This study examines the impact of conventional and sustainable olive oil production methods on export levels in ten Mediterranean countries from 2011 to 2022. Using panelcorrected standard errors (PCSE) and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), the analysis explores relationships between export quantity, production volume, average annual rainfall, and export levels. The countries are divided into two sub-panels: conventional and sustainable practices. Results reveal a significant positive relationship between export quantity and export levels. In the sustainable sub-panel, the production volume and export relationship are positive but insignificant, while in the conventional sub-panel, it is negative and insignificant. Average annual rainfall positively influences export levels in the conventional panel but has an insignificant effect in the sustainable panel. The study recommends adopting sustainable practices to enhance export levels due to their positive economic and environmental outcomes.
The rise in prices and income levels significantly impact the demand for animal-sourced protein in Indonesia. The research aimed to analyze the consumption patterns of animalsource food and their impact on demand in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The study utilized secondary data from the 2021 National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas), collected by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) Indonesia, which involved a sample of 3,227 households. The research approach was based on the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand Systems (QUAIDS) method. The results showed that the most elastic animal-sourced food was beef, with a demand elasticity of -2.661, followed by fish (-2.229), poultry (-1.581), milk (-1.541), and eggs (- 0.669). All animal-sourced food were found to be luxury goods, except for eggs, which were considered normal goods. Beef is also the most luxurious good (2.359), followed by fish (2.191), milk (2.001), poultry (1.183), and eggs (0.507). The findings indicated that a price policy was more effective than an income policy in affecting the demand for animal-sourced food in Yogyakarta. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of considering animalsourced food’s price and income elasticity in formulating effective demand-influencing policies.
This study analyzes the economic efficiency of soybean production under contract and noncontract farming systems in the Northern region of Ghana. Using survey data from 374 soybean farmers, comprised of 200 contract farmers and 174 non-contract farmers, a stochastic frontier analysis and fractional regression models were employed to estimate technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies. The results reveal that contract farmers had a mean technical efficiency of 0.92, allocative efficiency of 0.869, and economic efficiency of 0.943, while non-contract farmers had mean technical efficiency of 0.973, allocative efficiency of 0.734, and economic efficiency of 0.866. Positive determinants of efficiency included education, farming experience, access to extension services, and participation in soybean contract farming. Off-farm activities and crop diversification negatively impacted efficiency. Contract farmers exhibited increasing returns to scale, while decreasing returns to scale prevailed among non-contract farmers. Factors influencing soybean output and production costs were also analyzed. The study highlights opportunities for enhancing soybean productivity and reducing production costs through improved resource allocation, adoption of training and extension services, and promoting contract farming arrangements that provide access to inputs, credit and technical support.
This work investigates the price links among four quality differentiated beef meats in the UK using the recently developed QVAR connectedness approach. The empirical results suggest: (a) Prices are more tightly linked to each other under extreme shocks (regardless of sign) than under small shocks. (b) Higher quality meats tend, in most cases, to be net transmitters of price shocks to lower quality ones. (c) The strength and the internal structure of the four-market network are time-varying; in periods of economic turmoil, the level of total connectedness rises and the position of individual markets in the network as net transmitters or receivers of price shocks may change.
North-central Nigeria is facing a challenging dilemma as displaced farmers struggle to recover agricultural productivity due to land tenure insecurity. This study examines the effect of land rights violation on agricultural output among displaced returnees in the region using descriptive statistics and ordinary least square regression analysis from a sample of 854 respondents. Drawing from the data collected across the selected states affected by farmersherders conflict in North-central Nigeria, the study reveals that unclear ownership and lack of formal land titles affect returnees’ decision to invest in farm land. The results of this study show that when land rights are violated due to conflict or land intrusion, the income and overall productivity of returnees drop. The study also reveals that assistance given as interventions during the period of displacement is found not to significantly affect production and return to economic activities among displaced returnees. Based on these findings, this study suggests strengthening property rights policy on land and resources, especially in rural communities so as to promote agricultural recovery and food security conflict-affected areas like North-central Nigeria.
This study surveyed household decision makers to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) a premium price for certified high-iron common beans and the underlying determinants in the urban areas of West Pokot County, Kenya. The data were collected from 384 respondents selected through a stratified multistage sampling technique using a pretested semi structured questionnaire. A one-and-one-half bounded contingent valuation method was utilized to assess WTP. The data were analyzed in R Software. Household decision makers were willing to pay an average price premium of Kenya Shillings 281 per kilogram. WTP was significantly influenced by age, the proportion of monthly income allocated to food items, access to nutrition information, relative trust in nutritional claims, relative trust in certification agencies and awareness of food certification. Interventions for implementing lower pricing and enhancing the trust and awareness levels of public certification agencies could be appropriate. Prices may gradually be raised once trust and familiarity with high iron common beans, have diffused among consumer segments.
