A drug is identical or bioequivalent to a name drug in dose type, safety, strength, route of administration, quality, and performance characteristics and meant use. Though generic medication is with chemicals a dead ringer for their branded counterparts, they're generally sold-out at substantial discounts from the branded worth. In step with the general assembly Budget workplace, generic medication save customers Associate in nursing calculable $8 to $10 billion a year at retail pharmacies. Even a lot of billions are saved once hospitals use generics
Received:10-07-2016 Revised: 12-08-2016 Accepted:18-08-2016 *Corresponding author: Shakeena G, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Green Royal Academy Of Pharmaceutical Education & Sciences, Ponguturu, Koyyalagudem, West Godavari–534312, Andhra Pradesh, India, Tel:9949581690. Email: shakeena.gadde@gmail.com Keywords: Fast dissolving tablet, Microcrystalline cellulose, Oral route, Sodium starch glycolate, Terbutaline sulfate. ABSTRACT Terbutaline sulfate is employed to treat respiratory disease and respiratory disorders. Terbutaline belongs to a category of beta-adrenergic agonist bronchodilators. It is a β2 blocker used to treat cardiovascular diseases like high blood pressure, cardiopathy, and disturbances of regular recurrence, myocardial infarct and purposeful heart disorders. Fast dissolving tablets of terbutaline sulfate is ready by adding crystalline cellulose and sodium starch glycolate. Terbutaline sulfate half-life is 2-3 hours oral availability is 38 ± 14 % and it's eliminates quickly from plasma, microcrystalline cellulose and sodium starch glycolate was discharged 95.2% and 96.8% of drug at intervals 8-10 min. These tablets are used for patients who might have problem in swallowing of typical tablets; frequent administration is required to take care of therapeutic concentration. Fast dissolution and absorption of drug might turn out rapid onset of action. Fast dissolving drug delivery systems FDDDSs that disintegrate and release the active ingredient quickly which don't need water for swallowing. Oral administration of bitter medication with associate adequate degree of palatableness is achieved by taste masking. Fast dissolving tablet FDT is employed as super disintegrants which can give immediate disintegration and releases the drug in saliva. Fast dissolving tablets of terbutaline sulfate tablets are ready by the direct compression technique once incorporating with super disintegrants similar to crystalline cellulose and sodium starch glycolate in numerous concentrations. evaluation for prepared tablets were weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, wetting time, drug content, water absorption quantitative relation, in vitro dispersion time, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro drug release..
Several recent studies have attempted to treat schizophrenia by increasing brain levels of D-serine (D-Ser), a co-agonist of N-methyld- aspartate receptors. Here, we intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered S-Methyl-L-cysteine (SMLC), an inhibitor of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 1 (Asc-1), to male Sprague Dawley rats and investigated changes in plasma levels. Extracellular D-Ser levels and SMLC levels in the striatum were investigated using an in vivo microdialysis technique. Changes in endogenous L-serine (L-Ser), glycine (Gly), dopamine (DA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (HIAA) levels were also assessed. The maximum concentrations of SMLC in plasma and microdialysis samples were achieved within 60 and 90 min, respectively. SMLC was able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and reach the striatum in a short time. It caused a dose-dependent increase in endogenous D-Ser levels, which then remained constant in the striatum, suggesting that peripheral administration of SMLC effectively increased endogenous D-Ser levels. SMLC also significantly increased L-Ser levels by inhibiting Asc-1, with limited effects on Gly, DA, HVA, and HIAA levels. These results suggest that the i.p. SMLC increased striatal D-Ser levels without affecting the release of other neurotransmitters.
Trichlorfon, an organophosphate insecticide, is used in aquaculture to control parasitic organisms. This study evaluated a rapid, sensitive, and specific LC-MS/MS method for the determination of trichlorfon and dichlorvos residues in the tissues of olive flounder. Separation was carried out on an Eclipse Plus C18 column by gradient elution using wateracetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min-1. Detection was performed by electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode with nitrogen as the collision gas. In multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, ion transitions were detected at m/z 259→109 (trichlorfon) and m/z 221→108.9 (dichlorvos). Linear calibration curves were obtained with good correlation coefficients. The limit of detection (LOD) values for trichlorfon and dichlorvos were 0.5 and 1.2 μg kg-1, respectively, with corresponding limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 1.7 and 4.0 μg kg- 1, respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 88.2% to 114% at three spiked concentration levels (5, 10, and 100 μg L-1) with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 13.8% for plasma, muscle, and liver. The developed analytical method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies of trichlorfon and dichlorvos in olive flounder after administration by dipping at concentrations of 1 or 5 mg kg-1.
