PURPOSE:To investigate longitudinal changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell- inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness in treatment-naïve neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) under intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy (IVT), compared with untreated fellow eyes with dry AMD (dAMD). DESIGN:Retrospective single-center cohort study. SUBJECTS:Consecutive patients with treatment-naïve nAMD receiving anti-VEGF therapy under a treat-and-extend regimen and a minimum follow-up of 24 months were included. Untreated fellow eyes with dAMD served as controls. METHODS:RNFL and GC-IPL thickness were assessed longitudinally using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and RetinAI analysis. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and structural retinal changes were evaluated over time. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess factors associated with retinal layer changes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Longitudinal changes in RNFL thickness, GC-IPL thickness, and BCVA. RESULTS:In nAMD eyes, median RNFL thickness in the 3 mm ring zone decreased from 32.3 μm (30.1-35.4) at baseline to 30.9 μm (29.0-33.4; adjusted P < .001) after the loading phase and remained stable thereafter (all adjusted P > .05), with a similar pattern observed in fellow dAMD eyes. In contrast, GC-IPL thickness progressively declined in both groups. In nAMD eyes, median GC-IPL thickness decreased from 89.1 μm (81.9-94.9) at baseline to 85.1 μm (77.7-90.2) after loading (adjusted P < .001), followed by continued thinning throughout follow-up. BCVA in nAMD eyes improved after loading with a median gain of 4.8 ETDRS letters (0-10.2; adjusted P < .001), remained stable for up to 3 years, and gradually declined thereafter. Mixed-effects modeling showed RNFL thickness was associated with injection number, whereas GC-IPL loss was associated with age and follow-up duration, independent of injection number or sex. CONCLUSIONS:The regression in RNFL and GC-IPL thickness during the loading phase in eyes with nAMD may reflect the resolution of pre-treatment swelling. RNFL thickness remained stable thereafter, while GC-IPL thickness and BCVA declined after loading similarly to fellow eyes with dAMD. According to the mixed-effects model, GC-IPL thinning appears linked to progression of the underlying degenerative process, whereas RNFL thickness appears comparatively preserved.
IMPORTANCE:Concerns have been raised regarding the increased risk of non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) associated with the use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). However, findings remain inconsistent due to differences in indications for drug use, comparator groups, follow-up periods, and study populations. OBJECTIVE:This study aims to examine the association between GLP-1 RA use and the risk of NAION among U.S. patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) enrolled in private health plans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:This retrospective cohort study was conducted based on health administrative claims data from 2012 to 2024. Target trial emulation was applied, using a new user design and active comparators, to compare the risk of NAION between patients initiating GLP-1 RAs and those initiating sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i). Propensity score methods were utilized to balance baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between the comparison groups. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of NAION incidence associated with GLP-1 RAs, relative to SGLT-2i or DPP-4i. EXPOSURES:Participants initiating GLP-1 RAs compared with those initiating SGLT-2i or DPP-4i for the treatment of T2DM. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:Incidence of NAION in the comparison groups and the adjusted hazard ratios between groups. RESULTS:A total of 19,505 adult patients diagnosed with T2DM were included, with 9,213 (47.2%) using GLP-1 RAs, 10,292 (52.8%) exposed to SGLT-2i or DPP-4i, and 29 incidences of NAION. Compared with SGLT-2i or DPP-4i, overall GLP-1 RA use was not significantly associated with a higher risk of NAION (HR: 1.87; 95%CI: 0.85-4.12). However, risk of NAION among liraglutide users was higher than for SGLT-2i or DPP-4i users within 12 or 18 months of follow-up. Additionally, the elevated risk of NAION associated with GLP-1 RAs relative to SGLT-2i or DPP-4i was observed in males and older adults. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:Our findings indicate that GLP-1 RA use, particularly liraglutide, may be associated with an increased risk of NAION among patients with T2DM. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and clarify the biological mechanisms linking GLP-1 RA use to NAION.
