Introduction: Malaria surveillance system is essential in guiding the scientific development of the varied approaches to tackling malaria. In Nigeria the surveillance system is weak and needs upgrading. We described the process of operation of the malaria surveillance system; determined if the surveillance system was meeting its set objectives; and assessed the key attributes of the malaria surveillance system in Akwa Ibom.
Background: Brucellosis is a re-emerging neglected zoonotic infection but data on prevalence is scanty and surveillance system underdeveloped in Nairobi. Quality reliable data information essential prevention of and control of the disease. According to World Health Organization Data Management, dissemination and use usually inadequate. This study objective was to determine the level of Brucellosis Surveillance data management. Competencies, Data sources, use and data available surveillance tools for Brucellosis among animal health workers Nairobi County Kenya.
The pandemic related to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, caused severe impacts in many important sectors for health and the entire society. We can observe that curiously the number of notifications related to arboviruses ended up decreasing as the notification related to COVID-19 increased [1]. Currently, we live in a paradigm where globalization itself offers factors for the incidence of arboviruses. We can consider environmental, socioeconomic factors and, above all, climate change imposed by urbanization and also by the exacerbated consumption of natural resources. Arboviruses are diseases transmitted by the bite of hematophagous arthropods and although many of them present different forms of horizontal transmission and in most cases, present symptoms of a common nature, such as headaches, skin patches, arthralgias, myalgias, in addition to the encephalitogenic potential that these viruses usually present [2]. All these points mentioned are strong factors that contribute to the re-emergence of diseases [3]. One of the most important factors for the increase in the proliferation of arthropod vectors is precisely the tropical position where Brazil is located, with the hot climate and the high amount of rain, it offers favorable reservoirs for these mosquitoes to lay their eggs and carry out their growth and development. We can also point out the socioeconomic factors related to social inequality observed in the country, where economically disadvantaged populations often face problems of basic sanitation and especially of housing close to reservoirs where mosquitoes inhabit and develop, thus increasing the incidence of these diseases [4].
Purpose/Objectives: Since the start of the Syrian war, a significant population has moved out of the Syrian Republic into its neighborhood environs. Turkey has had a significant effect on its health system and society, as a significant new number has entered the Turkish society, increasingly using the Turkish healthcare system. Our aim is not only to numerically identify the size of the effect to the Turkish system, but to identify the domestic resources that allow the Turkish healthcare system and society to build up resilience against the significant health demand shock. The main objectives of this study is 1) To understand whether there is a complementarity between the earlier efforts in the Turkish health system and the current capabilities that is necessary to meet the Syrian Populations Health Needs. 2) To understand if the newly revamped Turkish Primary Healthcare System Provide a crucial buffer for the negative congestion effects that could have been caused by such a significant and relatively unhealthy refugee population being integrated into the health system, at a relatively rapid pace.
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 are bacterial pathogens that cause foodborne infections in humans. The objectives of this study were to find the pooled prevalence and concentration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle, hides, carcass, and the environment in the United States of America using meta-analysis. The PRISMA and MOOSE research protocols were employed in the methodology. Weighted effect size was calculated using MetaXL software. A total of 1737 publications were screened, out of which 53 were selected for the final analysis. The pooled prevalence in feedlot cattle was 10.96% (95% CI: 4.2-18.8%). In dairy cattle a pooled prevalence of 1.5% (95% CI: 0.11-3.5%) was observed. The prevalence between feedlot and dairy cattle was significantly different (p<0.05). The herd prevalence in combined feedlot and dairy cattle was 31.7% (95% CI: 10.2-55.5%). Hide and carcass samples’ pooled prevalences were 54.7% (95% CI: 41.7-67.5%) and 21.3% (95% CI: 9.7-34.2%), respectively. Prevalence of environmental samples was 8.1% for produce (95% CI: 0-29.6%), 4.6% for watershed and sediment samples (95% CI: 0-12.2%), and 2.4% for water taken from troughs (95% CI: 0.39-5.1%). Significant difference was observed in individual, herd, and environment prevalence between regions (χ2 =903.14, p=0.0000; χ2 =11.06, p=0.0039; χ2 =13.59, p=0.0004, respectively). E. coli O157:H7 concentrations were highest in feces (900- 300,000 cfu/g), followed by hides (5-9,800 cfu/100 square cm), and carcass (1-189 cfu/100 square cm). At least one supershedder exists in a herd. The findings in this study showed that Escherichia coli O157:H7 serotype is widespread in feedlots, herds, hides, and carcass in the United States of America necessitating appropriate measures to prevent human illnesses. Improving management programs in cattle herds, reduction of environmental contamination, and hygienic slaughter practices are targets of intervention.
Background: This study investigated the effects of age, gender, socio-economic status, smoking status, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, Body Mass Index (BMI), Glycaemic control (HbA1c) and dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes in a population-based analysis.
Introduction: Meat food intolerance is a current problem but studies regarding its distribution and features in Bulgarian have not yet been conducted. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of meat intolerance, main characteristics, and some correlations with other food’s intolerances.
