Natural gas plant operations contribute hugely to the economies of many developed nations that depend on hydrocarbon resources. The plant operation is usually subjected to continuous variations in upstream conditions, such as flow rate, composition, temperature and pressure, which propagate through the plant and affect its stable operations. As a result, decision making for optimal operating conditions of an in-operation plant is a complex problem and it is exacerbated with the changing product specifications and variations in energy supplies. This work presents a new solution method to the problem, which is based on chance constrained optimization. A deterministic model is initially developed from process simulation using Aspen HYSYS and later converted to a chance constrained model. The probabilistic model is then relaxed to its equivalent deterministic form and solved for optimum solution using GAMS. The optimum solution is determined probabilistically using chance constraints that are held at a user-defined confidence level. Optimal solution is represented graphically as a trade-off between reliability of holding the process constraints and profitability of the plant. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the new method. Optimization results show that uncertainty of plant parameters significantly affect the economic performance of the plant operation. The solution approach developed in this work is able to increase the reliability of maintaining the profit by more than 95% confidence level. As a result, the risk of constraints violation is reduced from more than 50% using the typical deterministic optimization to less than 5% with the developed chance constrained optimization model. In addition, the results from this study indicate that the variation of material flow from the plant inlet has greater impact by more than 86% on profit change compared to variation from the plant outlet, which is less than 2%. Sensitivity analysis results show on how to reduce the effect of N2, CO2 and C5+ by holding the corresponding constraint at a certain confidence level. The developed solution method can aid as guidelines to flexible plant operation decision making for the in-operating plant by satisfying all the process constraints at certain confidence level.
The present study describes elaborately the isolation of a potential biosurfactant producing and crude oil degrading (1-5%) strains isolated from the Assam oil reservoir field. The produced biosurfactant was chemically characterized for its applicability for the enhanced oil recovery applications in terms of wetting, interfacial tension (IFT) and oil washing. From the seven isolated strains, Bacillus tequilensis MK 729017 was chosen based on the better surface active properties as it reduced the surface tension to 30 ± 2 mN/m along with a moderate emulsification index of 66 ± 2 %. The produced biosurfactant was chemically identified to be lipopeptide, surfactin with a lower critical micelle concentration value of 90 mg/L. The carbon source and environmental parameters were optimized for the maximum concentration of the biosurfactant using RSM-CCD. The maximum biosurfactant concentration was measured to be 7.46 ± 0.39 g/L and Y_PS was determined as 0.45. The specific growth rate of the isolate was 0.15 ± 0.01 h-1 and Y_XS was estimated as 0.1. The produced biosurfactant was also found to be thermal and colloidal stable. The biosurfactant solutions altered wettability of hydrophobic rock surface from 90 ± 1o to 26 ± 1o indicating a better interfacial interaction. The IFT of the produced biosurfactant was found to be 0.32 ± 0.02 mN/m. The oil washing efficiency (80 ± 2 %) of the produced surfactin was comparable with chemical surfactants and the process involved two-steps: initial a faster (surface) washing followed by a slower (internal) washing. The first process was dependent on micelle sizes, while the later was dependent on water-oil emulsion size. The lower emulsion size of surfactin contributed to a greater internal washing as compared to chemical surfactants. These observations endorse the potential of the isolated strain towards biosurfactant production and its application in microbial enhanced oil recovery process.
