Although there is no mention of acute glaucoma on the list of side effects of citalopram in some patient information leaflets, here have been previous published case reports on association of citalopram and other ssr is (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) with acute glaucoma. It is the most severe SSR that is related to ocular complications. Risk factor: race-Asian origin, hypermetropia, family history, female gender, age, and shallow anterior chamber. The mechanism of SSRI induced acute glaucoma is not clear. An elderly lady with no previous history of glaucoma presented with acute headaches, bilateral ocular pain, photophobia, worsening vision, and fixed dilated pupils. With bilateral raised intraocular pressures she was initially treated with systemic acetazolamide, ocular hypotensives then bilateral YAG iridotomy. Subsequently stopped acetazolamide and pilocarpine.she returned with worsening vision and significantly raised iops this time. Her ultrasound b-scans remained unremarkable (though sometimes they can show typical findings).she was discussed with a glaucoma specialist (rs) who asked for a full drug history and who stopped the oral citalopram subsequently. Her IPOS normalized improving her symptoms and vision markedly. This patient had been seen a few times earlier , however, a comprehensive drug history was not obtained earlier. A low threshold for drug induced causes of bilateral acute glaucoma, including this as side effect in pils (patient information leaflet) and detailed ophthalmic examination including gonios copy should be carried out even in the presence of patent iridotomies in high risk patients. Warning advice and counselling to the patients should be given.
Nutrition has influence in vision. Important nutrients, such as vitamins A, C, D and E, lutein and zeaxanthin have essential function on visual health. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the nutrition´s influence in the beginning or prevention of visual diseases like dry eye syndrome, cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. A search was made in PubMed, Infomed, EBSCO, HINARI, Scielo; using as key words: nutrition, visual diseases, vitamin. Were used 32 articles in Spanish and English languages. The 60% corresponds to the last five years. Trials have reported a prevalence of dry eye syndrome twice higher in females than in males; it´s related with vitamin D deficiency. Trials with vitamin D and omega-3 supplements have shown relief of the illness. Cataract, the principal cause of reversible blindness on the world, it´s related with vitamin C and E deficiency. Vitamin A, lutein and zeaxanthin have influence in age-related macular degeneration. As conclusions, this study gives information about the actual stated of nutrition and its relationship with the beginning or prevention of some visual diseases.
OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to assess the presence of novel coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. METHODS:A prospective interventional case series study was performed, and 30 confirmed novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) patients were selected at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University from 26 January 2020 to 9 February 2020. At an interval of 2 to 3 days, tear and conjunctival secretions were collected twice with disposable sampling swabs for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. RESULTS:Twenty-one common-type and nine severe-type NCP patients were enrolled. Two samples of tear and conjunctival secretions were obtained from the only one patient with conjunctivitis yielded positive RT-PCR results. Fifty-eight samples from other patents were all negative. CONCLUSION:We speculate that SARS-CoV-2 may be detected in the tears and conjunctival secretions in NCP patients with conjunctivitis.
Purpose: To assess visual acuity, surgically induced astigmatism, endothelial cell loss, operative time and complications of sutureless wide incision cataract surgery in brown mature senile cataract using viscoexpression. Settings: Tertiary care ophthalmic unit, Egypt, over the last 8 years from 2012 to January 2020 Methods: Retrospective, interventional case series that included 472 eyes in 413 patients with brown, mature senile cataract that deemed risky for phacoemulsification. Wide and long superior sclerocorneal tunnel incision with straight posterior border was constructed. After anterior capsulotomy, the nucleus was rotated into the anterior chamber (AC). The nucleus was expressed by injection of ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) into the AC followed by irrigation aspiration and intraocular lens implantation. Results: patients ages ranged from 57 to 93 years, (Mean 74.6 +5.3) Ten weeks after surgery, decimal visual acuity of 0.5 or better was achieved by 80.6% of cases as best corrected and by 67.6% of cases as uncorrected visual acuity. Flattening of the vertical meridian by 1 diopter or less was noted in 88.7% of eyes. Average loss of endothelial cells was 13 % (P < 0.0001 paired samples T-test) in 104 eyes that underwent specular microscopy. Average duration of the operation was 11.2 +3.5 minutes. Postoperative hyphema was recorded in 6 eyes (1.27%). Significant corneal edema was noted in 3 eyes (0.64%). Vitreous loss occurred in 5 eyes (1.06%). Postoperative uveitis with residual posterior synechiae developed in 4 eyes (0.85%). Early postoperative rise of tension was recorded in 10 eyes (2.1%). Decentration of IOL was recorded in 2 eyes due zonule dehiscence (0.42%) that required replacement with Ac-IOL. Conclusions: Sutureless wide incision cataract surgery (SWICS) was a safe alternative to the classic ECCE for removal of brown mature senile cataract where phacoemulsification appeared hazardous. It spared time and reduced surgically induced astigmatism related to wound suturing.
