Textile industries are one of the major backbones of Indian economy. They are the major reason for contamination of water bodies and their toxicity to ecosystem is an alarming environmental issue. The present study was designed to evaluate the hepatotoxic effects of C.I. Direct Green 6 (DG 6), a commercially used textile azo dye on Labeo rohita fingerlings. For this, L. rohita fingerlings were exposed to three sublethal concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/l) of DG 6 for 15 days. After 15 days of exposure period, liver tissues were dissected out and processed further for histopathological and biochemical observations. For biochemical study, liver alanine amino transferase (ALAT; E.C.2.6.1.2) and aspartate amino transferase (AST; E.C.2.6.1.1) were assayed. Histopathological result showed mild changes such as disposition of hepatic cords, hemorrhages in sinusoids with focal necrosis, depletion of cytoplasmic material from the hepatocytes, karyorrhexis etc. A marked decrease was noticed in ALAT and AST activity in the liver. Present findings revealed that DG 6 exerts toxic effects even in sublethal concentrations. Hence, histopathological and biochemical parameters of liver proved to be sensitive biomarkers to evaluate the effect of any xenobiotics such as textile or other industrial pollutants, on aquatic lives.
Performance evaluation of Lohmann commercial layer breed was conducted in peri-urban and urban areas of Cheha woreda. The objectives of the present study was to evaluate the performance of Lohmann layer breeds in urban and peri-urban areas of Cheha woreda and to determine the economic feasibility under farmers management condition to promote and disseminate the approved technology packages to the users. Participant farmers were selected purposively on the basis of willingness to construct poultry house and cover all the associated package costs. Training was given on poultry husbandry practice and data recording. A total of 500 day-old chicks were distributed with two month chicken ration. All chicks were vaccinated for Newcastle disease, Marek's disease, Gumboro disease and Fowl pox disease. Survival of chicks during the first eight weeks of age brooding by using electric light under farmers’ management condition was 83.3%. Mean egg at first laying date was 147.3±13.44 days and egg production performance of chicken was found to be 58.5–81.2% in the study area. Mean egg weight of Lohmann chicken was 43.92±1.50 g/egg, 51.67±4.23 g/egg and 56.93±2.86 g/egg at 5%, 50% and at peak production period, respectively . The partial budget analysis result indicated that Lohmann chicken breed production was profitable with an average benefit of 15618.3 Ethiopian Birr/ participant on an average. The major challenges were lack of skill to manage the chicks, disease and predator attack (wild cat and shelemetmat) . Even though farmers’ skills were observed to be less appropriate to manage the brooding, healthcare and feeding; Lohmann chicken breed showed good performance under farmers management condition.
The presence of honey bees in the environment has a significant impact on global food production. Honey bees pollinate 71 crops out of 100 most common crops that account for 90% of the world's food supply, which makes them efficient pollinators of crops. While searching for pollen and nectar, the bee is often unprotected from several chemical toxins such as plant protection products. These chemicals enter their body via a different route and cause lethal as well as sub-lethal effects. Farmers use pesticides on crops with no or little attention to their effect on honeybees due to which the use of pesticides is harmful to pollination service, behavior service, communication, forage resource, poisoning, and contaminated hive products. Although several studies have been put forward about pesticide toxicity to honey bees, a proper management plan is still lacking. Nevertheless, all pesticide applications should be done in a way to minimize their exposure to honey bees, to prevent the further debility of the honey bee population throughout the biosphere. The present review should focus on the impact of pesticides and the measures of reducing their impact on commercial bee farming.
Alpha-cypermethrin is a type II synthetic pyrethroid. Synthetic pyrethroids are used extensively for the control of insect pest and public health purpose. A fresh water fish was exposed to lethal concentration and sub lethal concentration of alpha-cypermethrin, respectively to observe the enzyme activity in functionally two different tissues—gills and liver. The present article focusses on non-target organism in fresh water environment and critically evaluates the toxicity of these pyrethroids in terms of growth inhibition, neurotoxicity, effect of reproductive physiology, enzymatic dysfunction, haematological alterations, metabolic disorders and tissue damage.
