ABSTRACT Social media platforms have become central actors in governing online speech during geopolitical conflicts, navigating complex governance demands from diverse stake‐holding communities including states, civil society, and users. This paper explores these dynamics through an analysis of Meta, X (formerly Twitter), and TikTokduring the recent Russia–Ukraine war and Israel–Palestine conflict. We develop a framework categorizing platform strategies along two dimensions: activeness and alignment, leading to five response types: proactive, accommodation, avoidance, defiance, and disregard. Through analysis of 126 interaction events, we found three platforms’ distinct strategic approaches. Meta adopted the most proactive measures with clear inclinations to the Western states and calculated defiance against others. X's strategy shifted dramatically after Musk's takeover: from accommodation to defiance and disregard, though it made pragmatic accommodations under severe pressure. TikTok, risk‐averse, and geopolitically vulnerable, frequently employs cautious and ambivalent avoidance and disregard strategies. The findings shed light on how corporate strategy, institutional background, and geopolitical positioning shape how platforms construct their legitimacy in content governance.
User reporting of norm-violating content on social media is a crucial component of platform governance. While prior research has explored the motivations behind reporting-often drawing on the Bystander Intervention Model-less attention has been paid to how users navigate the processes involved. This process-oriented perspective has become particularly important in light of the European Union's Digital Services Act (DSA), which enables dual reporting pathways for community guideline violations and illegal content. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative interviews (N = 20) and a large-scale survey experiment (N = 2040), we examine user reporting behavior and the challenges encountered across social media platforms in Germany. Our findings indicate that factors such as users' internal reporting efficacy and the perceived consequences of norm-violating content are associated not only with prior reporting behavior but also with fewer difficulties during the reporting process. However, DSA-aligned reporting pathways introduce substantial procedural barriers, including classification complexity and data disclosure requirements. Compared to community-guideline reporting, navigating DSA-aligned pathways results in higher abandonment rates, more frequent misclassification, and increased self-reported difficulties. These insights highlight the need for user-centered reporting systems that are accessible and aligned with regulatory standards, providing guidance for platform design and policy implementation. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)--(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)--(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)<<(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)>>(DSA) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(N = 20)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(N = 2,040), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic) DSA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)DSA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). La denuncia por parte de los usuarios de contenido que infringe las normas en las redes sociales es un componente crucial de la gobernanza de las plataformas. Si bien investigaciones previas han explorado las motivaciones detr & aacute;s de las denuncias -a menudo bas & aacute;ndose en el Modelo de Intervenci & oacute;n del Observador-, se ha prestado menos atenci & oacute;n a c & oacute;mo los usuarios gestionan los procesos involucrados. Esta perspectiva orientada al proceso ha cobrado especial importancia a la luz de la Ley de Servicios Digitales (DSA) de la Uni & oacute;n Europea, que permite dos v & iacute;as de denuncia para las infracciones de las normas de la comunidad y el contenido ilegal. Mediante un enfoque de m & eacute;todos mixtos que combina entrevistas cualitativas (N = 20) y un experimento de encuesta a gran escala (N = 2040), examinamos el comportamiento de denuncia de los usuarios y los desaf & iacute;os encontrados en las plataformas de redes sociales en Alemania. Nuestros hallazgos indican que factores como la eficacia interna de denuncia de los usuarios y las consecuencias percibidas del contenido que infringe las normas est & aacute;n asociados no solo con el comportamiento de denuncia previo, sino tambi & eacute;n con menos dificultades durante el proceso de denuncia. Sin embargo, las v & iacute;as de denuncia alineadas con la DSA introducen importantes barreras procedimentales, incluyendo la complejidad de la clasificaci & oacute;n y los requisitos de divulgaci & oacute;n de datos. En comparaci & oacute;n con los informes basados en las directrices comunitarias, navegar por las v & iacute;as alineadas con las DSA genera mayores tasas de abandono, una clasificaci & oacute;n err & oacute;nea m & aacute;s frecuente y un aumento de las dificultades autoinformadas. Estos hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de sistemas de informes centrados en el usuario, accesibles y alineados con las normas regulatorias, que sirvan de gu & iacute;a para el dise & ntilde;o de plataformas y la implementaci & oacute;n de pol & iacute;ticas.
Amid continued public controversy and political debate about online speech governments and civil society have pushed social media platforms to increase transparency around how they regulate speech, through community guidelines and content moderation systems, to support users to hold companies accountable for content removals. But how well do users understand apply platform content rules? We report results of two complementary studies. In Study 1, lab participants were randomly assigned to judge whether posts violated the guidelines of 10 platforms. Users' interpretations of the guidelines were inconsistent with each other, especially for platforms with longer documents. In Study 2, we preregistered an experiment testing whether shortened versions of Meta's guidelines improved understanding. Reducing length without simplifying moderation rules did not lower disagreement about what content the platform moderates. Taken together, our results indicate substantial room to improve the interpretability of community guidelines, enabling users to evaluate moderation more reliably. These findings highlight design tradeoffs and motivate clearer, example-driven guidance. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)?(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)1(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)2(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)Meta(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). Las plataformas de redes sociales dan forma al discurso pol & iacute;tico y provocan debates sobre su control de la libertad de expresi & oacute;n. Para promover la transparencia, legisladores y acad & eacute;micos instaron a las plataformas a publicar directrices comunitarias que describieran el discurso permitido, permitiendo a los usuarios exigir responsabilidades a las empresas por las eliminaciones. Pero & iquest;hasta qu & eacute; punto comprenden y aplican los usuarios estas normas? Presentamos los resultados de dos estudios complementarios. En el Estudio 1, los participantes del laboratorio fueron asignados aleatoriamente para juzgar si las publicaciones infring & iacute;an las directrices de diez plataformas. La interpretaci & oacute;n de las directrices por parte de los usuarios fue inconsistente con la de otros usuarios, especialmente en las plataformas con documentos m & aacute;s extensos. En el Estudio 2, registramos previamente un experimento para comprobar si las versiones abreviadas de las directrices de Meta mejoraban la comprensi & oacute;n. Reducir la extensi & oacute;n sin simplificar las reglas de moderaci & oacute;n no disminuy & oacute; el desacuerdo sobre el contenido que modera la plataforma. En conjunto, nuestros resultados indican un amplio margen para mejorar la interpretabilidad de las directrices comunitarias, lo que permitir & iacute;a a los usuarios evaluar la moderaci & oacute;n de forma m & aacute;s fiable. Estos hallazgos ponen de manifiesto las ventajas y desventajas del dise & ntilde;o y justifican la creaci & oacute;n de directrices m & aacute;s claras y basadas en ejemplos.