Intermittent exotropia is one of the most common types of strabismus in children especially in Asian and South Asian populations. Prevalence of exotropia in this group is estimated to range from 7–18.5× higher than esotropia. Spontaneous resolution is rare and if neglected may lead to loss of Binocular Single Vision (BSV) and negative psychosocial consequences. We aim to evaluate the outcomes of surgical management for intermittent exotropia at a unit in Birmingham (UK), an area unique for its high non-White ethnic population (43%), majority of who are Asian/South-Asian. Retrospective case notes review of patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia who underwent strabismus surgery in 2019–2020 by two surgeons using two different surgical approaches with a 3 month follow-up. Measures included pre- and post-operative visual acuity and stereopsis, surgical indications, near and distance strabismus angle with refractive correction, type of surgery performed and parental satisfaction at follow-up. Nineteen children underwent surgery during this period with a mean age of 7 range (4–12). Eighteen patients had surgery for functional reasons and one for cosmetic. Two patients recovered BSV where previously Frisby negative, remaining patients maintained BSV. The mean preoperative near and distance exodeviation in prism dioptres (PD) was 30.16 and 34.47, respectively. The mean postoperative near and distance exodeviation was 1.53 PD & 5.16 PD, respectively at 3 months. Two patients developed suture granulomas which resolved with steroid drops post-operatively. No significant difference between the two surgical techniques was noted. In all cases, parents were satisfied with the results. Outcomes in our multi-ethnic population have been excellent in terms of improvement in exodeviation and maintenance of BSV. Long-term follow-up is required to see how many patients will show evidence of recurrence requiring reoperation and whether ethnicity impacts this.
Introduction: Acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG) is a medical emergency that presents with blurred vision, painful red eye, headache, nausea, and vomiting. AACG presents from a rapid rise in the intraocular pressure in the eye most common due to a sudden blockage in the drainage of aqueous fluid. Strong risk factors associated with AACG include female gender, hyperopic vision, previous AACG, advanced age and Inuit and Asian ethnicity. The purpose of this study was to identify additional factors that contribute to AACG. Methods: The 2015 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) was used to model the incidence of AACG in U.S. emergency departments based on various patient demographic and socioeconomic data. There were 5,241 weighted cases (0.0046%) of acute angle closure glaucoma in the 2015 NED dataset. Results: Results of multivariate logistic regression indicate that older patients, particularly patients 65-84, were significantly more likely to present to the ED with acute angle closure glaucoma (OR: 21.036, CI: 3.104;142.547). Males were significantly less likely to present with acute angle closure glaucoma than females (OR: 0.614, CI: 0.461; 0.817). There were no significant differences based on payer or median household income. While no significant differences were found based on the presence of the comorbidity heart failure, patients without hypertension or diabetes were significantly more likely to experience acute angle closure glaucoma than patients with hypertension or diabetes. Conclusions The results of this study provide further evidence on the risk factors that contribute to AACG. Interestingly, those with hypertension or diabetes were less likely to experience AACG. A potential protective mechanism of these comorbidities can be explored further in future analyses.