Bacteriophages are viruses that can specifically kill certain bacteria. This property of phages can be exploited for therapeutic application in treating bacterial infections in domestic animals. Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease which is endemic in several countries. Antibiotics are not very effective against bovine brucellosis and the cost of this treatment is very high. Lytic phages against Brucella have been isolated and have been tried for therapy of bovine brucellosis with encouraging results. The present study reviewed the studies on bacteriophages with special reference to Brucellaphage and their application in the therapy of bovine brucellosis.
Phthalates or phthalic acid esters are the esters of phthalic anhydride used to increase the flexibility and durability of plastic products including polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Based on the molecular weight, phthalates are grouped into low and high phthalates that shows diverse applications and different mode of toxicity in various animals. The enormous production and widespread applications allow them to exist in all environments including air, water, and soil; in solid, liquid and gaseous samples as well as in fat and biological samples. The current review stated an overview on the contribution of phthalates on adverse developmental, behavioural, transgenerational, physiological, cytogenetic, neurotoxic, immunological, metabolic, hormonal, histological and reproductive effects in various animals. Since plasticizers have become an integral part of our daily life, recycling of phthalates from households and industries must be promoted to prevent an additional production and frequent discharge into the environment.
Fish oil is a common term used to refer to two kinds of omega-3 fatty acids eicosa-pentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaaenoic acid (DHA). These omega-3 fatty acids are usually found in fish and animal products. Fish oil recommended of these omega-3 fats as they are most common source of them. Fish oil is derived from the tissues of oily fish. Marine and fresh water fish oil varies in contents of Arachidonic, EPA and DHA. Fish oil supplement is of great medical and nutraceutical interest of health benefits in humans, in particular by conferring protection against heart disease. It’s anti-inflammatory properties have also been reported. Omega-3 fatty acids have been linked to healthy aging throughout life, and also have been associated with fetal development, Alzheimer’s disease, CVD, anti- coagulation. These review focuses on many benefits of EPA and DHA supplementation throughout life. In recognition of health benefits, fatty fish species which contain significant amounts of omega-3 are considered as functional food.
Carcass of a gram priya breed Layer was necropsied to ascertain the cause of death. The external appearance showed highly distended and pendulous abdomen. On opening of the carcass haemorrhages over the mesentery and congested intestine was observed. Liver was enlarged and lungs showed pin point haemorrhages. Abdominal cavity was filled with little amount of thick consistency fluid. The ovarian follicles were well developed but a large peri- follicular haematoma was evident. Right oviduct which is vestigial in birds was having cystic dilatation, which sized about 10 cm and was filled with clear watery fluid. Cyst tissue was collected for histopathology which showed layer of cuboidal epithelium along with smooth muscles and fibres.
As a new class of agricultural insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids are widely used to control insect pests. Synthetic pyrethroids have shown to enter the aquatic environment from agricultural runoff or drift from aerial and ground-based spraying applications posing threat to fishes, which are less tolerant to pesticides through direct exposure. These insecticides interfere with the sodium channel of the nervous system resulting in prolonged sodium tail current. Widespread application of these chemicals has warranted the attention of the ecologist to understand the impact of these chemicals on the aquatic environment. In this perspective, an updated account of toxicological evaluation of the type II synthetic pyrethroids, fenvalerate in terms of their physico-chemical, metabolic, hematological, histological, behavioral and reproductive aspects with respect to the fishes has presented which may be useful for policy makers, academics, and environmental scientists and agricultural professionals needing ready access to this information. The aim of the present synoptic literature appraisal was to summarize the main effect of current use, type II synthetic pyrethroid (Fenvalerate) on aquatic environment due to their persistence and accumulation. This article will focus on non-target organisms in inland fresh water environment with special reference to fin fishes and will critically evaluate the toxicity of these pyrethroids in terms of growth inhibition, metabolic disorders, neurotoxicity, reproductive failure, enzymatic dysfunction, haematological alterations, and tissue damages. The rationalized information in this milieu may be useful in ecological risk evaluational and human health management as fish serves as an important bio-indicator for aquatic systems health.
