (increased echogenicity), Grade 2 (portal wall echogenicity poorly seen) or Grade 3 (poor visualization of diaphragm and portal vein). Associations with HbA1c were assessed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, chi-square testing, and multivariable logistic regression in SPSS version 25.0. Results: Of 2,312 participants, 1,315 (56.9%%) had fatty liver. The most frequently reported abnormalities included fatty liver (56.9%), renal cysts (7.8%), and gallstones (5.9%). In the study dataset, 61% were assigned to the normoglycemic group and 39% to the prediabetic group according to the HbA1c categorization. Age and HbA1c were reported as significant predictors of Grade 3 findings. In the fatty-liver model, each one-unit increase in HbA1c was associated with an approximately 10.5% increase in odds of fatty liver (p=0.004). Conclusion: Incidental fatty liver was common in adults undergoing preventive abdominal ultrasonography. Fatty liver, renal cysts, and gallstones were among the commonest findings. Higher HbA1c and older age were associated with clinically significant findings, while sex was not identified as a significant predictor. Standardized reporting and follow-up pathways may improve the clinical utility of preventive imaging. Key words: abdominal ultrasonography; incidental findings; preventive health check-up; HbA1c; diabetes mellitus; fatty liver; renal cyst; gallstones
Background: Truck drivers are exposed to occupational and lifestyle factors that may increase their susceptibility to cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases. This study assessed the prevalence of selected cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors and their associated determinants among truck drivers in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 2024 among 100 truck drivers attending Transport Nagar, Delhi Road, Jaipur. Eligible participants were aged 23–60 years and had at least five years of heavy vehicle driving experience. Data were collected using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire based on the World Health Organization STEPwise approach, along with anthropometric measurements, blood pressure assessment and random blood glucose estimation. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise participant characteristics. Associations were assessed using the Chi-square test, and multivariable binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with raised systolic blood pressure (SBP ≥140 mmHg) and raised random blood sugar (RBS ≥140 mg/dL). Results: The mean age of participants was 37.77 ± 7.95 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.62 ± 2.37 kg/m². Raised SBP and raised RBS were observed in 18% and 14% of participants, respectively. Smoking, alcohol consumption and tobacco chewing were reported by 61%, 58% and 51% of drivers, respectively. Only 5% reported daily fruit consumption. In bivariate analysis, raised RBS was significantly associated with BMI (p=0.013) and weekly driving hours (p<0.001), whereas raised SBP was significantly associated with smoking (p=0.019) and weekly driving hours (p=0.001). In multivariable logistic regression, higher BMI and longer weekly driving hours were independently associated with both raised SBP and raised RBS. Alcohol consumption was independently associated with raised SBP (OR 19.907; 95% CI 1.953–202.949; p=0.012), but not with raised RBS. Conclusion: Truck drivers in this study demonstrated a considerable burden of behavioural and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors. Higher BMI and longer weekly driving hours were important correlates of raised blood pressure and blood glucose. Occupational health programmes focusing on regular screening, weight management and healthier lifestyle practices may help address these risk factors. Key words: Truck Drivers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Risk Factors; Hypertension; Blood Glucose; Occupational Health.
Background: Early coronary artery disease (CAD) is an emerging public health problem in India, where young individuals are frequently admitted with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Although dyslipidemia is a major modifiable risk factor, its pattern and clinical implications remain understudied in young patients with CAD-ACS in Central India. Subject and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Indore, India, from January to December 2024. Patients aged 18–45 years with a definite diagnosis of CAD-ACS were consecutively enrolled after obtaining informed consent. A total of 120 patients underwent detailed clinical evaluation and fasting lipid profiling. Dyslipidemia was classified according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. Patients were followed for in-hospital outcomes, including arrhythmias, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and mortality. Data were analysed using JAMOVI, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the 120 patients was 37.46 ± 5.72 years, and 73.3% were male. Combined dyslipidemia was the predominant pattern (74.2%). Low HDL was the most prevalent lipid abnormality (76.7%), followed by elevated LDL (55%) and hypertriglyceridemia (50%). STEMI was the most common ACS presentation (60.8%), and dyslipidemia pattern was significantly associated with ACS type (p=0.005). Arrhythmias occurred in 15% of patients and were associated with significantly higher total cholesterol (p=0.029), LDL (p=0.002), and triglyceride levels (p=0.036). Triglycerides (ρ=0.240, p=0.008) and total cholesterol (ρ=0.193, p=0.035) showed significant positive correlations with ICU-stay duration. In-hospital mortality was 4.2%, and dyslipidemia pattern was significantly associated with mortality (p=0.043). Conclusion: Young adults with CAD-ACS demonstrated a high burden of dyslipidemia, predominantly combined dyslipidemia, with low HDL as the most frequent abnormality followed by elevated LDL and hypertriglyceridemia. Lipid abnormalities showed differential associations with arrhythmias, ICU-stay duration, and in-hospital mortality. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive lipid profiling in young patients with CAD-ACS rather than focusing on a single lipid abnormality. Key words: Acute coronary syndrome, dyslipidemia, low HDL, elevated LDL, hypertriglyceridemia, young adults, India, in-hospital outcomes.