Water security is a crucial element in the realm of agricultural development, significantly impacting the welfare of farmers and stakeholders throughout the agricultural supply chain. However, the connection between agricultural water security and food security has been relatively understudied. This research seeks to fill this gap by examining the influence of agricultural water security on the food security of smallholder farm households in Ghana. Using principal component analysis, the study classified farmers into two groups: those considered agriculturally water-secure (48.56%) and those agriculturally water-insecure (51.44%), with a threshold set at the 40th percentile. Employing an endogenous treatmenteffect ordered probit model, the research delved into the impact of water security on household food security among smallholder farmers. The analysis revealed several critical factors influencing agricultural water security, including gender, land ownership, non-farm income, access to extension services, credit availability, membership in farmer-based organizations (FBOs), adoption of irrigation, and information sources like NGOs and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA). These factors were identified as positively contributing to water security. Conversely, factors such as age, total livestock count, distance to water sources from the farm, and information obtained from fellow farmers hurt agricultural security. Concerning the effect of agricultural water security on food security, the study found that farmers achieving water security witnessed a significant 23% improvement in their food security status. This translated to reductions in mild food insecurity (by 0.8%), moderate food insecurity (by 6.1%), and severe food insecurity (by 17.8%). These findings underscore the importance of government and development partners' support for enhancing agricultural water security among smallholder farmers to improve overall food security.
The aim of this study is to calculate the technical efficiency of wine grape production in the South region of Brazil. Specifically, our main objective is to understand the key farm and farmer characteristics that affect agricultural productivity at the municipality level. The data from IBGE’s Brazilian Agricultural Census 2017 are used. The analysis is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, production efficiency using a VRS DEA model is estimated. In the second stage, a Tobit model is used to evaluate the main drivers that influence farm efficiency. The results show that maximum efficiency can be achieved in any of the three South Brazilian states. Efficiency is strongly related to factors such as the size of the vineyard. Moreover, the farmer’s age, as well as the participation of women and family members in management, also contribute positively to higher levels of farm efficiency.
Pigeon pea is a protein-rich legume grown in semi-arid areas. It ranks third among the pulses in Kenya and grows in different climates and soils. Characterizing pigeon pea farmers is important in formulating relevant policies for the farmers who differ from farmer to farmer. The study aimed at examining the characteristics of smallholder pigeon pea farmers. Using a cross-sectional survey of 310 pigeon pea farmers in Machakos, Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis were used to characterize the pigeon pea farmers and to identify their determinants. Results showed that farmers could be grouped into three clusters described as low agricultural production, average agricultural production, and high agricultural production farmers. The clusters were mainly shaped by variations in main occupation, type of roads, distance to the market, land size, source of agricultural information, and group membership. The study recommends reforms in land ownership policies that would increase financial accessibility and the infrastructure required by smallholder pigeon pea farmers.
This study explores the growth effect of public debt on the growth of agricultural and nonagricultural sectors as well as the aggregate economy. This investigation is imperative because the rising public debt in Nigeria may not have uniform implication on growth across sectors and the economy at large. The data for the analysis was sourced from the World Bank (WB), World Development indicators (WDI) covering the period of 1980 to 2021. The results using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) show that public debt, exports, and inflation have a statistically significant negative effect on growth in Nigeria while population growth has a significant positive effect on growth in Nigeria. However, the relationship between imports and GDP in Nigeria is not statistically significant. The result also shows that public debt exerts a significant negative effect on agricultural and industrial growth, while its effect on services growth is not significant. The study submitted that public debt exerts a significant adverse effect on growth in Nigeria. However, when looking at the sector-specific effect, the effect of public debt remains significant and negative for both agricultural and industrial sectors implying that higher levels of public debt are associated with lower growth in these two sector while in the services sector public debt does not show a significant effect. The study recommended the need to implement strong fiscal discipline and progressive tax system rather than borrowing to reduce public debt significantly and promote sectoral development.