Livestock diseases causes economic loss to the dairy farmers and also affects the productivity of dairy animals. There were no data on prevalence of particular diseases of livestock at state or country level. The prevalence of livestock diseases was required for prioritizing the livestock diseases for taking preventive and control measures with available scarce resources. Meta-analysis is a statistical tool used to combine various studies and estimate the prevalence of livestock diseases. This review gives the value of the meta-analysis in determining the livestock disease prevalence at different geographical area levels. This is will help the policy makers and stake holders to prioritize the livestock diseases and to make informed decision on control and preventive measures. Keywords: Random effect model, livestock diseases, anaplasmosis, meta-analysis, metacont, funnel plot Cite this Article P. Krishnamoorthy, K .P. Suresh, Parimal Roy Meta Analysis: An Innovative Tool for Estimating Prevalence of Livestock Diseases. Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology . 2020; 9(1): 4 7 p.
Abstract One of the most potentially harmful toxic chemical is pesticides that are introduced into the environment and used in extensive agriculture practices to defense against disease and pest. Though human welfare have been contributed considerably to them, the adverse effects of pesticides on the non-target organisms like fish are extremely significant. Through impairment of metabolism pesticides hampers health of fish, sometimes leading to death of fish. Among the different group of pesticides chlorpyrifos (O, O-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichlor2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) organophosphate insecticide which is widely used for more than a decade to control insect pest. It is the second largest selling organophosphate and has been found to be more toxic to fish than other organochlorine compounds. Chlorpyrifos moves through air drift or surface runoff into natural waters, where it has been accumulated in different organisms living in water, especially in the fish, thus it becomes vulnerable to several prominent effects. Chlorpyrifos inhibits acetylcholinesterase pathway that disrupts the function of nervous system, cause behavioural, neurological, oxidative, histopathological, endocrine and other effects at low doses. The present study reviews the various effects of chlorpyrifos in fish. Keywords: Organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, acute toxicity, LC50, chronic toxicity, fish Cite this Article Chandan Sarkar, Shrabani Ghosh, Nimai Chandra Saha. A Review on Toxic Effects of an Organophosphate Pesticide Chlorpyrifos in Fish. Research \u0026 Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2020; 9(1): 19–31p.
ABSTRACT Brucella melitensis is zoonosis caused by facultative intracellular bacteria of genus Brucella, which are widely distributed in both human and animals, especially in developing world. The diagnosis of goat brucellosis requires isolation of the bacteria from stomach contain aborted fetes of goat. However cultural sampling sensitivity often low, depending on the disease stage, Brucella species, culture medium, quantity of circulating bacteria and blood culture technique employed. The development of PCR has offered new dimension in the diagnosis deference microorganisms, which is possible in just few hours. Over the past decade, there has been major advancement all aspect of molecular diagnostic with regard to goat brucellosis. PCR based test providing to be fast and more sensitive than traditional methods. However sensitivity and specificity of the PCR for Brucella vary between laboratory and no standardization of sample preparation, target gene and detection method have been stabilized. There for in this study all the important aspect of the PCR for Brucella 16s rRNA gene detected and its diagnosis of Brucella a 1412 bp band corresponding to 16s rRNA gene of Brucella melitensis 16M strain was amplified.16s rRNA is conserved gene in Brucella spp. It is concluded that 16s rRNA gene could be used as a diagnostic tool and may prove as a candidate gene for development of subcellular vaccine again Brucellosis in goats. Keywords: Brucella melitensis, PCR, gel electrophoresis, 16s rRNA, agglutination, DNA estimation, primers, oligonucleotides, NSS Cite this Article Akhand Pratap Singh, Jagriti Sharma. Amplification of 16s rRNA Gene of Brucella melitensis Causing Brucellosis Isolated from the Aborted Fetes of Goat. Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2020; 9(1): 8–12p.