Purpose To develop imaging and consensus-based guidelines for the application of multimodal imaging in ocular toxoplasmosis (OT). Design International expert consensus study using the nominal group technique (NGT) guided by systematic literature review. Participants International uveitis specialists and retina experts participating in the Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) taskforce. Methods A subgroup of experts reviewed the published literature on imaging in OT, along with complete multimodal imaging datasets from cases fulfilling the Standardized Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) criteria. Imaging modalities included color fundus photography (CFP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and OCT angiography (OCTA). NGT sessions were conducted to identify key imaging features of typical and atypical presentations of active and inactive OT across modalities and to define imaging findings associated with disease-related complications. Consensus-based imaging descriptors and practical imaging guidelines were developed through iterative discussion. The proposed guidelines were voted on by the MUV taskforce. Main Outcome Measures Identification of multimodal imaging features of active and inactive OT and development of imaging guidelines for diagnosis, activity assessment, and detection of complications. Results The experts agreed that classic OT remains primarily a clinical diagnosis. CFP was considered sufficient for diagnosing typical active OT presenting as focal or paucifocal necrotizing retinochoroiditis. OCT provided important information on lesion depth, retinal and choroidal involvement, and vitreoretinal interface abnormalities, and was particularly valuable in atypical presentations and for longitudinal disease monitoring. FAF assisted in staging lesion evolution and identifying MEWDS-like reactions. FA and ICGA were not recommended for routine use but suggested in selected cases to evaluate the presence and extent of complications. OCTA was considered sufficient for detecting choroidal neovascularization in most cases. Multimodal imaging was generally recommended for atypical OT and for assessment of complications. Conclusions The consensus-based imaging guidelines by MUV provide a standardized and pragmatic framework for the use of multimodal imaging in OT. While the diagnosis in typical cases remains largely clinical, as outlined in the SUN classification, OCT and FAF are valuable for monitoring disease activity, and additional imaging modalities support the management of atypical presentations and complications.
PURPOSE:To evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of biosimilar SSGJ-601 compared with ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). DESIGN:A multicenter, randomized, double-masked, active-controlled phase 3 clinical study. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 351 patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO were enrolled. METHODS:Evaluable patients (N=351) were randomized to receive intravitreal SSGJ-601(1.25mg per eye, Q4W) or intravitreal ranibizumab (0.5mg per eye, Q4W) from day 1 through week 20 (6 injections in total), and treatment transitioned to a pro re nata (PRN) schedule based on investigator-assessed retreatment criteria from week 24 to week 48. All patients completed their end-of-study visit at week 52. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The primary efficacy endpoint was the Least Squares (LS) mean difference in change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), measured by Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letter score, from baseline to week 24. Secondary efficacy endpoints, safety, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity and change in VEGF concentration of SSGJ-601 were also analyzed. RESULTS:Demographic and baseline characteristics and exposure to treatment were similar between groups. In the study eye, SSGJ-601 was non-inferior to ranibizumab in improving the LS mean in BCVA letter count from baseline to week 24 (17.6 (0.66) vs. 18.2 (0.65) letters, -0.6 with 95%CI: (-2.4,1.3), P for non-inferior<0.0001), thus, the primary clinical efficacy end point was met. At each time point, the proportions of patients achieving BCVA gains of ≥5, ≥10, and ≥15 letters in the SSGJ-601 group were non-inferior to those in the ranibizumab group. Drug-related TEAEs (11.4% vs. 12.5%) and SAEs (6.9% vs. 9.1%) were comparable in the two treatment groups. A low incidence of binding antidrug antibodies was observed in SSGJ-611 group. CONCLUSIONS:This study supports the conclusion of no clinical meaningful differences in efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity between SSGJ-601 and ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO. Additionally, treatment transitioned to a pro re nata (PRN) schedule based on investigator-assessed retreatment criteria resulted in sustained benefits in visual and anatomical outcomes.