Biomolecules are the building block of life. Cell which is known as the building of body is made up of these biomolecules. These biomolecules are further made up of inorganic compounds. C, H, N, O is the four major inorganic compounds which make the 94% of the cell. S, P makes 3% of the cell. Biomolecules also called as biological molecule, which are produced by cells and living organisms. The four major types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
The plant Calpurnia aurea has been used in Ethiopia as a folk remedy to treat diseases like malaria, rabies, stomachache, treatment of extoparasites and different diseases caused by bacteria and fungus. The present study aimed to screen phytochemicals and evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the root bark extract of Calpurnia aurea. The root bark of Calpurnia aurea was collected from Wollega University compound, dried and extracted sequentially with hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was conducted using standard test methods. Phytochemical screening was found positive for alkaloids, Terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, and anthocyanins in the root bark even though different from extract to extract. Antibacterial activity was performed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhirium bacterial strains. Following the good activities of the extract the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) have be performed and the methanol extract found to be effective at lower concentration (6.25mg/ml) for E. Coli whereas the ethyl acetate extract showed no or little activities below 100mg/ml except for E. Coli which inhibit at 25mg/ml. The ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extract showed good antibacterial activities but the hexane extract didn’t show inhibition against tested bacterial strains. The MIC value also determined by serial dilution and the methanol extract was found effective at a lower concentration which is 6.25mg/ml in Escherichia coli, the ethyl acetates extract could not kill bacteria in dilution below 100mg/ml except Escherichia coli which inhibited at 25 mg/ml. Generally, the result obtained from this study is similar to the result reported in other parts of the plant species and support the medicinal values of the plant Calpurnia aurea. Thus the root bark of the plant was found to exhibit moderate antibacterial properties.
Marine natural products have attracted the attention of biologists and chemists the world over for the past five decades. As a result of the potential for new drug discovery, scientists from different disciplines, such as organic chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, pharmacology, biology and ecology have become interested in marine natural products. This interest has led to the discovery of almost 8,500 marine natural products to date and many of the compounds have shown very promising biological activity. The ocean is considered to be a great source of potential drugs. The chemical compounds, which are isolated from marine sources usually consists of nitrogen containing heterocyclic rings. Several sydnone derivatives show a broad range of physiological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. Hence, chemists have been enthusiastically pursuing the synthesis of such derivatives.
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. By their nature, plants protect themselves by producing some compounds called as secondary metabolites, including terpenes. Significance of constitutive and induced terpenoid defences in conifer resistance is briefly presented. Better knowledge of the mechanism of action of individual terpanes and about the additive and synergistic effects of compounds, will have important implications for forest and agricultural management of pests and pathogens Terpenoids represent the largest and most diverse class of chemicals among the myriad compounds.
Syzygium balsameum Wight is a shrubs or trees of Myrtaceae family. The present study reports on the based-on and isolation of a flavonoid 2',4'-dihydroxy-3',5'-dimethyl-6'-methoxychalcone from the leaves of Syzygium balsameum and evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic property. The compound is characterized by the spectroscopic analysis UV, IR, EIMS, 1H, 13CNMR, Cosy, HMBC and HSQC. The compound 2',4'-dihydroxy-3',5'-dimethyl-6'-methoxychalcone is first time isolated from the Syzygium balsameum wight and exhibited good antioxidant and cytotoxic property compare to the extract and the standard.
The purpose of this study is deteriorating effect of natural ageing on tri-layer and mono- layer polyethylene films, used as glasshouse cover in the North Africa environment. The films were handed out by Agrofilm and composed of low denseness polyethylene (LDPE), holding admixture (e.g., color, infrared and ultraviolet stabilisers). Those films were used to strengthen and set up a real glasshouse situated in the northern of Algeria. The influence of growing old was, controlled by watching the modifications in mechanical (robustness and flexibility) features. The study has been conducted during a period of nine months of natural ageing. The films have been spontaneously matured and grow older. The results display that the environmental components have deteriorating effects on the sustainability and all properties mechanical of the polyethylene film. The study illustrate clearly that the degradation parameters evaluated are directly linked to standard for estimating the efficiency of using warmhouse farming. The consequence of temperature and UVA radiation generated the most significant degradation on the film surface and accordingly a decrease in the whole life existence of the material. The results revealed that the investigated climatic conditions have essential deteriorative effects on the performance of the film. The correlation between the modification in the material structure and the degradation in the film properties is discussed.