Objective: Anaphylactic reactions induced by neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) can occur at first contact and might be due to cross-sensitization by other drugs or chemicals. Our aim was to investigate whether divalent molecules sharing chemical features with NMBAs might potentially cause cross-sensitization. Methods: We constructed a pharmacophore key from chemical features common to all NMBAs (two positive or ionizable features 1.0807 nm apart) and used the key to screen FDA-approved small drug molecules of the Drug Bank® database (1541 molecules). The selected molecules were categorized on the basis of the values for three main parameters (fit value, relative energy and mean polar surface area). Results: Screening from the pharmacophore key selected 13 NMBAs and 88 non-NMBA drugs. Of these 88 drugs, 42 had high-ranking parameter values and were considered preferential cross-sensitizers. These included the dopamine D2 receptor ligands aripiprazole and domperidone. Pholcodine, as well as nizatidine, ranitidine, antrafenine, cabergoline and, to some extent, chlorhexidine best fulfilled the required criteria of apolar character, bioavailability and ionization rate. Conclusion: Our data support the hypothesis that pholcodine might be a potential NMBA cross-sensitizer. They confirmed the results of inhibition tests on patient serum suggesting that dopamine D2 receptor ligands might be cross-sensitizers. They also identified chlorhexidine, a widely used disinfectant incriminated in several cases of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, as a potential cross-sensitizer. Pharmacophore modelling is an inexpensive, straightforward approach that can be used to identify potential NMBA cross-sensitizing agents.
Background: Two of the main problems concerning accessibility of quality medicines in low and middle income countries are availability of substandard drugs and poor medicine’s handling. Objectives: This study is aimed at measuring the level of awareness of the Malaysian and Sudanese public towards medicines handling, their proposed role against substandard medicines and their possible contribution in pharmaceutical regulatory system. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three major cities in Malaysia and other five big cities in Sudan. A total of 844 respondents from Malaysia and Sudan included in this study. Results: 25% in Malaysia and 12% in Sudan did not understand the information on the medicine package, and 29% in Malaysia and 6.3% in Sudan did not read the recommended storage conditions. Most of the respondents in Malaysia (94%) and Sudan (88.6%) kept medicines at home, and 23% in Malaysia and 10.7% in Sudan kept it for more than six months. Majority of respondents (66.9%) in Malaysia and 16.7% of participants in Sudan ignored problems related to the use of medicines. Conclusion: This study found that there was lack of awareness in information about medicine handling. Policy makers should be concerned about enhancing public role in counteracting substandard medicines and promoting appropriate medicine handling.
Objective: The aim of the study was to prepare and in more details improve antitumor effect by nanoemulsion (NE) loaded with curcumin (CUR) and brucea javanica oil (BJO) together. Materials and Methods: Solubility of CUR and BJO in various vehicles were conducted in a shaking incubator. Nanoemulsion was prepared by pseudo-ternary phase diagrams to obtain the concentration range of components. The physicochemical and biological characteristics of the NE was studied by size and zeta potential, morphologies, physical stability, in vivo antitumor activity and vivo pharmacokinetics. Key findings Results: The combination of BJO and CUR in optimized NE formulation exhibited excellent stability. Besides, it showed a synergy antitumor effect and enhanced bioavailability. Conclusions: The combination of BJO and CUR in optimized NE was successfully formulated. BJO used as the oil phase produced an antitumor synergistic effect with CUR was investigated by anti-tumor activity experiment. The dissolution rate and oral bioavailability were also improved compared with pure CUR
Medication is a process which is distinguished into five phases, those are assessing, prescribing, dispensing, administering and monitoring of the drug. The drugs or medicines which are prescribed by medical practitioner or physician should be followed according to the guidelines. There are various ways of administration of medications as such few are oral, parenteral, intramuscular and intravenous. Route of administration differs from patient to patient based on the state or condition of the patient, so that can be convenient for giving the drug. As such few disadvantages and loop holes are with the administration of drugs, if they are consumed in larger quantities or if any misuse is done. Proper guidelines and ethics should be followed before administering the medicine or drug in to the body.
Mirtazapine is an antidepressant drug, which affects chemical pathway in the brain that is unbalanced in people with depression. In Mirtazapine oral films HPMC (Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose) is used as a polymer. The films are prepared by solvent casting method. The prepared batches of films were evaluated for durability, proportion elongation, folding endurance and dissolution. Formulation F3 was found to be promising and it was tested for In-vitro drug release pattern which showed 100% drug release 8mins. The formulation F3 has shown better control over drug release compared to marketed product.
