In recent years,non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI)behavior has emerged in a large number of adoles-cent depression.NSSI associated with adolescent depres-sion may be an addictive behavior,which has many sim-ilar neurobiological mechanisms to substance addiction.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and precursor of BDNF(proBDNF)play an important role in addiction behavior,and they may be related to endogenous opioid receptors.The location and distribution of opioid μ re-ceptors in the brain are related to reward,motivation and emotion regulated by behavioral addiction.The purpose of this paper is to review the general situation,mechanism and relationship between the characteristics of NSSI be-havior addiction and brain-derived nutritional factors in adolescents with depression.
Objective:rupture of liver metasta-ses with disturbance of consciousness accompanied by aggravation of hemiplegia is very rare.We describe the clinical features of a case of spontaneous rupture of liver metastasis tumors with disturbance of consciousness and progression of right limb hemiplegia.Methods:collect the patient's medical history,conduct a detailed physi-cal examination,timely improve the relevant laboratory and imaging examination,formulate a comprehensive treatment plan,and track the changes of the disease and the treatment effect.Results:the patient presented with blurred consciousness,hemiplegia of the right limb,and epigastric tenderness when admitted to the hospital.No evident new lesions were found on cranial computed to-mography(CT).Blood routine examination showed that hemoglobin decreased significantly compared with be-fore.Abdominal CT showed tumor rupture and bleeding.The patient in critical condition did not have operation conditions,but improved after conservative treatment.Conclusion:when patients with liver metastasis tumors suddenly have a disturbance of consciousness and prog-ress of hemiplegia,they should not only be considered to have acute cerebrovascular diseases,but also the possi-bility of rupture of liver metastasis tumors.If only treated according to acute stroke,it will endanger their lives.For the liver metastasis tumor rupture,if there is no oppor-tunity for embolotherapy,timely conservative treatment with drugs can also achieve good results.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)plays an important role in the growth,develop-ment,differentiation,injury,repair,survival and apoptosis of nerve cells.Precursor of BDNF(proBDNF)is an im-portant regulator of neurodegeneration,long-term hippo-campal inhibition and synaptic plasticity.Alcohol depen-dence syndrome(ADS)is a group of chronic recurrent diseases with unknown etiology.Current studies believe that proBDNF plays an important role in the occurrence,development and outcome of ADS.Alcohol dependence patients,like other neurodegenerative diseases,will also have different degrees of cognitive impairment.This arti-cle reviews the research progress on the relationship be-tween BDNF,proBDNF,alcohol dependence and cogni-tive impairment.
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome(AWS)refers to a series of symptoms and signs that chronic al-coholics experience when they suddenly stop drinking or reduce their drinking,usually 12 to 24 h later.These in-clude tremors,fatigue,sweating,hyperreflexia,and gas-trointestinal symptoms.This article will analyze the drug treatment of this disease and make a brief review.
In recent years,the serious social phe-nomenon of suicide has been of great concern to society and academia.However,the study and early risk assess-ment of suicide have been limited by multiple aspects.Therefore,researchers have started to search for a reliable marker for early diagnosis of suicide risk,and one of the widely studied neurotransmitters associated with suicide is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).This re-view aims to summarize the current scientific knowledge on the relevance of BDNF and psychiatric disorders to suicide and to infer whether neurotrophic factors could be a reliable marker for early diagnosis of suicide risk.Based on the results of these studies,a link between BDNF and suicide may exist and act independently of mental illness.However,there is still controversy and further studies may provide researchers with useful information.
Chronic insomnia disorder(CID)is a relatively common clinical sleep disorder,which is es-sentially characterized by dissatisfaction with sleep due to frequent and persistent difficulties in falling asleep or maintaining sleep.The etiology and pathogenesis of CID are not fully understood.In the past decades,medical re-search has explored the interrelationship between cyto-kines(CKs)and sleep disorders,and this paper reviews the correlation between CID and inflammatory factors in the context of domestic and international research on the subject.