Purpose: Preservatives found in topical eye drops for glaucoma treatment have various side effects which manifest as ocular surface disease (OSD) with symptoms such as dry, irritated red eyes and watering. Various studies have compared outcomes between those who use non-preservative free (NPF) drops and preservative free (PF) drops and have shown positive results for the latter including less OSD symptoms and better adherence. One barrier to using PF drops is cost; the cost of PF drops sometimes being x10 that of NPF drops. This study investigated whether there were significantly positive outcomes to justify the cost of PF drops. Methods: A questionnaire was designed for patients to self-report theirsymptoms, treatment and complete OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) and SANDE (Symptoms Assessment in Dry Eye) scores. Results: A total of 71 patients responded. 40 patients (56%) had glaucoma and of this,9 (23%) used PF drops, 16 (40%) said they did not. The rest (15) were unsure or did not answer. All patients who used PF said it helped with around half saying they were easier to use. However, NPF drops had better SANDE scores with higher proportion of users placing the severity and frequency of symptoms on the ‘Rarer’ side of the scale compared to PF drops. Furthermore, NPF drop users also reported lower OSDI scores (median 7, average 10) correlating with better symptoms compared to PF drops (median 20, average 19). In4 PF users and 1 NPF user, drops made their glaucoma symptoms worse. Conclusions: This study found that although all patients using PF drops reported they had helped, they contradictorily reported worsening symptoms both through free text comments and through OSDI and SANDE scores. These outcomes were worse when compared to NPF drop users. Larger multicentre trial is urgently required to establish whether the cost benefit of PF drops is completely rationalised
I am pleased to mention that during the year 2020, all issues of volume 8 were published online well within the time and the print issues were also brought out and dispatched within 30 days of publishing the issue online.\r\nInternational Journal of Bioassays [ISSN: 2278-778X] is an Open Access, Peer-Reviewed, Multidisciplinary Journal. Int.J.Bioassays publishing full-length original Research Articles (RA), Review Articles (RevArt), Short Communications (SC), Case Studies (CS) and Letters To Editor (LTE) in the areas of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences. All manuscript submissions will be subjected to Peer-Review by experts in the field. Manuscripts with high quality will be published without delay.\r\nIJBIO also about to bring out a supplement to upcoming June August 2020 volumes, which having estimates consisted of more than 30 articles abstracts of an international conference on the pandemic situation occurring in the world related with COVID-19. Papers published in our Journal can therefore fall under the domain of not only biological chemistry, chemical biology, or biochemistry, but also allied disciplines such as systems biology, RNA biology, microbiology, neurobiology, epigenetic, computational biology, Chemical composition of living matter, Applied biochemistry, Biochemical reactions, Genetics, Plant biochemistry, Amino acids \u0026 protein sequence, Protein structure \u0026 function, Enzyme kinetics, Coenzymes, Lipids \u0026 membranes.\r\nDuring the calendar year 2020, International Journal of Bioassays received a total of 30 papers, out of which 6 articles were rejected in the preliminary screening due to plagiarism or being out of the format and peer review process. During 2020 around 16 articles were subjected for publication after they are accepted in the peer review process. In the 4 issues of Volume 9 published during the year 2020, a total of 15 articles were published (at an average of 3 articles per issue of which, articles were published from authors all around the world. A total of 30 research scientists from all over the world reviewed the 15 articles published in volume 9. Average publication period of an article was further reduced to 15-24 days.\r\nDuring the calendar year 2020, a total of 3 Editors, 8 Reviewers joined the board of IJBIO and contributed their valuable services towards contribution as well as the publication of articles, and their valuable reviewer comments will beneficial to publish quality of the article in the Journal.\r\nI take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Editor-in-chief and Associate Editor during the final editing of articles published and bringing out issues of IJBIO in time. I would also like to express my gratitude to all the authors, reviewers, the publisher, language editor, honorary editors, the scientific advisory and the editorial board of IJBIO, the office bearers for their support in bringing out the new volume (Volume 9) of IJBIO for the calendar year 2020 and look forward to their unrelenting support further to release more issues for International Journal of Bioassays in scheduled time.