The most popular of the oral dosage forms are the tablets which are easily administered by patients and many people rely on these. The pharmacists prescribe the right drug to be administered to patients; this is based on the quality, brand, and product availability in the market. The quality tests are so performed to meet the criteria in advance. Quality control Analysis is to regularly check in each step to produce a good quality of the products. There are many dosage forms available in the markets in many brands. In this review article tablet evaluation techniques and methods have been explained which are applicable to all the dosage forms production.
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women responsible for almost 20% of all cancer deaths . The main therapies used for the treatment of breast cancer are surgery , chemotherapy and radiotherapy . Moreover, complementary and alternative medicines are being increasingly recognized as useful treatments for breast cancer. The present review aims to consolidate a comprehensive role of different alternative medicines which can be used in the treatment of breast cancer.
Ondansetron sublingual tablets using various super disintegrants such as starch citrate, sodium starch glycolate, and croscarmellose sodium were prepared in this research work. For the first time, Starch citrate was tried as a super disintegrant. The formulation characteristics and various parameters of starch citrate based formulas were compared with other formulas to evaluate this profile as the super disintegrant. The study is focused on the rapid disintegration of the tablet in the oral cavity and masking the bitter taste of Ondansetron. Since Ondansetron bioavailability was 60% due to the first pass metabolism and it is suitable to convert it into the sublingual tablets which provide better bioavailability. The ingredients such as microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, lactose, magnesium stearate and talc were also incorporated in the formulation design. The tablets were analysed for various quality control parameters and in vitro dissolution profile. The best formulation was subjected to stability studies and compared with marketed formulations. The drug release kinetics of formulation were studied by using the various pharmacokinetic models such as Zero Order, First order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics.
Neonatal contaminations are diseases of the neonate (infant) amid the neonatal period or initial four weeks after birth. Neonatal contaminations might be shrunk by transplacental move in utero, in the birth waterway amid conveyance (perinatal), or by different means after birth. Some neonatal contaminations are evident not long after conveyance, while others may create baby blues inside the principal week or month.
Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have numerous points of interest, which comprise better therapy by increasing the efficacy and duration of drug activity, improved patient compliance through reduced dosing frequency. It provides appropriate routes of administration and enhanced targeting for a particular site to anticipate hurtful reactions. The Different types of advanced drug delivery approach like polymeric Nano capsules, nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, microsphere, microcapsules, hydrogels has been expressed utilizing bioactive and plant extracts. NDDS have significant advantages over conventional therapy for cancer treatment, which include improved solubility and bioavailability, low toxicity, maximum therapeutic effect, sustained and controlled drug delivery, improvement of stability and batter security from physical and biochemical degradation. This article covers the basic information and different types of Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Protecting and preventing from the neuronal damages due to stroke, brain trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s, and even aging is an increasingly important research topic. Translational Neuroscience is a fundamental laboratory research relating to brain structure and function to advancements of new therapies for neurodevelopmental diseases, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Translational Neuroscience is the study of using all Neurological advances to bring novel therapies with measurable outcomes to patients with Neurological diseases. The concept is derived from the need to translate the wealth of basic working out about neuroscience, neuropathogenesis, and neuroengineering right into a trajectory so as to realistically lead to cures and measurable improvement to members at danger for or suffering from Neurological diseases. In this review literature we have discussed some novel findings in Neurology and Neurosciences which have been published in some reputed open access journals.
Aim: Several diseases continue to affect strongly the populations’ health in Africa. Meanwhile Ethnopharmacology, a scientific interdisciplinary study of natural substances and related knowledge’s or practices that cultural groups implement for therapeutic, curative, preventive or diagnostic purposes, must be developed in the continent. Therefore sustainable development, a conception of common well being developed since the end of the 20th century can be effective by developing in Africa low-priced phytodrugs for consumption and exportation. The objectives of this study were to sustainably collect and document important cultural heritage before it is lost and to investigate and evaluate agents used to promote drug discovery in Cameroon. Materials and methods: To achieve these objectives we have used a methodology that begun by a field work, that started by harvesting and identifying plant species with confirmation in National Herbarium and the Ethnopharmacological detailed preparation of recipes and ended by the research of previous studies on recorded plants. Results: Forty-three (43%) of recorded plants is been documented for the treatment of diseases and investigated for their phytochemical and activities confirming of the rationalization of their traditional uses. Some plants are documented for the first time for their medical use, for example Massularia acuminata for hypertension, Pentaclethra macropylla for infectious diseases, Hallea stipulosa for difficult deliverance, Guibourtia tessmannii for diabetes, Piliostigma rufescens for dysentery, Carica papaya for cancer and Solanum torvum for gastric pains. Conclusion: The results of E-ISSN: 2320-1215 P-ISSN: 2322-0112 RRJPPS | Volume 5 | Issue 3 | September, 2016 40 this study stimulate a sustainable development by providing the basis for low cost drugs discovery and by documenting biodiversity for long time exploitation.