Clozapine has been recognized as the best drug for the treatment of refractory schizophrenia,but its clinical use is very cautious.Clozapine has many side effects,among which agranulocytosis is fatal.And it often causes glucose intolerance,leading to type 2 di-abetes.The treatment plan for elevated blood glucose in clozapine patients is still unclear.This paper will report one case of glucose intolerance caused by clozapine and its alternative treatment,and discuss the treatment plan.
Depression is a common mental disor-der with low mood,loss of interest and pleasure as main symptoms.Because of depending on the subjective diag-nosis of psychiatrists,its diagnosis is no reliable objective basis.P300 research findings can be used as an objective diagnostic indicator for patients.This paper mainly intro-duces the current research status of event-related poten-tials for depression and introduces the scientific research and clinical significance of P300 for depression.
Alcohol dependence is a chronic and re-lapsing disease that causes mental and organ damage due to long-term heavy drinking,which has serious adverse effects on individuals and society.Previous studies have shown that even after inpatient treatment,the relapse rate of alcohol-dependent patients can be as high as 60%-70%within 3 months after discharge.Currently,the mecha-nisms associated with relapse to drinking in alcohol-de-pendent patients are still unclear.And most of the studies reported in the past have been about the relationship be-tween psychosocial factors and relapse to drinking,while few studies have examined the relationship between bi-ological indicators and relapse to drinking.Therefore,in this paper,we summarize the recent literature to explore the biological markers related to alcohol dependence re-lapse and discuss the progress of research on relapse pre-diction,in order to provide reference and help to reduce the relapse rate and improve the quality of life of patients.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)is a widely studied neurotrophic factor,which plays an important role in the growth,development,dif-ferentiation,injury,repair,survival and apoptosis of nerve cells.More and more studies have found that there is a high prevalence of depressive disorders in patients with autoimmune diseases.Sj?gren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune exocrine disease characterized by lympho-cytic infiltration and exocrine gland destruction.Depres-sive disorders are common in patients with Sj?gren's syndrome.The quality of life of patients with Sj?gren's syndrome with depression was generally lower than that of patients with Sj?gren's syndrome without depres-sion.In this article,we reviewed the research progress of BDNF and depression in Sj?gren's syndrome at home and abroad.
Abstrat Alcohol withdrawal syndrome(AWS)is a serious disorder affecting alcohol-dependent patients who abruptly stop or reduce their drinking.Mild or moderate AWS usually appears within 6 to 24 h after the last drink,and symptoms may include increased blood pressure and rapid pulse,tremors,high fever,irritability,anxiety,headache,nausea,and vomiting.These symptoms may progress to a more severe AWS characterized by delirium tremens,seizures,coma,cardiac arrest,and death.This article will analyze the phenobarbital(PB)treatment of AWS and make a brief review.
Objective:to explore brain-derived neu-rotrophic factor(BDNF)and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP9)messenger in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with depressive episodes before and after anti-depressant treatment changes in RNA(mRNA)expres-sion levels.Methods:fifteen patients hospitalized with depression in the Affiliated Mental Hospital of Kunming Medical University from December 2021 to June 2022 were collected as research objects.After 4 weeks of anti-depressant treatment,BDNF mRNA and MMP9 mRNA in patients with depression were detected before and af-ter treatment,and statistically analyzed.Results:after 4 weeks of antidepressant treatment,there was no signif-icant difference in BDNF mRNA expression level after treatment compared with before treatment(P＞0.05).The mRNA level of MMP9 was higher than that before treatment,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion:antidepressant therapy increases the expression of MMP9 mRNA,increasing the conver-sion of BDNF precursor(proBDNF)to mature for BDNF(mBDNF)to relieve depressive symptoms,and the total content of BDNF did not change significantly.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious disorder that begins early in life and continues throughout life. Children diagnosed early with ASD are more responsive to therapeutic interventions and have less impairment of social and language functions whereas current diagnostic measures are mostly applied to children older than one year and lack the appropriate biological markers for early diagnosis of ASD. In this study, we used datasets GSE6575 from GEO to comprehensively analyze the mRNA expression profile of ASD, including 35 ASD samples and 12 normal control samples. Firstly, we looked for 50 different genes, and then we did a enrichment analysis of those genes. The results of enrichment analysis showed that these differential genes were mainly concentrated in the response to viruses, immune regulation of inflammation and energy metabolism Secondly, String database was used to construct Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of differential genes. Finally, cytoscape plug-ins Cytohubba was further used to search for Hub genes and the diagnostic value of these Hub genes was verified by subject operating characteristic curves. among which two genes IL2RB and PRF1 had good sensitivity and specificity for the early diagnosis of autism. the areas under ROC curve were 0.855,0.830 for IL2RB, PRF1.Data analysis using GEO database can provide some new insights into the etiology of ASD and provide some possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets for early diagnosis and treatment of ASD.