Proper hand washing technique is very easy to learn and can significantly reduce the infectious diseases among children. This descriptive crosssectional school-based study was conducted in Ombadda locality Khartoum State Sudan, with an objective to study the knowledge, attitude and practices among basic schools pupils towards hand washing. A sample size of 400 pupils was determined using statistical formula, data were collected using interview and observation, and a pre-prepared and pre-tested questionnaire, and data were analyzed using SPSS. The majority of the pupils 95% knew the proper way of hand washing with soap and water, 96% knew the appropriate times for hand washing, sixty five percent of the pupils knew the benefits of hand washing and 88.2% knew diseases related to the practice of not washing hands. The twenty five percent of the pupil’s information about hand washing is from family members, 94.8% had positive attitude towards hand washing with soap and water, 70.3% of the pupils practice hand washing with soap and water at appropriate times, 39.5% practice hand washing in time ranged.
The present paper is an attempt to understand the consequences of COVID-19 on front liners in India with reference to their health risk. It is based on secondary sources such as research papers/articles, media report, and newspapers. The main objective of the study is to highlight the issues and problems which the front liners are facing during the pandemic crisis. It was found that in the COVID-19 crisis, most of the front liners have been infected and many of them have lost their lives. The study has further observed that in the initial phase of COVID-19 the majority of the front liners were working without proper PPE kits which have direct impact on their health risk.
This article will focus on the major narcotic, and opioid prescription epidemic that is overpowering our nation destroying lives, families, and resulting in death. As healthcare professionals, nursing educators, family nurse practitioner, and Doctor of Nursing Practice with prescription privileges in New York State, in our scopes of practice we always inform and educate all individuals we care for concerning all medications they are prescribed. While we have sought to achieve this educational goal in our professional capacity, as human beings with medical issues like anyone else, we have also been the patients. Our life altering experiences resulted in extensive hospital stays and physical rehabilitation therapy, which required the need of opiate, controlled medications during our inpatient and outpatient recoveries. What we found alarming about the state of our care was not the management of the injuries we sustained, but the lack of education that should have been directed towards us and our families, regarding the use and discontinuance of prescribed opioids upon discharge. We personally observed that there is an overall lack of education in this area. As healthcare practitioners, we are all on the front line and serve to ensure safety of all individuals and the diverse populations we serve. Everyone in healthcare beginning with prescribers, medical staff, and nursing staff, must have the knowledge to explain to the patient and family what a controlled substance is, as well as the inherent risk of becoming addicted, tapering methods, signs and symptoms of withdrawal, and a basic understanding of the dangers that become apparent with self-administration of controlled substances upon discharge. Without proper education, many community populations are at risk for harm. Education is indeed the key and a priority at the forefront of medicine and nursing that ensures patients and their families have a thorough understanding of all the risks associated with these potent narcotics.
Introduction: Healthcare service is an essential determinant of population health. This qualitative case study aims to explore health service users’ perspectives of effective health services delivery and the current challenges affecting the management and delivery of health services at a primary healthcare facility in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG).
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China has seen a positive trend and has achieved great results through hard working in prevention and control of the disease. The state has issued guidelines in the prevention and control of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic according to the epidemic risk level. The prevention and control strategies have been used for coordination of epidemic management and recovery of economic and social order. Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences belongs to the low-risk prevention and control area and adopts the strategy of “external defense input, prevention-oriented”. As strict access control becomes the most important management measure to prevent import cases, this paper explores and researches the application of new technologies such as WeChat” as a scientific entrance guard tool. This paper uses paper-based & informatization management, online and offline dual prevention and control principles, and explains how the new technology have carried out precise prevention and control management for returning workers and students, so as to provide references for the scientific prevention and control of the administrative department of scientific research institutes.
The study was designed to evaluate the clinical performance characteristics of the First Sign® SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test, a visual read lateral flow immunoassay (W.H.P.M., Inc.). Individuals presenting at the study sites were evaluated by health care providers for COVID-19 symptoms and sequentially enrolled. The standard of care nasopharyngeal swab sample was first collected for RT-PCR testing. Participant self-collection nasal swab sample was then obtained for the Antigen Test. The clinical performance characteristics of the study device were calculated by comparing participant study device test result recorded at the point of care with the participant matched RT-PCR results provided by qualified CLIA high complexity laboratories. A total of 128 symptomatic adult participants were included in the study, of which 46.8% (60/128) were determined to be RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2. The mean comparator cycle threshold value (Ct) for RT-PCR positive participants included in the study was Ct 25 (range Ct 18-Ct 39). The First Sign® SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test demonstrated an overall clinical sensitivity of 96.7% (58/60) and a clinical specificity of 98.5% (67/68) when compared with EUA RT-PCR comparator results for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic individuals within 5 days of symptom onset. The clinical sensitivity for samples with RT-PCR Ct<30 was 100% (48/48), 90% (10/12) for samples with RT-PCR Ct ≥ 30, and 98.2% (55/56) for samples with RT-PCR Ct ≤ 34. Study results indicate that during the initial phase of infection, when upper respiratory viral loads and viral shedding levels are typically highest, an observed anterior nasal swab self-collected by the patient and applied to the First Sign® SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test may be as effective in detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic individuals as a EUA RT-PCR assay. Additionally, the ability to obtain a low-cost qualitative result within 15 minutes, combined with the simplicity of the anterior nasal self-sampling procedure, may dramatically increase testing efficiency while significantly reducing risk to health care providers by minimizing or eliminating the need for close contact with the patient.