Privacy notices have become ubiquitous across digital platforms, yet they consistently fail to enable informed user choice about data collection and sharing practices. Despite decades of research and regulatory interventions, users continue to ignore or misunderstand privacy notices. We identify three systemic problems that explain this persistent failure. First, the privacy notice ecosystem suffers from terminological chaos, where identical functions are described using inconsistent language, creating confusion rather than clarity. Second, privacy notices now serve conflicting masters: they must simultaneously inform users and provide legal cover for organisations, with compliance objectives consistently winning over usability. Third, the complexity of modern data practices has outpaced what any notice can meaningfully communicate, yet regulators and industry continue expanding the paradigm to new domains like IoT. These problems compound to create "regulatory theatre"- performative compliance that legitimates data extraction while failing to empower users. We argue that these structural contradictions reveal fundamental questions about whether the notice-and-choice paradigm can function effectively in contemporary digital ecosystems. Future research should prioritise designing privacy communication tools based on actual user behaviour- quick decisions using heuristic cues-rather than comprehensive technical disclosure.
This article examines the theme of transnationality in online radicalization processes through an empirical case. It focuses on a group called 'The Kiss', led by a Portuguese teenager (Micazz) who encouraged individuals to carry out acts of violence in Brazil in 2023. The study sought to answer the following question: What can The Kiss case reveal about the transnationalization of online radicalization processes? To address this question, we conducted a qualitative study, combining semi-structured interviews with three police officers who took an active part in the investigations into The Kiss digital community, together with official information from the criminal case in Portugal. The results show that the community operated across multiple digital platforms (Discord, Telegram, Facebook, TikTok, Mega, and Instagram), forming an interconnected ecosystem for the practice of violence, with particular emphasis on school attacks, encouragement of self-harm, cruelty toward animals, and the sale of child sexual content. The characteristics observed provide empirical evidence that reinforces findings from literature on the third generation of radicalization. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"The Kiss"(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(Micazz)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):(sic)2023(sic)4(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)"The Kiss"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)?(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"The Kiss"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)Micazz(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(Discord,Telegram,Facebook,TikTok,Mega,Instagram), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). Este art & iacute;culo examina el tema de la transnacionalidad en los procesos de radicalizaci & oacute;n en l & iacute;nea a trav & eacute;s de un caso emp & iacute;rico. Se centra en un grupo llamado The Kiss, liderado por un adolescente portugu & eacute;s (Micazz), quien coordin & oacute; acciones violentas llevadas a cabo por individuos en Brasil. Estos elementos se analizaron para responder a la siguiente pregunta: & iquest;Qu & eacute; caracter & iacute;sticas del caso The Kiss revelan la transnacionalizaci & oacute;n de los procesos de radicalizaci & oacute;n en l & iacute;nea observados en Brasil durante la ola de ataques escolares planificados que comenz & oacute; en abril de 2023? Para abordar esta pregunta, se realiz & oacute; un estudio cualitativo que combin & oacute; entrevistas semiestructuradas con tres agentes de polic & iacute;a que participaron activamente en las investigaciones de la comunidad digital The Kiss y su administrador, Mikazz, junto con informaci & oacute;n oficial del caso penal en Portugal. Los resultados muestran que la comunidad operaba en m & uacute;ltiples plataformas digitales (Discord, Telegram, Facebook, TikTok, Mega, Instagram), conformando un ecosistema interconectado para la pr & aacute;ctica de la violencia, con especial & eacute;nfasis en ataques escolares, incitaci & oacute;n a la autolesi & oacute;n, crueldad animal y venta de contenido sexual infantil. Las caracter & iacute;sticas observadas proporcionan evidencia emp & iacute;rica que refuerza los hallazgos de la literatura sobre la tercera generaci & oacute;n de radicalizaci & oacute;n.
Digital governance in transitional democracies promises enhanced participation but often produces new forms of exclusion. This study examines the "technopolitical paradox" in post-Reformasi Indonesia, where algorithmic systems expand engagement while reinforcing elite control. Introducing a novel framework of algorithmic legitimacy, participation facades, and technocratic inclusion, the research analyzes how digital technologies reshape political authority. Based on mixed-methods data, policy analysis, 45 interviews, digital ethnography, and a survey (n = 1247), the findings reveal that data-driven claims obscure political choices, participatory platforms simulate engagement without influence, and technical requirements systematically marginalize non-expert citizens. The study concludes that digital governance risks reproducing inequality behind a meritocratic facade, challenging democratic values in the digital age. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)", (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),45(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(n=1247), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). La gobernanza digital en las democracias en transici & oacute;n promete una mayor participaci & oacute;n, pero a menudo genera nuevas formas de exclusi & oacute;n. Este estudio examina la "paradoja tecnopol & iacute;tica" en la Indonesia posterior a la Reforma, donde los sistemas algor & iacute;tmicos ampl & iacute;an la participaci & oacute;n a la vez que refuerzan el control de las & eacute;lites. Mediante la introducci & oacute;n de un marco novedoso de legitimidad algor & iacute;tmica, fachadas de participaci & oacute;n e inclusi & oacute;n tecnocr & aacute;tica, la investigaci & oacute;n analiza c & oacute;mo las tecnolog & iacute;as digitales reconfiguran la autoridad pol & iacute;tica. Con base en datos de m & eacute;todos mixtos, an & aacute;lisis de pol & iacute;ticas, 45 entrevistas, etnograf & iacute;a digital y una encuesta (n=1247), los hallazgos revelan que las afirmaciones basadas en datos ocultan las opciones pol & iacute;ticas, las plataformas participativas simulan la participaci & oacute;n sin influencia y los requisitos t & eacute;cnicos marginan sistem & aacute;ticamente a los ciudadanos no expertos. El estudio concluye que la gobernanza digital corre el riesgo de reproducir la desigualdad tras una fachada meritocr & aacute;tica, desafiando los valores democr & aacute;ticos en la era digital.