Background: Bipolar cells communicate with amacrine and ganglion cells of the retina via both transient and sustained neurotransmitter release in ribbon synapses. Reconstructing the published quantitative release data from electrical soma stimulation (voltage clamp experiments) of rat rod bipolar cells were used to develop two simple models to predict the number of released vesicles as time series. In the experiment, the currents coming to the AII amacrine cell originating from releasing vesicles from the rod bipolar cell were recorded using paired-recordings in whole-cell voltage-clamp method. One of the models is based directly on terminal transmembrane voltage, so-called ‘modelV’, whereas the temporally exacter modelCa includes changes of intracellular calcium concentrations at terminals. Results: The intracellular calcium concentration method replicates a 0.43-ms signal delay for the transient release to pulsatile stimulation as a consequence of calcium channel dynamics in the presynaptic membrane, while the modelV has no signal delay. Both models produce the quite similar results in low stimuli amplitudes. However, for large stimulation intensities that may be done during extracellular stimulations in retinal implants, the modelCa predicts that the reversal potential of calcium limits the number of transiently released vesicles. Adding sodium and potassium ion channels to the axon of the cell enable to study the impact of spikes on the transient release in BC ribbons. A spike elicited by somatic stimulation causes the rapid release of all vesicles that are available for transient release, while a non-spiking BC with a similar morphometry needs stronger stimuli for any transient vesicle release. During extracellular stimulation, there was almost no difference in transient release between the active and passive cells because in both cases the terminal membrane of the cell senses the same potentials originating from the microelectrode. An exception was found for long pulses when the spike has the possibility to generate a higher terminal voltage than the passive cell. Simulated periodic 5 Hz stimulation showed a reduced transient release of 3 vesicles per stimulus, which is a recovery effect. Conclusions: We presented two mathematical concepts for vesicle release in ribbon synapses and explained decreasing efficiency in retinal implants for suprathreshold stimulation.
Anxiety disorder is a common and serious mental disorder. At present, the pathogenesis of anxiety disorder includes hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neuroimmune, and brain-gut axis disorders, among others. This paper discusses the correlation between anx-iety disorder and the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine axis and finds that immune inflammation can be used as a "bridge" between the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine axis and anxiety disorder.