Plant extracts and Essential oil of cultivated and wild accessions of Origanum vulgare plant from Indian Himalaya were evaluated for biological efficacy. Antioxidant potential was analyzed using various assays like scavenging of free radical DPPH, FRAP, inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation and ABTS + radical by methanolic extracts and the essential oil of O. vulgare. Results demonstrate that methanolic extract act as a potential free radical scavenger providing IC50 at only 19.9 µg/ml, while as oil exhibited lower activity displaying IC50 at 10 µg/ml. The ethanolic extract was comparatively ineffectual in inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation and only 46.72% inhibition was acquired at 3 µg/ml concentration, extreme lower than that BHT reference standard at the same concentration. Results procured against anti-microbial assays revealed essential oil of wild and cultivated accessions of Origanum vulgare L., exhibited immense perspective of antimicrobial activity against all 39 bacteria and 16 fungi and 2 yeast species tested. On the contrary, the methanolic and ethanolic extract of Origanum vulgare plant revealed no antimicrobial activity. Results illustrate essential oil of wild accessions of Origanum vulgare containing substantial content of carvacrol and thymol display high antimicrobial potential plus antioxidant activity and consequently can be utilized as an organic stabilizer in daily food preservation and medicinal decoctions. The antioxidant potential of varied wild and cultivated accessions of Origanum vulgare L. were determined via radical-scavenging activities and inhibition of tyrosinase activity via C6 cell line; Rattus norvegicus glioma derived cell line tissue. Ethanolic extracts exhibited maximum 88.54-99.02% inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H2O2-treated cells was as those in H2O2-treated cells. The depigmentation potential of methanolic extracts of cultivated accessions of Origanum vulgare L. was relatively higher as revealed by 81.0% and 87.0% inhibition of tyrosinase activity with ethanolic and methanolic extracts, respectively. Discrepancy in biological efficacy of the essential oils and plant extracts of cultivated and wild ecotypes of Origanum vulgare L., thriving across north western Himalaya. Origanum known by the common name oregano is a herbaceous perennial indigenous to Europe, North Africa, and temperate regions of Asia. Origanum species grow copiously on mountainous areas and hilly areas with extensive ranges of altitudes. The immense variability in volatile as well as nonvolatile fractions of the genus Origanum that can thrive in varied climatic belts gives them a strong utility in agriculture, medicine, and cosmetics, as a flavouring and aromatic agent. In addition to relevance in medicine and agriculture, essential oil from Origanum vulgare can be used as a food disinfectant. Food infestation caused by microbes is a major predicament in the world, including in well-developed countries such as the USA. Numerous bacteria [Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Campylobacter jejuni, yeast ICandida spp. and Zygosaccharomyces spp.], and fungi [Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., and Penicillium spp.] are common food pathogens that cause food spoilage. Oregano has been assessed for its antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics with particular relevance to food preservation. The popularized naturally preserved meat is camarilla containing the major fraction of oregano. Moreover, oregano essential oil has been used as a major food additive in the European Union for health benefits Chemical preservatives have used to avoid food spoilage; however, from chemical preservation leads to constraints in consumer acceptability and other health-related issues, researchers have begun to investigate the use of organic and natural preservatives Oregano is a flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It is native to temperate western and South-western Eurasia and Mediterranean region. Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from 21–81 cm in height with alternate leaves 2-4 cm. The flowers are purple, long, produced in erect spike. Indeed, the tribal people of western Himalayan belt use Origanum vulgare against flatulence, diaphoresis, and cough, to promote menstrual discharge, energize the body, increase appetite, and as a tonic. This herb possesses enough potential, if utilized to its maximum potential through specific breeding and laboratory techniques, to meet the present nutritional needs and secure the future demands.Keeping in mind the significance of the herb, the present research was conducted to determine discrepancies in essential oil components in diverse ecotypes of Origanum vulgare using GC and GC-MS and (2) to evaluate variation and validate the divergence in biological efficacy of plant extracts and essential oils procured from diverse ecotypes of Origanum vulgare L. Due to the introduction of exotic species of oregano into the Himalayan western belt, there exists a huge amount of phytochemical variation and genetic polymorphisms between Origanum vulgare plants and no precise data are present . The goal of the current research was to determine the comparative biological efficacy of Origanum vulgare essential oil and extracts procured from diverse wild and cultivated accessions thriving in the mountains fields of western Himalayan belt. Although there are 44 species of genus Origanum, its ecotype from Kashmir has not yet been subjected to phytochemical characterization, and its biological efficacy has not been studied. Moreover, the imprecise taxonomy and assessment of genus Origanum extracts and its essential oils utilized as dietary supplements or for medicinal purposes in developed countries have made it necessary to screen our native species to verify its validity and product quality so that it can be used as a valuable nutraceutical. Oregano is a flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It is native to temperate western and South-western Eurasia and Mediterranean region. Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from 21–81 cm in height with alternate leaves 2-4 cm. The flowers are purple, long, produced in erect spike. Indeed, the tribal people of western Himalayan belt use Origanum vulgare against flatulence, diaphoresis, and cough, to promote menstrual discharge, energize the body, increase appetite, and as a tonic.