The aim of this work is to isolate, characterize, and evaluate the antioxidant activity as well as the phytotoxicity of crude extracts and compounds obtained from C. febrifuga. Nine compounds were isolated from leaves, stem bark and roots (methylene chloride/methanol:1/1) crude extracts after repeated silica gel column chromatography corresponding to shanzhiside methyl ester (1), D-mannitol (2), a mixture of two isomeric pentacyclic triterpenes: oleanolic acid (3a) and ursolic acid (3b), 11-methylixoside (4), 3β-urs-12, 20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid (5), quinovin glycoside C (6), 3-O-β-D-3-oxo-glucopyranosyl-ursa-12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid (7) and 3β-(-α-Lrhamnopyranosyloxy)-ursa-12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid (8). The compound chemical structures were established by studying their 1H and 13C NMR (1D and 2D) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) spectra. The antioxidant capacity of extracts were evaluated using a recently developed electrochemical method consisting in interacting with the superoxide anion radical (O2.-) generated in situ by reduction of air molecular oxygen (O2) in aprotic medium (anhydrous DMF). The antioxidant index is expressed as the amount of extract needed to consume 30% (AI30) of electrogenerated O2.-. The lower is the antioxidant index, the more active the substrate is against O2.-. The stem bark crude extract is the most active with an AI30 of 79.50mg/L while the leaves and root crude extracts showed a moderate activity against O2.- with AI30 of 303.70mg/L and 450.00mg/L respectively. The phytotoxicity study were carried out using a germination test on Lepidium sativum seeds in absence (0mg/L) and in presence of increasing concentrations (10, 100, 500, 1000mg/L) of crude extracts and the isolated compound (1). The following physiological parameters of the seedlings were evaluated 72 hours after the experimentation: germination percentage (G %), germination index (GI), vigor index (VI), relative root growth (RRG %). Root extracts are the most phytotoxic on seed germination with G% ranging from 66.66 to 100% and RRG% from 8.20 to 88.45% while the isolated compound (1) stimulated growth between 10-500mg/L but showed a moderate phytotoxic effect on seedlings above 500mg/L.
The environmental friendly Pyrazole carbohydrazideinhibitor is synthesized and their corrosion inhibition for AA 8088in a 1 M H2SO4 solution was studied using weight loss methods, electrochemical measurements, and the surface morphology of AA 8088with and without inhibitor were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The inhibition efficiency of 1-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl) propan-1-one improved with increases in inhibitor concentration but decreased with increases in temperature. Results from potentiodynamic polarization and EIS showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of Pyrazole carbohydrazidewas excellent. Morphology observation revealed that the AA 8088was greatly protected by these Pyrazole carbohydrazideinhibitor.
I am pleased to introduce that the journal of Natural Products Chemistry & Research deals with chemical compounds found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. Natural Products Chemistry & Research emphasizes articles related to the study of chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds or the biology of living systems from which they are obtained. Natural Products Journal is at higher echelons that enhance the intelligence and information dissemination on topics closely related to Natural Products. They provide a unique forum dedicated to scientists to express their research articles, review articles, case reports and short communications on an array of Natural Products research. The Natural Products Peer Reviewed Journal is proficiently supported by universally prominent Editorial Board members. Natural Products journal impact factor is mainly calculated based on the number of articles that undergo a double blind peer review process by competent Editorial Board so as to ensure excellence, essence of the work and number of citations received for the same published articles. Abstracts and full texts of all articles published by Natural Products Open Access articles are freely accessible to everyone immediately after publication.
Nigella sativa L. (NS) seeds, known as black seed, is a traditional herbal medicine used in various diseases including, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, gastro and hepatoprotictive , bronchodialator. This review aimed to assess the studies supporting the medicinal use of NS in covid-19 patients and to highlight future research priorities. Various medical databases were searched for the effects of NS and its active secondary metabolites in Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties asthma inflammation and outcomes. There were several preclinical studies describing multiple effects of NS in animal or cellular models immunological disorder including eczema, bronchodilation, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, anti-leukotrienes and immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, clinical studies showed improvements in different cytokines outcomes and laboratory parameters. In conclusion, NS could be therapeutically beneficial in control cytokine storm. Associate with COVID-19 infection which is accompanied by an aggressive inflammatory response with the release of a large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but the evidence remains scanty and is often based on poorly characterized preparations. Accordingly, well-designed large clinical studies using chemically well characterized NS preparation are required.