PURPOSE:To investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of late recurrent Coats' disease after complete resolution. DESIGN:Retrospective, comparative case-control study. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 155 patients (155 eyes) with unilateral Coats' disease who achieved complete resolution after treatment and were followed for > 12 months thereafter. Patients were categorized into late recurrence (n=16) and long-term stable (n=139) groups. METHODS:Clinical records and multimodal ophthalmic imaging were reviewed. Late recurrence was defined as reappearance of abnormal vessels and exudations occurring >12 months after documented complete resolution. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Prevalence and time of late recurrence; baseline and recurrent clinical characteristics; treatment modalities; visual outcomes. RESULTS:Late recurrence occurred in 10.3% of patients with a mean follow-up of 77.1 ± 37.8 months; mean recurrence-free interval was 53.4 ± 30.0 months (range, 15∼120 months). Recurrence rates varied by initial stage: 57.1% in stage 2A, 16.1% in stage 2B, 5.3% for stage 3A1, but none in stage 3A2, 3B and 4. The late recurrent group had a higher proportion of mild initial disease (87.5% vs 39.6%; P < 0.001), lower need for pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) (0% vs 46.8%, P < 0.001), and fewer quadrants of retinal damage after resolution (2.3 ± 1.0 vs 3.1 ± 1.0, P = 0.003) than the long-term stable group. All late recurrent patients received laser photocoagulation initially (100%), and 75% had visual improvement. Recurrent lesions were predominantly within the original abnormal area (87.5%), often manifesting as aneurysmal dilation (71.4%). Most recurrences (68.8%) were asymptomatic, detected on routine follow-up, and managed effectively with laser therapy to preserve visual function. In contrast, symptomatic patients (31.2%) presented with more advanced retinopathy, with widespread capillary leakage on fluorescein angiography (FA) beyond the zones of telangiectasia and exudation, and required more aggressive treatment (multiple laser sessions, intravitreal injections, or PPV). CONCLUSION:Late recurrence of Coats' disease can occur years after complete resolution, particularly in eyes with milder initial presentation, less aggressive primary treatment, less post-treatment retinal damage and better baseline visual acuity. Since most recurrences were asymptomatic, long-term follow-up is crucial for early detection and preventing severe retinopathy.
PURPOSE:To evaluate the incidence, timing, and management of postoperative intraocular lens (IOLs) tilt after secondary IOL implantation or repositioning using the Yamane flanged intrascleral haptic fixation (FISHF) technique. DESIGN:Retrospective consecutive case series. SUBJECTS:A total of 182 eyes undergoing secondary IOL implantation or repositioning using the Yamane FISHF technique at a single tertiary referral center over a 4-year period were included in this study. METHODS:Medical records were reviewed to identify cases of postoperative IOL tilt. Patient demographics, surgical approach, and postoperative outcomes were collected and analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Incidence of postoperative IOL tilt, time from implantation to tilt detection, and change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after postoperative tilt intervention. RESULTS:Among 182 consecutive cases, 21 eyes (11%) developed postoperative IOL tilt. Techniques for haptic externalization included 30-g needles (57%), 27-g needles (14%), and 27-g pars plana vitrectomy ports (29%). Immediate postoperative complications included Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphema Syndrome (14%), hypotony (14%), cystoid macular edema (5%), and ocular hypertension (5%). In 20 of 21 eyes (95%), tilt occurred spontaneously. The median interval between IOL implantation and detection of tilt was 10 days (range, 1-1086 days; interquartile range, 1-74 days), and the median interval between tilt detection and corrective intervention was 75 days (range, 6-946 days; interquartile range, 21-197 days). Lens exchange was pursued to address the tilt in 10 (48%) eyes. Of these, 4 received an anterior chamber IOL, 5 underwent repeat FISHF implantation, and 1 received a scleral-sutured IOL. Of the remaining cases, 7 (33%) were repositioned, 3 (14%) were observed without intervention, and 1 (5%) underwent lens removal and was left aphakic. The mean BCVA before and after any procedure to correct lens tilt was 1.10 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution and 0.55 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, respectively (P = 0.03). White-to-white corneal diameter did not significantly differ between eyes with and without tilt (P = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS:Spontaneous IOL tilt after Yamane FISHF occurred in 11% of cases, most frequently within the first 2 postoperative weeks. Lens tilt was observed across multiple haptic externalization techniques and IOL types, and the majority of affected eyes (86%) required subsequent surgical management, including IOL exchange, repositioning, or removal. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S):Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S):The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
PURPOSE:To characterize ultrasonographic features of morning glory syndrome (MGS) and peripapillary staphyloma (PS) in children and their associations with retinal detachment (RD). DESIGN:Retrospective observational cohort study. SUBJECTS:A diagnostic cohort of 83 eyes classified as MGS (53 eyes) or PS (30 eyes) and a full cohort of 231 eyes with congenital optic disc excavation after exclusion of optic disc coloboma and acquired causes. METHODS:Clinical records and B-scan ultrasonography images of patients aged 18 years or younger were reviewed. The diagnostic cohort compared MGS and PS. In the full cohort, RD present at the initial examination (baseline RD) was the primary outcome; RD documented at baseline or follow-up was analyzed secondarily, and incident RD was analyzed separately among eyes without baseline RD with follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Ultrasonographic differences between MGS and PS and associations of excavation depth and morphology with baseline RD. Secondary outcomes included incident RD and final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). RESULTS:In the diagnostic cohort, MGS eyes had deeper excavation than PS eyes (4.08 ± 2.11 mm vs. 2.80 ± 1.22 mm; P < 0.001), and non-bowl-shaped excavation was more frequent in MGS (73.6% vs. 10.0%; P < 0.001). Final BCVA was available for 69 eyes and was worse in MGS than in PS (1.85 ± 0.81 vs. 1.35 ± 0.81 logMAR; P = 0.006). In the full cohort, 82 of 231 eyes had baseline RD. Greater excavation depth (adjusted OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.49; P = 0.013) and non-bowl-shaped morphology (adjusted OR, 7.18; 95% CI, 2.92-17.64; P < 0.001) were associated with baseline RD. Results were similar for RD documented at baseline or follow-up. Among 123 eyes included in the longitudinal analysis, ten developed incident RD. Greater excavation depth was associated with incident RD (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05-1.60; P = 0.014). CONCLUSION:MGS and PS have partially overlapping but distinguishable ultrasonographic features. Greater excavation depth and non-bowl-shaped morphology were associated with RD, while greater excavation depth was also associated with incident RD. B-scan ultrasonography provides reproducible structural information for distinguishing MGS from PS and characterizing excavation features associated with RD.