Previous research has identified two competing outcomes of regulatory disclosure for negative online sentiment: chilling effects, which suppress negative online sentiment, and reactance effects, which intensify it. In this study, we apply these theories to examine the impact of mandatory IP location disclosure on citizens' negative online sentiment expressed on Sina Weibo, a leading Chinese social media platform. We argue that the mandatory IP location disclosure can have opposite effects on negative online sentiment depending on the type of social media context. To test this, we use a quasi-natural experiment and analyze more than 160,000 comments posted before and after the implementation of the mandatory IP location disclosure policy. Employing a regression discontinuity design (RDD), we find that mandatory IP location disclosure reduces negative sentiment under government accounts while amplifying it under non-government accounts, particularly in the re-post section. These findings reveal the heterogeneous effects of regulatory disclosure and shed light on how citizens adapt their online expression strategies in response. More broadly, the study advances our understanding of the interplay among citizens, platforms, and governments in regulated social media environments. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)IP(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)IP(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)IP(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)16(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(RDD), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)IP(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). Investigaciones previas han identificado dos resultados contrapuestos de la divulgaci & oacute;n regulatoria para el sentimiento negativo en l & iacute;nea: efectos disuasorios, que suprimen el sentimiento negativo en l & iacute;nea, y efectos de reactancia, que lo intensifican. En este estudio, aplicamos estas teor & iacute;as para examinar el impacto de la divulgaci & oacute;n obligatoria de la ubicaci & oacute;n IP en el sentimiento negativo en l & iacute;nea de los ciudadanos con respecto a las publicaciones en Sina Weibo, una plataforma l & iacute;der de redes sociales china. Argumentamos que la divulgaci & oacute;n obligatoria de la ubicaci & oacute;n IP puede tener efectos opuestos en el sentimiento negativo en l & iacute;nea dependiendo del tipo de contexto de redes sociales. Para comprobarlo, utilizamos un experimento cuasi-natural y analizamos m & aacute;s de 160.000 comentarios publicados antes y despu & eacute;s de la implementaci & oacute;n de la pol & iacute;tica de divulgaci & oacute;n obligatoria de la ubicaci & oacute;n IP. Empleando un dise & ntilde;o de discontinuidad de regresi & oacute;n (RDD), encontramos que la divulgaci & oacute;n obligatoria de la ubicaci & oacute;n IP reduce el sentimiento negativo en las cuentas gubernamentales, mientras que lo amplifica en las cuentas no gubernamentales, particularmente en la secci & oacute;n de republicaciones. Estos hallazgos revelan los efectos heterog & eacute;neos de la divulgaci & oacute;n regulatoria y arrojan luz sobre c & oacute;mo los ciudadanos adaptan sus estrategias de expresi & oacute;n en l & iacute;nea en respuesta. En t & eacute;rminos m & aacute;s generales, el estudio ampl & iacute;a nuestra comprensi & oacute;n de la interacci & oacute;n entre ciudadanos, plataformas y gobiernos en entornos de redes sociales regulados.
Besides clear policy directives, the unresolved and open-ended elements in policy communication also create discursive politics. This article argues that ambiguity in policy communication reflects the state's exercise of power within a fractured sociocultural landscape. Examining state policies around the platform economy, we demonstrate how China's techno-politics are constructed upon visions of the future and their ambiguous articulations-ambiguous imaginaries. By integrating the concepts of sociotechnical imaginaries and strategic ambiguity, we conduct a longitudinal qualitative analysis to identify and trace the evolution of three functional imaginaries (transformative, conflict-mediating, and regulatory). Together, these functional imaginaries co-constitute an ultimate imaginary (healthy platforms). Each type mobilizes ambiguity respectively via metaphors, contradictory descriptions, and shifting emphases. This produces ambiguities that either evoke modernization or mediate tensions around the platform's role as an enterprise or capital within the socialist market economy. We argue that these ambiguous imaginaries serve as a discursive "glue," temporarily reconciling deep-seated ideological fractures through surface-level uncertainty and future promises. This article contributes a framework that interprets the futuristic ambiguities embedded in policy as both an actionable instrument and a future gaze, making development possible in the (centralized) developmentalist state. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)--(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)--(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)) (sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)) .(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) Adem & aacute;s de las directrices pol & iacute;ticas claras, los elementos no resueltos y abiertos en la comunicaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica tambi & eacute;n generan discursiva pol & iacute;tica. Este art & iacute;culo sostiene que la ambig & uuml;edad en la comunicaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica refleja el ejercicio del poder estatal dentro de un panorama sociocultural fragmentado. Al examinar las pol & iacute;ticas estatales en torno a la econom & iacute;a de plataformas, demostramos c & oacute;mo la tecnopol & iacute;tica china se construye sobre visiones del futuro y sus articulaciones ambiguas: imaginarios ambiguos. Al integrar los conceptos de imaginarios sociot & eacute;cnicos y ambig & uuml;edad estrat & eacute;gica, realizamos un an & aacute;lisis cualitativo longitudinal para identificar y rastrear la evoluci & oacute;n de tres imaginarios funcionales (transformador, mediador de conflictos y regulador). En conjunto, estos imaginarios funcionales constituyen un imaginario & uacute;ltimo (plataformas saludables). Cada tipo moviliza la ambig & uuml;edad, respectivamente, a trav & eacute;s de met & aacute;foras, descripciones contradictorias y & eacute;nfasis cambiantes. Esto produce ambig & uuml;edades que evocan la modernizaci & oacute;n o median las tensiones en torno al papel de la plataforma como empresa o capital dentro de la econom & iacute;a de mercado socialista. Sostenemos que estos imaginarios ambiguos funcionan como un & laquo;pegamento & raquo; discursivo, reconciliando temporalmente profundas fracturas ideol & oacute;gicas mediante la incertidumbre superficial y las promesas de futuro. Este art & iacute;culo aporta un marco que interpreta las ambig & uuml;edades futuristas inherentes a las pol & iacute;ticas como un instrumento pr & aacute;ctico y una visi & oacute;n de futuro, posibilitando el desarrollo en el Estado desarrollista (centralizado).