Background: Enhancing public satisfaction of the quality and affordability of medicines is an important task in health services. Objective: This study was intended to assess the trust and acceptance of public concerning quality and affordability of locally manufactured medicines in Malaysia. Methodology: A cross sectional study was performed, and a validated Likert scale questionnaire was used in this study. The results were analyzed using the statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20. A total of 544 questionnaires were collected from three major cities in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Kota Baru). The respondents aged between 20 and 60 years. Results: Most of the respondents were satisfied with the quality (65.1%) and affordability (66%) of manufactured medicines in Malaysia. Furthermore, (45%) of respondents in Malaysia prefer locally manufactured medicines. However, there is concern about the escalating prices and hence demonstrates the need for price regulation, as asserted by the majority in Malaysia (88.9%). Conclusion: Medicine’s price control is one of the demands declared by Malaysian public. Moreover, majority of public have an opinion that quality of life, quality of medicines and prices are correlated
Objective: To observe the clinical significance of Fluvastatin combined with benazepril therapy on atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: A total of 92 AF patients were randomly assigned into a case group (n=46) in which the patients were treated Fluvastatin plus benazepril and a control group (n=46) in which the patients were treated Fluvastatin. Results: Conversion rate of sinus was higher in the case group than the control group (P<0.05). The case group had more patients with significant efficacy than the control group, with less ineffective patients (P<0.05). The LVEDd, LVESd, LAD, and LVEF indexes in the case group were lower than the control group after 6 months of treatment (all P<0.05). The hs-CRP was decreased in the case group in comparison with the control group after 1 month of treatment (P<0.05). After 12 months, the renin and Ang II were lower in the case group than the control group (both P<0.05). Significant differences of IL-6 and TNF-α were found between the two groups after 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months of treatment (all P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the TC, triglyceride, LDL-C in the case group were lower after 6 and 12 months of treatment (all P<0.05), while the HDL was higher (P<0.05). Conclusions: Fluvastatin combined with benazepril treatment further increases conversion rate of sinus and remarkably improves life quality and prognosis of AF patients.
Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that plays an important role in the blood coagulation system. Its quality is of great importance, so it is necessary to develop a fast analytical method during the manufacture process to analyse the quality of heparin produced. In this study, the heparin contents of 80 samples collected from five batches during the precipitation process were analysed using nearinfrared (NIR) spectroscopy and a chemometrics approach. This was done in order to improve the efficiency, to understand the process directly and accurately, and to reduce the variation in product quality during manufacturing. First, the principal component analysis (PCA) method was applied to study the stability and the characteristic trajectory of all of the batches of heparin from ethanol precipitation qualitatively. Then, partial least square (PLS) regression, combined with several spectral pretreatment methods and variable selection methods, was performed to quantitatively predict the heparin contents during the ethanol precipitation process. The results showed that the values of the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) were 0.974, 1.105 g/l and 6.37, respectively. This approach has a considerable potential for on-line monitoring of the heparin contents of each ethanol precipitation process. Additionally, it will cause a large transformation in the pattern of production of the pharmaceutical industry by application of NIR spectroscopy in the future.
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine weather addon therapy with vaginal estrogen exerts any benefits or side effects on urgency urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women. As part of a national guideline we aimed to systematically assess the existing literature on vaginal estrogen used in combination with Anti-muscarinic medicine in postmenopausal women with urgency urinary incontinence. A systematic literature search was done in Medline, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL and PEDro from inception to June 2015. The primary search included guidelines and systematic reviews comparing vaginal estrogens as add-on to any Anti-muscarinic medicine compared to Anti-muscarinic medicine alone. The population was postmenopausal women with symptomatic overactive bladder syndrome with or without urgency urinary incontinence. In total 49 systematic reviews was identified and one was included. An updated literature search identified further 17 randomized controlled trials, but none was included. All studies were double-screened. In total 2 randomized controlled trials was eligible. The evidence was of poor methodological quality. The study population was women with overactive bladder syndrome with or without urgency urinary incontinence. The pharmaceutical properties of the used vaginal estrogen differed from studies regarding specific estrogen type, dosage form and doses. There were no effects of add-on therapy with vaginal estrogen to Anti-muscarinic medicine regarding patient reported effect, urinary incontinence related quality of life, number of daily voidings, number of incontinence episodes daily. Furthermore the studies lacked reports on patient dropouts and harmful effects.