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the 48-week efficacy and safety results for faricimab in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). DESIGN:SALWEEN (ISRCTN69073386) is a phase 3b/4, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, 108-week trial. PARTICIPANTS:Treatment-naïve patients aged ≥ 50 years with symptomatic macular PCV in Asia. METHODS:Patients received faricimab 6 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W) up to week 12 (loading period), Q8W-Q16W up to week 48, and Q8W-Q20W via a treat-and-extend-based dosing regimen up to week 104. Treatment intervals from week 20 were based on protocol-defined disease activity criteria, including change in central subfield thickness (CST) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and presence of new macular hemorrhage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Primary endpoint: BCVA change from baseline averaged over weeks 40/44/48. Selected secondary/exploratory endpoints through week 48: CST change from baseline; proportion of patients achieving absence of subretinal/intraretinal fluid (SRF/IRF), complete polypoidal lesion regression, and dosing interval assignment at the end of the loading period and week 48; and ocular/nonocular adverse events. RESULTS:Overall, 135 patients were enrolled across 38 sites in 9 countries/regions. Mean ± SD baseline BCVA and CST were 64.4 ± 11.3 letters and 417.0 ± 155.2 μm, respectively. Mean (95% CI) change from baseline to weeks 40/44/48 average was +8.9 (7.3-10.5) letters for BCVA and -126.5 (-144.8 to -108.3) μm for CST. The proportion of patients with absence of SRF/IRF increased from 13.5% (18/133) at baseline to 76.4% (97/127) at week 48. In patients with reading center-confirmed PCV lesions, 60.8% (59/97) had complete polypoidal lesion regression at week 48. At week 48, 83.4% (105/126) of patients were on ≥ Q12W dosing and 53.2% (67/126) were assigned to Q20W dosing. Faricimab was generally well tolerated through week 48. Safety data were consistent with the known safety profile of faricimab. CONCLUSIONS:Vision and anatomical improvements achieved during the loading phase were maintained through week 48 with patients on ≤ Q16W faricimab dosing. These data support the potential for dual angiopoietin-2/vascular endothelial growth factor-A inhibition with faricimab to extend treatment durability while maintaining vision and anatomic improvements, including complete polypoidal lesion regression, in patients with PCV.