Background: The breast cancer represents a major problem of public health in Democratic Republic of the Congo. This study aims at assessing the knowledge about breast cancer and the practice of breast self-examination among schoolgirls, and to propose effective intervention measures to promote early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in Mbujimayi.
Background: The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed great threat to the global population’s health and nearly every medical school throughout the world suspended classes as a precaution against the virus. This study is aimed at exploring a more advanced online teaching and learning pattern for medical school in the future especially during a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and to evaluate the efficacy of the teaching methods in improving students’ professionalism, knowledge and learning skills including problem analyzing and solving, teamwork skills, self-directed learning, as well as adaptability and acceptance to the courses.
Education is indeed the most important and powerful tool that one has to benefit from at all stages in life from cradle to grave. It is a fundamental human right, promotes individual’s freedom, enhances quality of life, and in particular assists in solving national, regional and global inequality. The inequality in education is mainly due to unavailability and/or uneven distribution of academic resources in part or as a whole in all stages of a national education cycle. Having qualified and experienced teachers, effective education organizations, availability of books, and relevant tools and methodologies are some of the main requirements of academic resources. In particular, lack of awareness of high government officials and decision makers with no or fragmented provision of priority to education at all levels of a national education cycle, among other things, is one of the main causes of national, regional and global inequality.
discusses briefly about the Post COVID Syndrome, its challenges and also some solutions to address it.Global impact of COVID-19 has shattered the world starting from devastating health issues and extending to wellbeing of mankind.First case of Novel Corona virus was detected in China in November 2019 and COVID 19 was declared as pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020.Varied mitigation strategies and management protocols had been tested and adopted all over the world.Novel Corona virus disease pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) had varied presentation affecting multiple systems in human.While fighting against the battle of global pandemic COVID-19, we all are learning more about the impact of the disease on immediate health as well as on long term physical and mental health too [1].
Several studies have reported the successful use of vaccines on the Ebola virus disease (EVD). However, outbreaks were prevalent even with vaccine trials in progress; thus, we aimed to examine the response to vaccination. The response was evaluated by reviewing articles that reported the efficacy rates of the vaccine trials and provided situation reports from recent EVD outbreaks in major West African countries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The review findings indicated that the approved United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Ebola vaccine (rVZV-ZEBOV), as well as other investigational vaccines showed promising efficacy rates. It is also suggested that vaccination alone is not sufficient for proper prevention and treatment of EVD; therefore, it must be coupled with a multidisciplinary approach that requires proper training. These preventative measures may be the key to disrupting the next outbreak before it claims thousands of lives again.
As per World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity [1]. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that emerged at the end of 2019 began threatening the health of millions of people. World Health Organization has declared COVID-19 pandemic as public health emergency of national and international concern. This pandemic is affecting health by the physical, mental and social measures of well-being, but also the financial and environmental measures of well-being.
Introduction Dar es Salaam is the region with a large number of Primary healthcare facilities (dispensaries and health centres) outnumber the available hospitals. Although policies on referral system are available, there is a gap in terms of compliance and adherence to the governance system. Hospitals are overwhelmed with patients as compared to primary healthcare facilities, leading to poor quality of the healthcare services. The aim was to assess the needs of community members for primary healthcare services, as well as, to identify the reasons and determinants that influence mothers to bypass primary healthcare facilities.Methodology A cross-sectional study that assessed the determinants associated with pregnant mothers to bypass primary healthcare facilities in their healthcare needs. The study was conducted in Kinondoni, Ilala, Kigamboni, Temeke and Ubungo healthcare facilities in Dar es Salaam region. It targeted all postnatal women. A consecutive sampling procedure was used and a total of 544 of respondents were involved in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on: social demographic; Clinical factors of the mother; Health services; and provider’s factors that might contribute to the observed bypass. Data were analysed in levels of univariate, bivariate and multivariate using SPSS statistical package number 20.Results A total of 544 respondents were interviewed. Mothers who bypassed the primary healthcare facilities were 94%. After adjustment it was found that, those with income more than 1USD a day were (OR=4.27, CI=1.8- 15.4, P=0.01) more likely to bypass the primary facilities and go straight to the upper levels of healthcare facilities.Conclusions This study has found postnatal women in Dar es Salaam region are at high chance of going straight to the secondary and tertiary Hospitals without passing at primary healthcare facilities. Nine in every ten postnatal women were found to have by passed the primary healthcare facilities. Findings from this study reveals a strong and urgent need to strengthen primary healthcare facilities and as well implement the referral guidelines on all clients who seek health care to reduce the bypass.
