Introduction: The ultra-structural characteristics of neuron organelles are important indicators of the degree of brain damage during ischemic exposure, which necessitates the study of changes in the ultrastructure of brain neurons. Methods: Models of subtotal, stepwise subtotal, partial and total cerebral ischemia were carried out on 24 outbred white male rats. Electron microscopy methods were used. Results: The data obtained indicate that with total cerebral ischemia the disturbances are more pronounced than with partial cerebral ischemia and stepwise subtotal cerebral ischemia. Conclusion: The data obtained, due to their novelty and relevance; represent a fundamental basis for further studies of neurons in various parts of the brain during cerebral ischemia, with subsequent implementation of the results into clinical practice.
OBJECTIVE:HIV-Seropositive patients have higher risk of HPV infection even on anti-retroviral therapy. Infection with high-risk HPV genotypes can cause dysplasia leading to cancer. This study assessed HPV at different anatomical sites in HIV-seropositive individuals and factors associated with anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASIL).METHODS:Specimens were obtained from multiple anatomical sites for each participant in conjunction with routine screening for anal dysplasia. Female specimens included cervical and anal cytologies and oral wash. Male specimens included anal cytologies, oral wash, and exfoliated cells from penile head, penile shaft, scrotum, and from uncircumcised subjects, inner foreskin. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Following DNA extraction, HIV DNA copy was assessed by qPCR; HPV was genotyped. Statistical analyses included calculation of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests.RESULTS:Males were more likely to have ASIL: 29/50 (58%) compared to 1/11 females (9%) (OR=13.81, 95% CI: 1.64-116.32). HPV 6 or 11 in anal specimens was significantly associated with ASIL (OR= 6.29, 95% CI: 1.49-26.44). Number of HPV genotypes in anal specimens was also significant: ASIL+ (3.4 ± 3.1) versus ASIL- (1.6 ± 3.1) (p=0.009). Among 44 males, HPV was detected from at least one anatomical site for 33 participants (75%): 27 anus (61%), 19 oral wash (44%), 17 penile shaft (39%), 11 scrotum (26%), 10 penile head (23%), 0 foreskin. Detection of HPV in penile shaft specimens was significantly associated with ASIL (OR=6.79, 95% CI: 1.57-29.36) as was number of HPV genotypes in penile shaft specimens: ASIL+ (2.4 ± 4.0) versus ASIL- (0.6 ± 1.7) (p=0.025). Only 1/11 females had ASIL; only 1/11 females had cervical dysplasia: OR was not estimable due to small numbers.CONCLUSIONS:Males were more prone to ASIL than females. HPV at anal as well as non-anal sites may be indicative of ASIL.
Bilateral renal cyst formation is the main feature of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). We and other laboratories have previously shown that cyst-lining epithelia of kidneys from ADPKD patients are characterized by polyploidy. In this report, we show that endothelia from the renal capillary beds of two ADPKD patients are also polyploidy. Spectral karyotyping study further confirms our flow cytometry analyses. We suggest that polyploidy may be used as a potential cellular marker in ADPKD.