PURPOSE:To compare one-year ophthalmic outcomes in endogenous endophthalmitis following candidal versus bacterial sepsis using a large, multicenter electronic health record database. DESIGN:Retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study with a global, federated database. SUBJECTS:Patients in the TriNetX Analytics Network diagnosed with endophthalmitis and antecedent candidal or bacterial sepsis within 7 days were identified. METHODS:Patients were matched 1:1 by propensity score for age, sex, race, ethnicity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus infection, malignant neoplasms, liver disease, and transplanted organ or tissue status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:One-year relative risk (RR) of incident retinal detachment, vitreoretinal intervention, and all-cause mortality. A secondary analysis assessed composite vision or globe loss without exclusion of prior diagnosis. The number of intravitreal injections administered was also compared between cohorts. RESULTS:In total, 318 candidal and 1,173 bacterial sepsis patients with endophthalmitis were identified. After matching, each cohort included 304 patients with well-balanced baseline characteristics. Compared with bacterial sepsis, candidal sepsis was associated with significantly lower rates of retinal detachment (3.8% vs. 7.8%; RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24-0.99), vitreoretinal intervention (4.1% vs. 14.2%; RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.15-0.53), and composite vision and globe loss in the secondary analysis (4.3% vs. 26.6%; RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09-0.28). The mean number of intravitreal injections administered per patient did not significantly differ between cohorts (mean±SD 2.25±4.03 candidal vs. 1.23±0.65 bacterial; P=.209). One-year mortality was significantly higher with candidal sepsis (35.4% vs. 25.3%; RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.09-1.79; p=.007). CONCLUSIONS:In this large-scale, propensity-matched analysis, candidal sepsis was associated with significantly lower rates of retinal detachment and vitreoretinal intervention compared with bacterial sepsis, despite higher all-cause mortality. These divergent findings indicate that endogenous Candida endophthalmitis, despite its greater systemic morbidity, may carry lower ophthalmic risk than bacterial disease. Multicenter, prospective studies with visual acuity data are needed to further characterize pathogen-specific differences in ophthalmic risk.
TOPIC:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmacologic interventions (including 5-fluorouracil, low-molecular-weight heparin, methotrexate, corticosteroids, anti-VEGF agents, and retinoids) compared with control treatments for preventing or treating proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:PVR is the leading cause of anatomical failure after retinal detachment surgery. Despite advances in vitreoretinal techniques, no pharmacologic adjuvant has been established, and management remains primarily surgical. METHODS:We registered our protocol with PROSPERO (CRD420261435402). We systematically searched four databases from inception to June 2026 for studies evaluating pharmacologic therapies for PVR prevention or treatment. Risk of bias was assessed using validated tools, and random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Sixty-nine studies were included, with 31 contributing to meta-analysis. No significant improvement in anatomical outcomes was observed with 5-fluorouracil plus low-molecular-weight heparin for prevention (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.59-1.51), methotrexate for established PVR (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.86-1.07), corticosteroids (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.93-1.33), or anti-VEGF therapy (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.32-1.64). Overall, pharmacologic therapy was associated with reduced redetachment risk (RR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28-0.94), mainly driven by methotrexate and anti-VEGF subgroups. Retinoids showed a potential benefit for reattachment. Certainty of evidence was low to very low. CONCLUSION:Current evidence does not support routine pharmacologic adjuvant therapy for PVR. Methotrexate, anti-VEGF agents, and retinoids show promising signals but require confirmation in adequately powered randomized controlled trials.
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the incidence and risk of retinal artery occlusion (RAO) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in cancer survivors across anatomical cancer subgroups. DESIGN:Retrospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 462,185 individuals newly diagnosed with cancer in South Korea between 2011 and 2022 were included in the main analysis. METHODS:Incident cancer cases were identified from the Korean National Health Insurance Sharing Service database. Malignancies were classified into 15 anatomical subgroups according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Patients with multiple primary cancers or prior RAO or RVO were excluded. Risks of RAO and RVO were evaluated using age- and sex-adjusted standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) compared with the general population and multivariable Cox and Fine-Gray hazard models within the cancer cohort. Sensitivity analyses were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Incident RAO and RVO after cancer diagnosis. RESULTS:During a mean follow-up of 7.3 years, 873 RAO and 6,657 RVO cases were identified. The 5-year cumulative incidence was 0.13% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.14) for RAO and 0.91% (95% CI, 0.88-0.94) for RVO. Compared with the general population, cancer survivors had increased risks of RAO (SIR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.19-1.36; P < 0.001) and RVO (SIR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.12-1.17; P < 0.001). Hematologic malignancies showed the highest risk for RAO (SIR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.80-3.38; P < 0.001; hazard ratio [HR], 1.92; 95% CI, 1.41-2.62; P = 0.001) and an increased risk for RVO (SIR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.33-1.73; P < 0.001; Cox HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.17-1.52; P < 0.001). Eye and adnexa cancers showed the highest risk for RVO (SIR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.56-5.29; P = 0.002; Fine-Gray HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.41-4.34; P = 0.002). Findings were consistent in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS:Cancer survivors have significantly increased risks of both RAO and RVO compared with the general population. Hematologic malignancies showed elevated risks for both outcomes, whereas eye and adnexa cancers were most strongly associated with RVO. RVO may be a relevant vascular complication warranting further study in cancer survivorship.