This study investigates the framing effect on the willingness to pay (WTP) for the consumption of organic foods, particularly organic tomatoes. In addition, we evaluated how other variables, such as the respondent's socioeconomic characteristics, as well as their organic consumption pattern and their perceptions about organic foods, impacted the WTP for organic tomatoes. Results are based on data from an online survey applied to 434 consumers and on estimates of regression models for the expected WTP with and without control for the selection of people willing to pay a price premium for organic tomatoes. Two framing effects are tested – one with positive information about organic tomatoes and a second with negative information about a conventional product. While both types of framing had significant effects, negative framing played a more important role in the willingness to pay for organic tomatoes. Results also highlighted how other variables, such as income, positive perception about organic products and production, and environmental and health concerns, impacted the WTP for organic tomatoes.
Rates of food insecurity in Ghana have been rising before the onset of COVID-19 and have remained unchanged since then despite the economy's expansion in the 1990s to date. Dryseason commercial vegetable production is one of the people's key activities for survival in the Upper East Region. This study sought to examine the extent and determinants of food insecurity through an econometric estimation with household data from 322 dry-season vegetable farmers in the region. The study revealed that close to half (45.7%) of the sampled farm households are food insecure (FI) while food secure (FS) is 54.3%. FI households have a head count index of 33.33%, a food insecurity gap of 31.20 and a severity of food insecurity of 12.97%. Vegetable income, non-farm employment and own food production have positive marginal effects on households’ calorie availability in the region. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) should provide logistics and capacity-building workshops for the Agricultural Extension Officers (AEOs) to improve their knowledge and skills and ensure their accessibility to dry season vegetable farmers to improve the productivity, increase output and income of farmers to enhance food security in the region.
The purpose of this study is to identify the causal relationship between fishery GDP and the economic growth of Oman. The study analyzes the contribution of fishery production, licenses issued, and fishery exports to the GDP of the fishery sector. The time series data on fishery production, GDP, license issued, and volume of exports for the period of 1998–2021 has been used in this study. The VAR lag selection criterion, ADF unit root test, pairwise Granger causality, ordinary least squares method, and vector autoregression lag order model have been used as tools for analyses. The finding states that there is a unidirectional relationship between GDPF2 (GDP fishery in second order) and GDPT (Real GDP of the country). The past value of GDPT can predict the value of GDPF2, and there exists a causal relationship (independence) between the real gross domestic product of the country and fishery production. The study also found that, though GDPF2 is mostly affected by fishery production, the number of licenses issued, and the volume of exports have no significant impact on GDP. It has been recommended that the government should focus on its export and licensing policies to improve the fishing industry's proportionate share of economic growth.
In Costa Rica, the potato and onion agro-chains are of great importance in family nutrition and in the development of small and medium-sized producers in specific areas of the country. The study of price behavior and the way in which information is transmitted throughout the value chain represents a fundamental factor for decision-making both at the productive level and at the public policy level. The objective of this research is to analyze the process of vertical transmission of prices in the potato and onion agro-chains, as a tool to measure the efficiency in the markets. Monthly price time series were used and different modeling techniques were applied to explain the relationship between international prices, producer, wholesale and retail prices in both agricultural chains. It stands out that changes in prices are not immediately transmitted to the price paid at the farm and that the producer price reacts faster when international or wholesale prices fall than when they increase.
This paper investigates possibilities of reducing production inefficiency using same input vector. Firms mostly suffer technical inefficiency in their production. Producers are found to operate below the frontier. Hence, empirical measures of production efficiencies are necessary to determine the inefficiency level, magnitude of inefficiency reduction, and gains that could be obtained by improving performance in the sector. The study used secondary data collected from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) database. The dataset covers the period 1960-2021. Variables extracted included agricultural GDP (kg), fertiliser usage (kg), agricultural labour(man-days), and number of tractors (No). The data were subjected to a unit root test for stationarity, and a stochastic frontier production/ Cost function model were applied to determine technical inefficiency of variables in the model. The result of unit root shows that series are integrated of the first order I (1). AIC criteria indicate an optimal lag length of two years, while the Unrestricted Co-integration Trace and Maximum Eigenvalue test show strong evidence of long-run relationship amongst variables. The parameters of Stochastic Frontier Production Function estimated were positively consistent with the study’s a priori expectation for such variables as fertiliser (0.2634), labour (0.3159), land (0.1846), and tractor (0. 1587). Output-oriented technical efficiency is 0.7802 (78%) and 22% is technically inefficient. A decreasing returns to scale value of (0.9226) with a scale effect of 0.9226. The sector is 58% economically efficient with cost savings of 42% and 75% allocative efficiency. This study concludes that Nigeria’s agriculture suffers from production inefficiencies and this inefficiency can be reduced by using the same input levels.