We would please to announce that International Journal of Bioassays is one of the most reputed journals known for its supportive association with scientific societies and researchers engaged in biochemical analytic research. Established in the year 2012 and has been publishing the most recent developments in the fields of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion, BioChip, Biomarkers & Diagnosis, Stimulus, Actinomycetes, Antibacterial, Antibacterial activity, Antimicrobial activity, DPPH, Diabetes Mellitus, Diversity, ELISA, Feeding habits, HPLC, LC-MS/MS, Oxidative stress, Prevalence, Psoriasis, Traditional knowledge as full length original Research Articles (RA), Review Articles (RevArt), Short Communications (SC), Case Studies (CS) and Letters To Editor (LTE).
Bottled water is consumed in many countries of the world to access safe and clean water. Good drinking-water quality of bottled water has high importance for human health, and standards for drinking-water quality have been defined by World Health Organization (WHO) and GCC Standardization Organization (GSO). Deviations from these standards may cause mild to severe health constraints. For consumers, the water composition is indicated on a label attached to the water bottle. Reports about wrong label information were the motivation for a large study of the real content of 20 different bottled water brands from Saudi Arabia in comparison with 19 brands from different countries in Asia, Oceania, Africa, and Europe. The pH, total dissolved salt (TDS) concentration, and concentrations of nine cations and anions are measured to determine for all Saudi and international brands that the water content is conform with the standards for drinking-water quality, confirming that bottled water from all tested brands is safe for consumption. Furthermore, this measured real content agrees for most tested brands with the water content indicated on the bottle labels, proving the labels’ reliability. Statistical analysis also reveals that the drinking-water quality of the Saudi brands is comparable to that of the international brands. Considering the increase in consumption of bottled water, especially in geographic areas where no tap water of drinking-water quality is available, quality control of bottled water becomes essential, aiming for correct information on the bottle label to reliably inform consumers and ensure human health.
Salinity associated with drought is severe ecological threat in the Western part of Rajasthan which is recognized as “Thar Desert’’. The increased population and the deterioration of the arable lands make it inevitable to exploit marginal and long-neglected natural resources and re-assess them in the provision for utilization. Halophyte plants are widely distributed throughout several regions of the Western part due to the presence of saline extents such as Pachpadra, Lunkarsar, Khajuwala, Lanela as well as Thob. The growth of salt-tolerant fodder species for animals and other livestock offers a major opportunity to use land and water resources that are too saline for conventional crops and forages. To illustrate this point, we conducted literature searches regarding growth, biomass production and nutritive value of halophyte plants under saline irrigations practice throughout the world. This review summarized the valuable information regarding the perspective of wild halophytes as promising foodstuff alternative for animal raised in saline lands and or in arid and semi-arid regions. To sum up, it seems that a wide range of halophytes (Haloxylon spp., Suaeda spp., Trianthema spp., Zygophyllum spp.) and salt-tolerant grasses (Juncus spp., Sporobolus spp) could be considered as promising feed resources for cattle and other livestock raised in the Thar Desert. However, further research is needed regarding the chemical characterizations of these plants under commercial cultivation practices and their long-term bioactivity with safe consumption.