Over the past two decades, plenty of measures have been done in mRNA based technologies for candidates for vaccines. According to pre-clinical and clinical trials, mRNA vaccines not only are able to make long- term immune responses in both humans and animal models, but they are safe. Moreover, they have high potency for rapid improvement and the process of their manufacture is cost-effective; nevertheless, delivering of mRNA vaccines had faced some difficulties due to their instability and inefficient in vivo. During the write of this article, clinical trials are currently administrated by monster corporations vaccine producing around the globe, yet no remedy approach has been proved for new emerging SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine is taken into account as a major section in prevention of emerging viral diseases. In summary, this review discusses the two main classes of mRNA vaccines: conventional nonamplifying and self-amplifying mRNA. It summarizes the initial clinical studies and outlines the delivery system for mRNA vaccine based on technology. Finally, this review highlights a new perspective of mRNA vaccine based on technology against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered CORONAVIRUS. It's a type of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The symptoms of SARS-nCOV-2 cause dry cough, fever, Tiredness, and difficulty of breathing (severe cases). We can cure the symptoms and defects of the whole body (vata, pitta, kapha) caused by the system and its qualitative therapists.
The objective of this study was the isolation, the structure elucidation and the identification of chemical constituents from the n-hexane, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and the methanol (MeOH) extracts of a cameroonian propolis sample collected from Ngaoundal. Thirteen secondary metabolites belonging to cycloartane, ursane and oleananetype triterpenes were isolated and their structures were established by chemical tests and detailed spectroscopic analysis as cycloart-23(E)-en-3β,25-diol (1), cycloarta-7(E),23(E)-diene-3β,25-diol (2), cycloarta-23(E),25(26)-diene- 3β-ol (3), 25-pentoxy cycloart-23(E)-en-3β-ol (4), cycloartenol (5), 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-18β-28-oic acid (oleanolic acid) (6), 3α-hydroxyoleanolic acid (3-Epi-oleanolic acid (7), 3β-hydroxyurs-12-en-18β-28-oic acid (ursolic acid) (8), 3α-hydroxyursolic acid (3-Epi-ursolic acid) (9), β-amyrin (10), α-amyrin (12), 3-Epi-β-amyrin (11) and 3-Epi-α-amyrin (13). To the best of our knowledge, compounds 2 and 4 are here described for the first time, while compounds 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11 and 13 are here reported for the first time in a propolis sample. Their presence in this propolis provides valuable chemotaxonomic information about the plants from which the bees collected resins. The plants origin of this propolis could be Mangifera indica (mango), Orthosiphon stamineus, Boswellia sacra, Boswellia neglecta and Melipona beecheii, Ficus exasperate, Byrosonima fagifolia, Byrosonima crassifolia, Lavandula officinalis, Euphorbia dendroides, Pachysandra terminalis, Melandrium firmum. The n-hexane crude extract (EAP4) was active against S. aureus 209 (MIC: 184 mg/ml) and Candida albicans 62I (MIC: 92 mg/ml). Compounds 1 and 3 exclusively exhibited antimicrobial activity against Salmonella spp (MIC: 0.1-0.2 mg/ml). The MIC values of 1 and 3 were greater than that of the standard drug (Amoxicillin): 0.1-0.2 mg/ml versus 0.4 mg/ml.
The seed and leaf of Datura metel known to contain the psychoactive substance atropine and scopolamine, also contain hyoscyamine which is classified as deliriants or anti-cholinergics used as hallucinogens. Most parts of the plant have been used over the years for both medicinal and psychoactive purposes. This study was aimed at evaluating the sub-chronic toxicity of the seed extract of Datura metel on selected liver and kidney parameters and Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Twenty rats were used for the subchronic study and were grouped into 5 groups of 4 rats each. Control group was administered 0.5 ml of normal saline while the other groups were orally administered 300, 1600, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg body weight of extract for 28 days. There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in PCV in all test groups when compared to the control group. The groups administered 1600, 2900, 5000 mg/kg bodyweight showed significant (p<0.05) increase in sodium, chloride and potassium. There was significant (p<0.05) increase in serum total and conjugated bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase in groups administered 300 and 1600 mg/kg bodyweight while the groups administered 2900 and 5000 mg/kg bodyweight showed significant (p<0.05) reduction. The findings from this study have demonstrated that seed extract of D. metel might be deleterious to the red blood cells and may affect liver and kidney function.