A four years old second parity Nellore brown ewe was brought to the DVCC, college of veterinary science, Proddatur, with the history of completed its full term gestation but not able to deliver the lamp on its own. Two hind limbs of the foetus were hanging out of the vaginal cavity. Under the epidural anaesthesia adequate lubrication of the vaginal cavity was achieved through the application of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC). Through different mutational process a dead monocephalus thoracophagus tetrabrachius tetrapus female Foetus was relieved. Dam was medicated with inj DNS 200 ml slow I/V and ceftrioxone 500 mg slow I/V, Melonex 1.5 ml I/M. Advised to continue the antibiotic therapy for three days. Ewe was recovered uneventfully. Keywords: Conjoined twins, Dystocia, Nellore brown, Foetal monster, Per-vaginal delivery Cite this Article B. Balamurugan , YV Pridhvidhar Reddy , K. Jyothi , Vinod Kumar . Dystocia Due to Conjoined Twins with Monocep halus Thoracophagus Tetrabrachius Tetrapus Monster in Nellore Brown Ewe A Rare Case Report . Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology . 2020; 9 ( 1 3 p.
Nanotechnology can provide new tools for molecular and cellular biology, biotechnology, veterinary physiology, reproduction, detection of pathogens and many more. There are several areas such as science, engineering of agriculture, animal and food systems where nanotechnology could be applied. Application of nanotechnology can be employed in the development of sustained release systems of molecules such as hormones, vitamins, antibiotics, antioxidants and nucleic acids. Longer lasting surges in Gonadotropin hormone (GtH) blood levels can be attained by using multiple injections of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or analogues, which unavoidably involves repeated handling of animals resulting in increased cost, time, labor and avoidable stress to both the animals and handler. However, since GnRH having very short half-life undergoes proteolysis within a few minutes the newer nanotechnology has come into place for effective delivery of hormones. The current research work was undertaken to induce estrus synchronization (ES) in Kilakarsal ewes, using chitosan-nanoconjugated GnRH and to assess its efficacy and economical feasibility. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic crosslinking of chitosan solution with tripolyphosphate (TPP) anions. Nanoparticles were characterized by adopting advanced microscopic technique using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Keywords: Estrus synchronization (ES), nanoconjugated Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), ewes, atomic force microscope (AFM), ionic gelation Cite this Article M. Sundara Vinayaki . Chitosan c onjugated GnRH Nanoparticles with AFM Appearance Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2019; 8(3): 3 5 p.
Stomach content of the sleeper fish, Bostrychus africanus from the New Calabar river, Nigeria, was studied over a period of three months. The study was conducted to provide information on the likely nutritional requirement for the fish, if it is to be cultured. Analysis using Index of relative importance (IRI) showed that crab parts was the most important food item. Other items contained in the gut included nematodes, shrimp, pisces parts, unidentified items, parts of shrimp, small crab, small fish, and insects. The mid-class size (8.0–10.8) consumed the most important food item (crab parts) more than other sizes. Percentage empty stomachs were also highest in the mid-class. Empty stomachs were male dominated across the stations of the study. B. africanus was clearly carnivorous and would require a high protein diet, if considered for aquaculture. Keywords: Diet, feeding, fish, food, habit, nutrition Cite this Article Chukwu K.O., Princewill Kombo. Stomach Content of the Sleeper Fish, Bostrychus africanus from the New Calabar River, Nigeria. Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2019; 8(3): 13–16p
A one-month-old domestic chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) presented to the hospital with symptom of anorexia for the past one day was diagnosed to have a crop foreign body and decided for surgical correction. Under local analgesia, the crop was opened and the foreign body was removed. The ingluviotomy wound was closed by Cushing’s suture with size 3-0 Polyglactin 910 and skin wound by simple interrupted sutures using size 2-0 braided silk. The foreign body removed was a plastic tube of 8 cm length. Postoperatively, the bird was given antibiotics for three days. Regular dressing of the wound was done till the ninth postoperative day. Uneventful recovery was noticed with no postoperative complications. Keywords: Chick, crop foreign body, local analgesia, ingluviotomy, Cushing’s suture Cite this Article V. Tejaswani, P. Ravi Kumar. Management of Crop Foreign Body in a Juvenile Chicken (Gallus gallus Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2019; 8(3): 6 8 p.