In an era of proliferating but divergent data protection regimes, the European Union's rights-based approach and China's sovereignty-centric model have become two dominant poles of global data governance. This article examines how multinational enterprises navigate compliance under these dual systems and how that compliance is shaped through interaction with regulators and courts. Using a multi-level qualitative framework, we combine macro analysis of legal regimes, meso assessment of enforcement, and micro case studies of TikTok in the EU and Accor in China. We show that both jurisdictions assert extraterritorial control and intensify enforcement through distinct institutional pathways. Confronted with conflicting obligations, firms segment data architectures and embed compliance in technical design, trading interoperability for legal certainty. These dynamics reveal a recursive relationship between law, enforcement, and organisational adaptation, in which the practical meaning of compliance is produced through rules-in-use and firms exercise bounded agency rather than full autonomy. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)TikTok(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). En una era de reg & iacute;menes de protecci & oacute;n de datos cada vez m & aacute;s numerosos pero divergentes, el enfoque basado en derechos de la Uni & oacute;n Europea y el modelo centrado en la soberan & iacute;a de China se han convertido en dos polos dominantes de la gobernanza global de datos. Este art & iacute;culo examina c & oacute;mo las empresas multinacionales gestionan el cumplimiento normativo bajo estos dos sistemas y c & oacute;mo dicho cumplimiento se configura mediante la interacci & oacute;n con reguladores y tribunales. Utilizando un marco cualitativo multinivel, combinamos un an & aacute;lisis macro de los reg & iacute;menes legales, una evaluaci & oacute;n meso de la aplicaci & oacute;n de la normativa y estudios de caso micro de TikTok en la UE y Accor en China. Demostramos que ambas jurisdicciones ejercen un control extraterritorial e intensifican la aplicaci & oacute;n de la normativa a trav & eacute;s de v & iacute;as institucionales distintas. Ante obligaciones contradictorias, las empresas segmentan sus arquitecturas de datos e integran el cumplimiento en el dise & ntilde;o t & eacute;cnico, priorizando la seguridad jur & iacute;dica sobre la interoperabilidad. Estas din & aacute;micas revelan una relaci & oacute;n recursiva entre la ley, la aplicaci & oacute;n de la normativa y la adaptaci & oacute;n organizativa, en la que el significado pr & aacute;ctico del cumplimiento se produce a trav & eacute;s de las normas en uso y las empresas ejercen una capacidad de acci & oacute;n limitada en lugar de una autonom & iacute;a plena.
Existing research has predominantly focused on institutionalized feedback mechanisms in democratic systems, leaving insufficient exploration of how public opinion influences policymaking in nondemocratic regimes, especially where formal feedback channels are limited. This study proposes a conceptual framework of informal feedback mechanisms, illustrating how social media functions as a vital tool for public influence within the context of China's consultative authoritarianism. By analyzing 99,924 Weibo comments from 2019 to 2024 related to the Leave Compensation Policy (tiaoxiu), we apply BERTopic topic modeling and GPT-assisted sentiment annotation to identify seven core themes in public discourse, with Optimizing Leave Policy, Rejecting Overtime emerging as the most prominent. All themes exhibit stable and significantly negative sentiment. Furthermore, using text analysis, we identify substantial convergence between government policy texts and public discourse around the core themes, and show that subsequent policy adjustments ultimately responded to the public's central demands. The study also highlights the differentiated discursive strategies adopted by national media, commercial media, and experts in amplifying, filtering, and translating public opinion. By foregrounding the interpretive effects within informal feedback loops, this research extends the theoretical framework of policy feedback pathways and reveals how social media facilitates public mobilization and policy adaptation under authoritarian governance. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)2019(sic)(sic)2024(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)99,924(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)BERTopic(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)GPT(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). La investigaci & oacute;n existente se ha centrado principalmente en los mecanismos de retroalimentaci & oacute;n institucionalizados en sistemas democr & aacute;ticos, dejando una exploraci & oacute;n insuficiente de c & oacute;mo la opini & oacute;n p & uacute;blica influye en la formulaci & oacute;n de pol & iacute;ticas en reg & iacute;menes no democr & aacute;ticos, especialmente donde los canales formales de retroalimentaci & oacute;n son limitados. Este estudio propone un marco conceptual de mecanismos de retroalimentaci & oacute;n informales, ilustrando c & oacute;mo las redes sociales funcionan como una herramienta vital para la influencia p & uacute;blica dentro del contexto del autoritarismo consultivo de China. Mediante el an & aacute;lisis de 99.924 comentarios de Weibo de 2019 a 2024 relacionados con la Pol & iacute;tica de Compensaci & oacute;n por Licencia (tiaoxiu), aplicamos el modelado de temas BERTopic y la anotaci & oacute;n de sentimiento asistida por GPT para identificar siete temas centrales en el discurso p & uacute;blico, siendo la Optimizaci & oacute;n de la Pol & iacute;tica de Licencia y el Rechazo de las Horas Extras los m & aacute;s prominentes. Todos los temas muestran un sentimiento estable y significativamente negativo. Adem & aacute;s, mediante el an & aacute;lisis de texto, identificamos una convergencia sustancial entre los textos de pol & iacute;tica gubernamental y el discurso p & uacute;blico en torno a los temas centrales, y mostramos que los ajustes de pol & iacute;tica posteriores respondieron finalmente a las demandas centrales del p & uacute;blico. El estudio tambi & eacute;n destaca las estrategias discursivas diferenciadas que adoptan los medios nacionales, los medios comerciales y los expertos para amplificar, filtrar y traducir la opini & oacute;n p & uacute;blica. Al poner de relieve los efectos interpretativos dentro de los bucles de retroalimentaci & oacute;n informales, esta investigaci & oacute;n ampl & iacute;a el marco te & oacute;rico de las v & iacute;as de retroalimentaci & oacute;n de pol & iacute;ticas y revela c & oacute;mo las redes sociales facilitan la movilizaci & oacute;n p & uacute;blica y la adaptaci & oacute;n de pol & iacute;ticas bajo reg & iacute;menes autoritarios.