Introduction: Testicular lesions comprise a wide spectrum of non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions. Non-neoplastic lesions are more common, whereas testicular tumours, though rare (about 1% of all male cancers), are the most frequent solid malignancy in men aged 15 to 35 years. Histopathological examination remains the basis of definitive diagnosis, and regional data from Uttar Pradesh are limited. Aim and Objectives: To study the histopathological spectrum of testicular lesions in orchidectomy specimens, to categorize them into non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, to determine their relative frequencies, to analyze age-wise distribution and laterality, and to compare the findings with other published studies. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive, record-based study conducted in the Department of Pathology, SRMSIMS, Bareilly, over five years. All orchidectomy specimens were included; small biopsies for infertility evaluation and autolysed or inadequate specimens were excluded. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and neoplasms were classified according to the WHO 2022 (5th edition) classification. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 147 cases were studied, of which 111 (75.51%) were non-neoplastic and 36 (24.49%) were neoplastic. Epididymo-orchitis was the commonest non-neoplastic lesion (27.03%), followed by hydrocoele/pyocoele (19.82%) and abscess (14.41%). Germ cell tumours accounted for 72.22% of neoplasms; mixed germ cell tumour was the commonest (30.56%), followed by seminoma (22.22%), while non-Hodgkin lymphoma constituted 13.89%. Right-sided specimens (50.34%) outnumbered left-sided (40.13%); 9.52% were bilateral. Non-neoplastic lesions peaked above 60 years (36.04%), whereas neoplastic lesions peaked in the third decade (36.11%). Conclusion: Non-neoplastic lesions form the majority of orchidectomy specimens, with epididymo-orchitis the commonest. Neoplasms formed nearly a quarter of cases, a higher proportion than in most Indian series, with mixed germ cell tumour exceeding pure seminoma. Histopathological examination of every orchidectomy specimen remains indispensable for accurate diagnosis and management. Key words: Testicular lesions, Orchidectomy, Histopathology, Germ cell tumour, Non-neoplastic and Neoplastic.
Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated cardiometabolic abnormalities associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Weight reduction through structured lifestyle modification may improve its individual clinical and biochemical components. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of weight reduction on clinical and biochemical parameters among patients with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: A prospective, single-arm, non-randomized interventional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India, from January to December 2025. A total of 175 adults with metabolic syndrome underwent a structured 12-week lifestyle intervention comprising dietary calorie restriction, dietary modification, and regular physical activity. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Participants were categorized according to achievement of ≥5% or <5% reduction in baseline body weight. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Following the 12-week intervention, significant reductions were observed in mean body weight (84.6±11.9 to 79.8±11.5 kg), body mass index (31.2±3.7 to 29.4±3.5 kg/m²), and waist circumference (103.8±9.1 cm, with a mean reduction of 5.7 cm) (p<0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 7.9 and 4.4 mmHg, respectively. Significant improvements were also observed in fasting plasma glucose (112.8±17.6 to 103.6±15.4 mg/dL), HbA1c (6.18±0.62% to 5.91±0.57%), triglycerides, LDL-C, total cholesterol, and HDL-C (all p<0.001). Overall, 93 (53.14%) participants achieved ≥5% weight reduction. Metabolic syndrome resolved in 60 (34.29%) participants, with a higher resolution rate among those achieving ≥5% weight loss than among those achieving <5% weight loss (45.16% vs. 21.95%; p=0.001). Conclusion: A structured 12-week lifestyle intervention was associated with significant improvements in anthropometric, haemodynamic, glycaemic, and lipid parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome. Achievement of ≥5% weight reduction was associated with greater cardiometabolic improvement and a higher likelihood of metabolic syndrome resolution. Key words: Metabolic Syndrome; Weight Reduction; Obesity; Waist Circumference; Dyslipidaemia; Insulin Resistance; Lifestyle Modification