A nine-year-old male dog presented with blepharospasm and epiphora in the right eye was diagnosed to have a penetrating corneal foreign body. As the dog was non-cooperative, it was decided to remove the foreign body under general anesthesia. The ocular cul-de-sac was irrigated with 0.5% povidone iodine solution under general anesthesia and the foreign body was removed carefully using a fine needle tip. The cornea was checked for its intactness at the site of injury and found a small penetrating wound. Postoperative medication was given for seven postoperative days. The dog was able to close its eyelids partially by first operative day and the symptoms such as blepharospasm and epiphora were subsided by second postoperative day. Complete recovery was noticed by seventh postoperative day and no postoperative complications were recorded. Keywords: Blepharospasm, corneal foreign body, epiphora, surgical management, thorn Cite this Article V. Tejaswani, P. Ravi Kumar . Management of Corneal Foreign Body in a Dog Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2019; 8( 3 ): 1 2 p.
Mastitis remains a major challenge to the dairy industry in terms of economic losses occurring throughout the world. Bovine mastitis is the endemic, persistent and inflammatory reaction of the mammary gland and/or udder tissue of milch animals particularly medium to high yielding dairy cattle, usually in and around peri-parturient period caused by various infectious or non-infectious etiological agents. It is a global problem as it affects animal health, milk production as well economics of the country. The clinical signs and diagnosis may vary depending on the source, mode of the transmission and forms of the disease. Several methods with varying results exist for the management of different forms of bovine mastitis. The objective of this present review is to describe the relevant aspects of physiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of bovine mastitis. Keywords : Bovine, mastitis, mammary gland, health Cite this Article Yengkhom R, Gupta M, Lokesha E, et al. Bovine Mastitis and Its Treatment Strategies. Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2018; 7(3): 11–16p.
This study aimed at the determination of the optimal time interval between the vaccination with a live Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine AviPro® MGF and the administration of the antibiotic Pulmotil® AC (PAC) to broiler breeder pullets while preserving the vaccine efficacy. A total of 108 sixteen-weeks-old breeder pullets of the ROSS 308 strain were subdivided equally into 6 groups. Pullets of group 1 remained unvaccinated and untreated with PAC. Birds of groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 were vaccinated with AviPro® MGF at 16 weeks of age and treated with PAC at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days post-vaccination respectively. Group 2 was kept as the vaccinated non-treated group. The pullets were tested for the presence of MGF strain in the trachea at different days after PAC-treatment completion. All PAC-treated groups showed tracheal MG recolonization after the treatment was discontinued. The percentage of positive tracheal MG swab cultures was consistently higher in group 6, reaching a plateau at 14 days post PAC treatment (100%, P<0.05). qPCR implied-tracheal MG counts indicated better recolonization efficiency for birds of groups 5 and 6 reaching up to 2322 × 103 and 2839 × 103 cfu/ml of broth, respectively, at 35 days post PAC treatment. Moreover, Group 6 showed the significantly highest titer to MG, recording a value of 2160, followed by the vaccinated untreated Group 2 (1128). For a successful application of live MG vaccine/antibiotics combination, it is recommended to delay PAC treatment 21 days after the vaccination of breeder pullets with AviPro® MGF.
Due to lack of regulations and certifications in Uganda for iron levels in animal feeds, there is great variability in iron levels in feeds from different suppliers. This may lead to under or over dosages of iron in animal feeds which may result in reduced farm productivity. In this study, locally produced animal feeds namely broiler starter, dairy meal and sow and weaner from six different suppliers namely Biyinzika, Mutima, Impala, Kuku, Nuvita, and Ugachic were investigated for their iron levels. The iron levels were determined using the European Commission method for Iron and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results indicate a substantial variation in iron levels recorded for the different suppliers ranging from 70 to 630 mg/kg. This was linked to insufficient knowledge and expertise in feed formulations and the lack of local regulatory standards for iron in animal feeds in Uganda. However, the results obtained in this study are within the limits set by international standards agencies and comparable to other studies.