With the rise of AI, concerns about its potential for manipulation in political communication have intensified, accompanied by discussions about regulatory measures. Research has explored perceptions of risks and preferences regarding AI use and regulations among the general population, and in fields such as journalism. However, little is known about attitudes toward AI in political communication or how individual factors, such as internal and external political efficacy, may shape these views. Using a representative survey of the German population (N = 1991), this study aims to assess citizens ' perceptions of risks, acceptance, and regulations for AI use in political communication, and predictors of these attitudes. Results show that AI is perceived as risky and is associated with threats to democracy. AI tasks such as translations are more accepted than its use for creating realistic visual content. Transparency measures are preferred over stricter regulations. Knowledge and curiosity about technology are associated with a more nuanced perspective on regulations, favoring transparency. Fears about AI increase, while external political efficacy decreases preferences for regulatory intervention. Findings underscore that the use of AI in political communication requires education about AI, transparency, and targeted regulatory measures to address concerns and build acceptance for its use. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(N = 1,991), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).. Con el auge de la IA, se ha intensificado la preocupaci & oacute;n por su potencial de manipulaci & oacute;n en la comunicaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica, acompa & ntilde;ada de debates sobre medidas regulatorias. La investigaci & oacute;n ha explorado las percepciones de riesgos y preferencias respecto al uso y las regulaciones de la IA entre la poblaci & oacute;n general y en & aacute;mbitos como el periodismo. Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre las actitudes hacia la IA en la comunicaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica o c & oacute;mo factores individuales, como la eficacia pol & iacute;tica interna y externa, pueden influir en estas opiniones. Mediante una encuesta representativa de la poblaci & oacute;n alemana (N = 1991), este estudio busca evaluar las percepciones de los ciudadanos sobre los riesgos, la aceptaci & oacute;n y las regulaciones para el uso de la IA en la comunicaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica, as & iacute; como los predictores de estas actitudes. Los resultados muestran que la IA se percibe como riesgosa y se asocia con amenazas a la democracia. Tareas de IA como las traducciones tienen mayor aceptaci & oacute;n que su uso para crear contenido visual realista. Se prefieren las medidas de transparencia a regulaciones m & aacute;s estrictas. El conocimiento y la curiosidad sobre la tecnolog & iacute;a se asocian con una perspectiva m & aacute;s matizada sobre las regulaciones, lo que favorece la transparencia. Aumenta el temor a la IA, mientras que la eficacia pol & iacute;tica externa disminuye la preferencia por la intervenci & oacute;n regulatoria. Los hallazgos subrayan que el uso de IA en la comunicaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica requiere educaci & oacute;n sobre IA, transparencia y medidas regulatorias espec & iacute;ficas para abordar las preocupaciones y generar aceptaci & oacute;n para su uso.
This article investigates how TikTok Shop reproduces the e-commerce model of Douyin Shop against a backdrop of divergent regulatory challenges and geopolitical distrust. One of the strategic changes we observe in TikTok Shop is the shift of consumer goods suppliers from local merchants to China-based sellers. The Chinese supply chain is thereby platformized into TikTok's global e-commerce ecosystem through partnerships with local shipping, warehousing, and international settlements providers. Building on the paradigm shift from location analysis to spatial analysis, as proposed in existing scholarship, we argue that an analytical approach centered on the national origin of platforms obscures the corporate-led, cross-border deployment of resources, which scopes value spatially. Although transnational platforms may appear subordinate to state power under which they operate, there is a generative interplay between border-bound components and borderless intangible assets such as data-based digital intelligence. This interplay extends digital platforms both geographically and spatially by incorporating territory-bound business actors into a reconfigured transnational space in pursuit of global profit. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)TikTok(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)TikTok(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)TikTok(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). Este art & iacute;culo investiga c & oacute;mo TikTok Shop reproduce el modelo de comercio electr & oacute;nico de Douyin Shop en un contexto de desaf & iacute;os regulatorios divergentes y desconfianza geopol & iacute;tica. Uno de los cambios estrat & eacute;gicos que observamos en TikTok Shop es la transici & oacute;n de los proveedores de bienes de consumo de comerciantes locales a vendedores con sede en China. De este modo, la cadena de suministro china se integra en el ecosistema global de comercio electr & oacute;nico de TikTok mediante la colaboraci & oacute;n con proveedores locales de env & iacute;o, almacenamiento y liquidaciones internacionales. Partiendo del cambio de paradigma del an & aacute;lisis de ubicaci & oacute;n al an & aacute;lisis espacial, propuesto en la investigaci & oacute;n existente, argumentamos que un enfoque anal & iacute;tico centrado en el origen nacional de las plataformas oscurece el despliegue transfronterizo de recursos, liderado por las corporaciones, que delimita el valor espacialmente. Si bien las plataformas transnacionales pueden parecer subordinadas al poder estatal bajo el cual operan, existe una interacci & oacute;n generativa entre los componentes fronterizos y los activos intangibles transfronterizos, como la inteligencia digital basada en datos. Esta interacci & oacute;n extiende las plataformas digitales tanto geogr & aacute;fica como espacialmente al incorporar actores comerciales territoriales a un espacio transnacional reconfigurado en busca de beneficios globales.