This article assesses specific components of the agricultural sector as it impacts the growth of a developing nation’s economy. A mathematical model is developed with the aid of logistic growth model for the variables and the resulting model is solved numerically using a higher derivative block method to forecast the data for the agricultural components for years 2020- 2025, thus utilizing data ranging from 1981-2025. Econometric analysis was carried out using ARDL bound test method and the findings indicate the existence of short and long run relationship between food production, livestock, and economic growth. In addition, the Pairwise Granger causality showed the causality movement and ascertain the positive link among the variables. Therefore, this research suggests the need to encourage food production and livestock as components of agriculture through precise economic policies and funding for progress in the country’s economic outlook.
Global food insecurity has worsened due to COVID-19 and political crises. Persistent regional disparities are evident, with Africa, and specifically sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), bearing the heaviest burden. This study therefore explores the differential effects of macroeconomic variables on both the demand and supply sides of food security and their components, based on cross-country data from 2012 to 2022 for 28 countries, using panelcorrected standard error (PCSE) and system generalized method of moments (SGMM). Descriptive analysis reveals average food security percentages of 48.14% and 44.08% for the demand and supply sides, respectively. The PCSE and SGMM results also show that economic growth, agricultural output, and food trade openness have a similar effect on both the demand and supply sides, while employment in agriculture, population growth, and food price inflation have differential effects. The study recommends enhancing supply-side dimensions due to their lower indices and targeted interventions for short run impacts.
This article discusses the determinants of monthly food consumption expenditures of households in Mali, using a quintile approach. The study is based on survey data from the EMOP, 2020 on household expenditures. This survey was conducted in the same year among 6703 households in the eight regions of Mali and the District of Bamako. The application of the simultaneous quintile regression yields results indicating that total household expenditures are positively correlated with monthly household food consumption expenditures in the 25th, 50th, and 75th quintiles and also in all regions and the District of Bamako. An increase of one unit in the number of motorcycles in good condition owned by the household and in the number of internet connections would significantly reduce household food expenditures in all three quintiles in Mali. The inter-regional analysis, by OLS, indicates that with the exception of the regions of Koulikoro, Ségou and Kidal, the effect of the number of motorcycles in the other regions is negatively significant. It is most evident in Bamako (12018.88 FCFA), Kayes (10061.8 FCFA) and Timbuktu (5695.76 FCFA). Compared to the other regions, the effect of the cell phone would reduce the food consumption of households in Timbuktu more (5922.22 FCFA).
This study investigates the issues that affect market access among smallholder maize farmers from a supply chain perspective. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was used to test the relevance of access theory in assessing the effect of supply chain issues on market access. A total of 359 smallholder maize farmers were sampled randomly from Mbozi district in Tanzania for analysis. The effect of supply chain issues on market access were estimated by using marginal effects based on binary logit model. The study’s findings indicate that supply chain-related issues are significant predictors of market access among smallholder maize farmers in the surveyed area. Issues like long marketing and distribution channels, deficient supply chain infrastructure and intensive competition between the supply chains revealed a negative and significant effect on market access among smallholder maize farmers. Besides, better collaborations and networking, appropriate marketing skills and smallholders’ ability in meeting customers’ requirements revealed a positive and significant effect. Based on these results, authors recommend streamlined coordination and collaboration among agricultural multi-tiers, improve supply chain infrastructure and better quality of agricultural products as the important drivers toward enhanced market access among smallholder maize farmers. More specifically, this study enriches scholars and policymakers with information on the supply issues that affect market access among smallholder farmers, offers some managerial implications and direction for further studies.
This study investigates the impacts of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on agricultural commodities price volatilities. The analysis is conducted considering the movements in crude oil prices and their consequences in the global and Brazilian agricultural commodities markets. We employ a bivariate DCC-GARCH model to examine the volatility spillover and volatility contagion among the crude oil, wheat, corn, and soybean markets. Our results indicate an increase in volatility transmission after a military conflict. The increase in price cross-correlation in this period confirms the existence of contagious in crude oil and agricultural markets. The impacts seem to be greater at the international level, especially in the wheat and corn markets, highlighting the importance of Russia and Ukraine in grain production. Despite the participation of Brazil in global market, volatility transmission was similar to the pre-conflict period in local markets, indicating that emerging countries had also experienced other effects, as the exchange rate fluctuation.