Enicostemma littorale Blume (Fam. Gentianaceae) is commonly known as Nagajihva, is used in traditional system of medicine since long time. Many compounds have been reported from the various parts of the plant. In the present study, n-butanol soluble extract of the aerial parts of the plant was subjected to column chromatography to isolate and purify the phytoconstituents which can be termed as marker. One compound was isolated and characterized by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), IR (Infra-red Spectroscopy), and Mass spectroscopy as Swertiamarin. Novel HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) methods were developed for assessment of purity, for standardization and for estimation of the compound. Simplicity of isolation and HPLC analysis of the compound suggests that the compound may be termed as markers for the standardization of the extracts and preparations containing Enicostemma littorale.
Purpose: Fura da nono is the Fulani name for a Nigerian locally made food drink which translates to millet and milk. Dairy products have frequently been implicated in transmission of food-borne pathogens. This research was aimed at ascertaining the overall safeness of locally prepared Fura da nono and packaged Fura and yoghurt sold in Abuja, Nigeria, by analyzing their microbial and nutritional contents. Methodology: Five locations vending the food drinks of interest in Nigeria’s capital city, Abuja were sampled; and five samples each of the two drinks obtained from the locations. Microbiological analysis was done using pour plate technique after six-fold serial dilution. Microbes were isolated via culturing and biochemical tests and confirmed using Microgen™ kits. Seven bacteria and two fungi were isolated. Proximate, comparative and sensory evaluation analysis was done on both food drinks and results obtained were analysed using SPSS version 20. Results: Instant Fura da nono drinks obtained from Maitama district had the highest mean microbial count (p<0.05) while the highest for instant Fura da yoghurt was seen in Wuse. The percentage proximate analysis from the present study revealed Fura da nono to be more nutritious than its Fura da yoghurt counterpart while sensory evaluation showed the latter to be more acceptable and preferable to the former. Conclusion: This study revealed the two drinks to be unsafe for consumption, most likely due to environmental factors, post-production handling and/or hygiene. However, instant Fura da nono prepared and sold in hygienic and/or non-open air environment serves as a more nutritious food drink than Fura da yoghurt. The urgent implementation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) for these dairy products is therefore imperative.
It is evident and revealed by the experience of State of Maharashtra during 2007-2011, that the Effective Application of principles of pharmaco-economics & pharmacovigilance in Medication Management, not only gives assurance about the all-time availability and quality of essential medicines but also saves substantial amount of government exchequer, by procuring the Assured Quality Generic Medicines at most economic rates. These policies were based on following principles of Pharmaco-economic: 1. Selection of Generic Medicines based on W.H.O. Essential List of Medicines. 2. Pooling of need of medicines of all state run hospitals at state level to obtain lowest rates through economies of scale. 3. Selection of “Quality Assured Generic Medicines-through Pre-Qualification conditions. 4. Selection of multiple suppliers per medicine to improve all time availability of essential medicines. 5. Reducing expenditure and workload of procurement, storage and inventory of medicines. 6. Curtailing wastage of funds on procurement of non-essential medicines. Pharmacovigilance-The policy of limited number of essential medicines had been further helped in improving the health care services in the state of Maharashtra, by: 1. Promoting Ethical & Rational use of medicines at physicians, nurses & pharmacists level through publication of “State Hospital Formulary”. 2. Protecting the health of patients from use of harmful effects of non-essential medicines & irrational Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs). 3. Improving patient compliance to the therapy by patients through establishment of “Patient Counseling Centers” at Out Patient Departments in the hospitals and by optimal utilization of pharmacy services. The overall boost in the Image of public healthcare services–The availability of quality assured generic medicines, had gained the confidence of physicians, and had reduced the expenditure on hospital stay of the patients because of fast recovery. And all these benefits together had boosted overall image of the hospital in the society.