Over the past two decades, Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) have become widely used tools that provide personalized political information to help voters make informed choices and strengthen democratic processes. However, little research has examined their potential unintended effects. This article analyzes data from a follow-up survey of the VAA Voteswiper during the 2025 German federal election campaign to assess whether VAA results align with users' prior voting intentions and how they correlate with subsequent short-term voting intentions. We find that users intending to vote for fringe parties are most likely to receive a VAA match consistent with their initial preferences. In contrast, those initially favoring more centrist parties are less likely to receive a match with their preferred party and more often match with populist or fringe parties-particularly the far-right Alternative for Germany. Moreover, we identify substantial differences across social groups in both the alignment between VAA results and prior preferences and the extent to which VAA results influence intended short-term vote choices. These findings suggest that VAAs may disproportionately benefit populist parties, especially on the radical right, potentially shifting user preferences and challenging the widely held view of VAAs as neutral tools of political education. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(VAA)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)2025(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)VAA Voteswiper(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)VAA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)VAA(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(AfD)) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)VAA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)VAA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), VAA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)VAA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). Durante las & uacute;ltimas dos d & eacute;cadas, las Aplicaciones de Asesoramiento Electoral (VAA) se han convertido en herramientas ampliamente utilizadas que proporcionan informaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica personalizada para ayudar a los votantes a tomar decisiones informadas y fortalecer los procesos democr & aacute;ticos. Sin embargo, pocas investigaciones han examinado sus posibles efectos no deseados. Este art & iacute;culo analiza datos de una encuesta de seguimiento de VAA Voteswiper durante la campa & ntilde;a electoral federal alemana de 2025 para evaluar si los resultados de VAA se alinean con las intenciones de voto previas de los usuarios y c & oacute;mo se correlacionan con las intenciones de voto posteriores a corto plazo. Observamos que los usuarios que tienen la intenci & oacute;n de votar por partidos marginales tienen m & aacute;s probabilidades de recibir una coincidencia de VAA coherente con sus preferencias iniciales. Por el contrario, quienes inicialmente favorecen a partidos m & aacute;s centristas tienen menos probabilidades de recibir una coincidencia con su partido preferido y con mayor frecuencia coinciden con partidos populistas o marginales, en particular el partido de extrema derecha Alternativa para Alemania (AfD). Adem & aacute;s, identificamos diferencias sustanciales entre los grupos sociales tanto en la alineaci & oacute;n entre los resultados de VAA y las preferencias previas, como en el grado en que los resultados de VAA influyen en las decisiones de voto previstas a corto plazo. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los VAA pueden beneficiar desproporcionadamente a los partidos populistas, especialmente los de la derecha radical, cambiando potencialmente las preferencias de los usuarios y desafiando la visi & oacute;n ampliamente aceptada de los VAA como herramientas neutrales de educaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica.
This study explores how predictive artificial intelligence (AI) becomes institutionalized in public administration, using a wildfire risk-prediction system implemented by a Korean forestry agency as a case. Moving beyond technical performance, the study conceptualizes predictive AI as a dynamic policy instrument that reshapes administrative routines, authority, and accountability. Drawing on Scott's institutional theory, Salamon's policy-instrument framework, and Ziewitz's algorithmic governance model, it employs a mixed-methods design combining surveys and semi-structured interviews with frontline officials. The findings reveal three insights. First, predictive AI influences decision-making by offering real-time quantitative justification, especially in field-level operations. Second, successful institutionalization depends on the alignment of regulatory (e.g., SOPs), normative (e.g., leadership support), and cognitive (e.g., trust) pillars. Third, organizational context-such as agency size and leadership orientation-mediates how these factors interact. Despite high technical accuracy, institutionalization remains uneven due to unclear accountability and weak integration mechanisms. The study identifies a structural tension between AI-driven efficiency and traditional accountability norms. Theoretically, it bridges policy-instrument theory and algorithmic governance within an institutional framework. Practically, it proposes design principles for responsible AI implementation in government. While focused on wildfire management, the framework is transferable to other predictive technologies in public administration. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(AI)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)) ,(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)) (sic)(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) ((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). Este estudio explora c & oacute;mo la inteligencia artificial (IA) predictiva se institucionaliza en la administraci & oacute;n p & uacute;blica, utilizando como caso un sistema de predicci & oacute;n de riesgos de incendios forestales implementado por una agencia forestal coreana. M & aacute;s all & aacute; del rendimiento t & eacute;cnico, el estudio conceptualiza la IA predictiva como un instrumento pol & iacute;tico din & aacute;mico que redefine las rutinas administrativas, la autoridad y la rendici & oacute;n de cuentas. Bas & aacute;ndose en la teor & iacute;a institucional de Scott, el marco de instrumentos pol & iacute;ticos de Salamon y el modelo de gobernanza algor & iacute;tmica de Ziewitz, se emplea un dise & ntilde;o de m & eacute;todos mixtos que combina encuestas y entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios de primera l & iacute;nea. Los hallazgos revelan tres perspectivas. En primer lugar, la IA predictiva influye en la toma de decisiones al ofrecer una justificaci & oacute;n cuantitativa en tiempo real, especialmente en operaciones sobre el terreno. En segundo lugar, el & eacute;xito de la institucionalizaci & oacute;n depende de la alineaci & oacute;n de los pilares regulatorios (p. ej., procedimientos operativos est & aacute;ndar), normativos (p. ej., apoyo del liderazgo) y cognitivos (p. ej., confianza). En tercer lugar, el contexto organizacional -como el tama & ntilde;o de la agencia y la orientaci & oacute;n del liderazgo- media la interacci & oacute;n de estos factores. A pesar de su alta precisi & oacute;n t & eacute;cnica, la institucionalizaci & oacute;n sigue siendo desigual debido a la falta de claridad en la rendici & oacute;n de cuentas y a la debilidad de los mecanismos de integraci & oacute;n. El estudio identifica una tensi & oacute;n estructural entre la eficiencia impulsada por la IA y las normas tradicionales de rendici & oacute;n de cuentas. En teor & iacute;a, conecta la teor & iacute;a de instrumentos de pol & iacute;tica con la gobernanza algor & iacute;tmica dentro de un marco institucional. En la pr & aacute;ctica, propone principios de dise & ntilde;o para la implementaci & oacute;n responsable de la IA en el gobierno. Si bien se centra en la gesti & oacute;n de incendios forestales, el marco es transferible a otras tecnolog & iacute;as predictivas en la administraci & oacute;n p & uacute;blica.
Existing research on AI hallucinations has largely framed them as technical flaws undermining user experience, with little attention to their role as emergent risk signals in sociocognitive processes. To address this gap, this study applies the Social Amplification of Risk Framework to examine how hallucination-driven risk perception relates to perceptions of media narratives and government performance. Using survey data from 811 generative-AI users in mainland China, we test a dual-path mediation model exploring the associations between perceived hallucination, perceptions of media hype and governance ineffectiveness, and subsequent risk perception and information behaviors. Results show an asymmetrical pattern: hallucination is linked to elevated risk through the media hype pathway, which is further associated with higher information-sharing intention, whereas the governance pathway shows no direct association unless moderated by perceived behavioral control. Neither pathway is related to enhanced verification, revealing a decoupling of risk perception from epistemic vigilance. Implications for theorizing risk processing in opaque AI environments and for designing responsive governance strategies are discussed. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)811(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic);(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). La investigaci & oacute;n existente sobre las alucinaciones de IA las ha enmarcado principalmente como fallas t & eacute;cnicas que minan la experiencia del usuario, prestando poca atenci & oacute;n a su papel como se & ntilde;ales de riesgo emergentes en los procesos sociocognitivos. Para abordar esta deficiencia, este estudio aplica el Marco de Amplificaci & oacute;n Social del Riesgo para examinar c & oacute;mo la percepci & oacute;n del riesgo impulsada por las alucinaciones se relaciona con las percepciones de las narrativas medi & aacute;ticas y el desempe & ntilde;o gubernamental. Utilizando datos de una encuesta a 811 usuarios de IA generativa en China continental, probamos un modelo de mediaci & oacute;n de doble v & iacute;a que explora las asociaciones entre la alucinaci & oacute;n percibida, las percepciones de la publicidad medi & aacute;tica y la ineficacia de la gobernanza, y la percepci & oacute;n del riesgo y los comportamientos informativos subsiguientes. Los resultados muestran un patr & oacute;n asim & eacute;trico: la alucinaci & oacute;n se vincula con un mayor riesgo a trav & eacute;s de la v & iacute;a de la publicidad medi & aacute;tica, que a su vez se asocia con una mayor intenci & oacute;n de compartir informaci & oacute;n, mientras que la v & iacute;a de la gobernanza no muestra una asociaci & oacute;n directa a menos que sea moderada por el control conductual percibido. Ninguna de las v & iacute;as se relaciona con una verificaci & oacute;n mejorada, lo que revela una disociaci & oacute;n entre la percepci & oacute;n del riesgo y la vigilancia epist & eacute;mica. Se discuten las implicaciones para la teorizaci & oacute;n del procesamiento del riesgo en entornos de IA opacos y para el dise & ntilde;o de estrategias de gobernanza receptivas.
Para las fuerzas del orden encargadas de garantizar la seguridad ciudadana, la naturaleza descentralizada de Internet presenta desaf & iacute;os tanto estructurales como culturales. Al mismo tiempo, los avances en las tecnolog & iacute;as de la informaci & oacute;n y la comunicaci & oacute;n (TIC) han ampliado la capacidad de las fuerzas del orden para monitorear y responder a la actividad delictiva tanto en entornos virtuales como f & iacute;sicos. Este art & iacute;culo explora c & oacute;mo las iniciativas de crowdsourcing, como una forma de inteligencia colectiva en l & iacute;nea, pueden apoyar a las fuerzas del orden. A partir de una revisi & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica de la literatura, el art & iacute;culo examina los elementos de dise & ntilde;o de estas iniciativas y, utilizando un enfoque morfol & oacute;gico, presenta un marco conceptual para su dise & ntilde;o y evaluaci & oacute;n. De este modo, el art & iacute;culo destaca el potencial de las iniciativas de crowdsourcing para mejorar los servicios p & uacute;blicos, fomentar la innovaci & oacute;n pol & iacute;tica, mejorar la participaci & oacute;n ciudadana y fortalecer la legitimidad del gobierno.