Ten parents of bitter gourd viz., Solan Hara, Pusa Do-Mousmi, BG-14, Green Long, MDU-1, IC-85605, IC-45346, IC-68272-1, IC-68237 and Solan Collection and their forty five crosses (using half diallelic system) along with check viz., Jhalri, US-6214 and US-6203 were evaluated in field trials in two locations Udaipur and Chittaurgarh in two different seasons which consists four environments. Economical heterobeltiosis for yield per vine (kg) were recorded in IC 85605 x IC 45346 (38.94%) and MDU 1 x IC 85605 (34.98%) over the environments. Good general combiners for various economic traits IC- 68237 for number of primary branches per vine (0.09), fruit length (0.52), fruit diameter (0.17) & number of fruits per vine (0.22) over the pooled environments. SCA for economic traits were observed in Solan Collection x IC 68237 (1.24) for number of fruits per vine, IC 68237 x MDU-1 for fruit length (1.82) and fruit weight (7.81). These results indicate that both additive and non-additive gene effects are involved in the inheritance of the studied traits. The additive gene action was more important than the non-additive ones in the genetics of most studied traits.
Cercospora Leaf Spot (CLS) of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) remains an important foliar disease worldwide, yet the causative agent Cercospora beticola genetic variability remains incompletely understood in Botswana. To assess the diversity of C. beticola from diseased Swiss chard in southern Botswana, 78 isolates from two farms were analyzed. C. beticola was isolated from Swiss chard at very high frequencies from both Bokaa (91%) and Glen Valley (86%) farms. However, statistical analyses indicated that the isolation rate of the pathogen was not affected by the sampling location (p=0.01, p>0.01). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the 18 sequenced C. beticola isolates clustered into four major classes, which could not be differentiated by the sampling location. Similarly, genetic analysis revealed high genetic diversity of C. beticola strains from the two farms, accounted for by within population diversity (greatest pairwise distance=0.004). The results presented herein underscore the importance of assessment of genetic diversity of pathogens which may be important in targeted control and management of plant diseases.
“Internet addiction is defined as the compulsive urge to continually use the Net, whether it is to spend hours surfing the Web, hang around in IRC chat rooms, or play on-line games”.The present study was conducted to assess the degree and factors influencing internet addiction among higher secondary students of selected schools of Bhopal city (M.P.). Total 188 higher secondary students were taken by using Convenient Sampling Technique. The descriptive research design was used. The main finding of this study revealed that among 188 higher secondary students of various schools of Bhopal city 43.6% are having no internet Addiction ,42% having mild internet Addiction 13% are suffering from moderate Internet Addiction and 1.1% are suffering from severe Internet Addiction. There is a significant association with the degree of internet addiction and selected socio demographic variables.
Several epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of whole grains is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases, which are attributed in part to their unique phytochemical composition. In the present study three varieties of pearl millet (ICMV 221, CO (CU) 9 and market variety) and one variety of little millet were used. The methanolic extracts of the grains were prepared and the total phenols and flavonoid content were estimated. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were measured using stable 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical by UV visible spectroscopy. The reducing power and metal chelating abilities were also determined. Pearl millet ICMV 221 had highest TPC (106.86±2.57 mg GAE/100g flour) whereas total flavonoid content was high in pearl millet CO (CU) 9 (40.22±2.41 mg CE/100g flour). The DPPH radical scavenging activity is highest for pearl millet CO (CU) 9 (70.39±2.57%) and lowest for little millet (39.87±2.0%). Pearl millet ICMV 221 and CO (CU) 9 showed highest reducing power (0.560 and 0.513 respectively). Pearl millet ICMV 221 showed highest metal chelating activity (88.45 %) compared to other millet varieties. The total flavonoid content (TFC) correlated well with DPPH radical scavenging activity(R=0.97618) and moderate correlation with reducing power ((R=0.55456). The total phenolic content (TPC) moderately correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity. These findings suggest that pearl millet and little millet are rich source of phenolic antioxidants and their consumption may be useful in combating diseases in which free radicals are involved.
This study described the effects the hibernation in the structure and functions of liver and oviduct of (Testudo graeca cyrenaica Linnaeus, 1758) during hibernation season and activity season, the result reveled that, histological section of oviduct during hibernation season showing atrophy and degeneration of the glandular region, comparing with nearly normal structure after the hibernation, one the other hand, the histological section of liver showing fatty and pigment liver cells were more abundant with damage particularly in female hibernation season while nearly normal structure and almost normal pattern with less abundant fatty after hibernation season.