The rapid expansion of digital platforms has reconfigured industries, markets, and regulatory landscapes, creating complex challenges for managers, researchers, and policymakers seeking to understand, govern, and design platform-based ecosystems. Although platforms have become essential infrastructures that mediate interactions and drive innovation, existing frameworks such as the EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) and Digital Services Act (DSA) struggle to address their structural diversity and evolving nature. Persistent conceptual ambiguities further constrain both research and policy. This study develops an integrative and empirically grounded taxonomy for digital platforms to enhance conceptual clarity and regulatory adaptability. Following the taxonomy development methodology proposed by Nickerson et al. (2013), it combines a systematic review of 46 academic papers with an empirical analysis of 180 platforms across nine sectors. The resulting taxonomy comprises 15 dimensions that capture the structural, operational, economic, and technological characteristics of platforms. By providing a coherent and replicable framework, it supports comparative research and informs proportionate regulatory design. The study advances a taxonomy-based approach to platform governance suited to contemporary digital ecosystems. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)<<(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)>>(DMA)(sic)<<(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)>>(DSA), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)Nickerson(sic)(sic)(2013)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)46(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)180(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)15(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). La r & aacute;pida expansi & oacute;n de las plataformas digitales ha reconfigurado industrias, mercados y marcos regulatorios, generando desaf & iacute;os complejos para gestores, investigadores y responsables pol & iacute;ticos que buscan comprender, gobernar y dise & ntilde;ar ecosistemas basados en plataformas. Si bien las plataformas se han convertido en infraestructuras esenciales que median las interacciones e impulsan la innovaci & oacute;n, los marcos existentes, como la Ley de Mercados Digitales (DMA) y la Ley de Servicios Digitales (DSA) de la UE, tienen dificultades para abordar su diversidad estructural y su naturaleza cambiante. Las persistentes ambig & uuml;edades conceptuales limitan a & uacute;n m & aacute;s tanto la investigaci & oacute;n como las pol & iacute;ticas. Este estudio desarrolla una taxonom & iacute;a integradora y emp & iacute;ricamente fundamentada para las plataformas digitales con el fin de mejorar la claridad conceptual y la adaptabilidad regulatoria. Siguiendo la metodolog & iacute;a de desarrollo de taxonom & iacute;as propuesta por Nickerson et al. (2013), combina una revisi & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica de 46 art & iacute;culos acad & eacute;micos con un an & aacute;lisis emp & iacute;rico de 180 plataformas en nueve sectores. La taxonom & iacute;a resultante comprende 15 dimensiones que capturan las caracter & iacute;sticas estructurales, operativas, econ & oacute;micas y tecnol & oacute;gicas de las plataformas. Al proporcionar un marco coherente y replicable, respalda la investigaci & oacute;n comparativa y contribuye a un dise & ntilde;o regulatorio adecuado. El estudio propone un enfoque basado en la taxonom & iacute;a para la gobernanza de plataformas, adecuado a los ecosistemas digitales contempor & aacute;neos.
This study investigated how political trust shaped citizens' aspirations to influence others on social media during a COVID-19 pandemic. Using four-wave longitudinal survey data (2017-2021; N = 2172) collected from 543 citizens in Finland, we first analysed how political trust moderated the temporal development of individuals' aspirations to influence others online. We then examined how trust and influence aspirations jointly contributed to citizens' social media behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings showed that aspirations to influence declined during the crisis, particularly among those with high political trust. In contrast, individuals with low trust typically maintained their influence aspirations and were more likely to engage on social media and to criticise public authorities. High political trust, on the other hand, did not promote criticism but was instead positively associated with support. Overall, these findings clarify social media engagement dynamics in times of crisis and the tendency of online discussions to amplify the voices of those who are politically frustrated or sceptical. From a policy perspective, the results highlight how trust asymmetries shape visible participation in digital spaces, offering evidence relevant to the design of crisis communication, platform governance, and strategies for engaging both vocal critics and less visible, high-trust citizens. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)543(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (2017-2021(sic);N=2172), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) Este estudio investig & oacute; c & oacute;mo la confianza pol & iacute;tica influy & oacute; en las aspiraciones de los ciudadanos de influir en otros en las redes sociales durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Utilizando datos de una encuesta longitudinal de cuatro olas (2017-2021; N = 2172) recopilados de 543 ciudadanos en Finlandia, analizamos primero c & oacute;mo la confianza pol & iacute;tica moder & oacute; el desarrollo temporal de las aspiraciones de los individuos de influir en otros en l & iacute;nea. Luego examinamos c & oacute;mo la confianza y las aspiraciones de influencia contribuyeron conjuntamente al comportamiento de los ciudadanos en las redes sociales durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Los hallazgos mostraron que las aspiraciones de influencia disminuyeron durante la crisis, particularmente entre aquellos con alta confianza pol & iacute;tica. Por el contrario, las personas con baja confianza generalmente mantuvieron sus aspiraciones de influencia y fueron m & aacute;s propensas a participar en las redes sociales y a criticar a las autoridades p & uacute;blicas. Por otro lado, la alta confianza pol & iacute;tica no promovi & oacute; la cr & iacute;tica, sino que se asoci & oacute; positivamente con el apoyo. En general, estos hallazgos aclaran la din & aacute;mica de la participaci & oacute;n en las redes sociales en tiempos de crisis y la tendencia de los debates en l & iacute;nea a amplificar las voces de quienes se sienten pol & iacute;ticamente frustrados o esc & eacute;pticos. Desde una perspectiva de pol & iacute;ticas, los resultados resaltan c & oacute;mo las asimetr & iacute;as de confianza moldean la participaci & oacute;n visible en los espacios digitales, ofreciendo evidencia relevante para el dise & ntilde;o de la comunicaci & oacute;n de crisis, la gobernanza de la plataforma y las estrategias para involucrar tanto a los cr & iacute;ticos vocales como a los ciudadanos menos visibles y de alta confianza.