Objective: to describe the clinical fea-tures of a case of infective endocarditis caused by Staph-ylococcus lugdunensis, followed by cerebral embolism, spleen embolism and tendon rupture. Methods: the clin-ical data of a 22-year-old female patient with aphasia hemiplegia and abdominal pain were collected. Relevant examinations such as routine blood test, myocardial en-zyme spectrum, electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac color Doppler ultrasound, brain magnetic resonance, abdomi-nal computed tomography (CT) and blood culture were completed, and anti infection treatment was carried out according to the drug sensitivity test. Results: brain mag-netic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cerebral infarction in the left basal ganglia, cardiac color Doppler ultrasound showed mitral valve vegetation and abscess formation, and abdominal CT showed splenic infarction. After anti infection treatment, the patient's condition gradually improved, but the patient had sudden arrhythmia in the recovery period. Color Doppler ultrasound showed rup-ture of the mitral tendinous cord and valve prolapse. The condition was improved after surgical treatment. Conclu-sion: the first manifestation of Staphylococcus lugdunen-sis infection is cerebral infarction, which is relatively rare in the clinic setting. The main manifestation of this case is aphasia hemiplegia with abdominal pain. Blood cul-ture and identification show Staphylococcus lugdunensis, which is rare in adolescent patients. The infection has a rapid onset, rapid progress and causes serious valve dam-age. Timely strain identification and drug sensitivity test are conducive to accurate diagnosis and treatment. Valve surgery is often necessary.
Objective: allergic granulomatous vas-culitis is relatively rare in clinic. We aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of allergic granulomatous vasculi-tis. Methods: collecting allergic granulomatous vasculitis patients in Taihe Hospital from January 2017 to June 2020, sorting out their general information, system involvement and clinical examination results, and analyzing their clini-cal characteristics. Results: a total of 5 patients diagnosed with allergic granulomatous vasculitis were collected, all with multiple organ involvement, including the skin, re-spiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, urinary system, and nervous system. Respiratory system involvement was mainly due to decreased lung function; 60％ manifested as obstructive ventilatory dysfunction. Lung biopsy showed a large amount of eosinophil infil-tration in the interstitium of the alveolar septum, and eo-sinophil and fibrin-like exudation in the alveolar cavity. The circulatory system was mainly affected by myocardi-al damage, and patient two (P2) had pericardial effusion. 60％ of nervous system involvement was central nervous system involvement, and 40％ was peripheral nerve in-volvement. Skin system involvement accounted for 60％. Urinary system involvement was mainly manifested as hematuria and proteinuria. Digestive system involvement was mainly manifested as gastritis, gastric ulcer and other diseases. Conclusion: allergic granulomatous vasculitis is clinically rare. The clinical manifestations are atypical and often involve damage to multiple systems. Clinicians need to fully understand the characteristics of the disease and make comprehensive judgments based on the onset process and examination results to avoid misdiagnosis.
Objective: to describe the clinical fea-tures of Holmes tremor (HT) in the head and neck region caused by midbrain and thalamus hemorrhage. Methods: we collected the clinical history and examination data of a patient with HT in the head and neck region. Results: the patient had HT in the head and neck region with dizzi-ness. Brain computed to mography (CT) showed midbrain and thalamus hemorrhage. Conclusion: HT in the head and neck region as a delayed complication of midbrain and thalamus stroke are rare in clinic. When patients have a tremor in the head and neck region after midbrain or thalamus stroke, HT should be considered.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder, the etiology and mechanism of which are not yet clear. Studies have shown that folate deficiency can lead to abnormalities in the development of the central nervous system. Patients with autism spectrum disorders develop folate-alpha receptor autoantibodies. Folate-alpha receptor autoantibodies block folate transport, leading to a deficiency of folate in nerve tissues. Folate is effective in treating patients with folate-alpha receptor autoantibodies.
Objective: the positioning of secondary hospitals in the community rehabilitation work system and the status of community medical rehabilitation services for the disabled in Changsha were clarified through investigation and study of the 2019 income of a secondary general hospital in Changsha. Suggestions from various parties were integrated to provide feasible ideas for expanding the role of secondary hospitals in community rehabilitation. Methods: the 2019 income of a secondary general hospital in Changsha was statistically analyzed, a community rehabilitation questionnaire was designed, and a field survey was carried out focusing on 19 issues including rehabilitation service items, rehabilitation facilities and equipment, and the satisfaction of rehabilitation practitioners. Results: in the total hospitalization expenses of a secondary general hospital in Changsha city in 2019, rehabilitation physiotherapy expenses accounted for 7%, and drug treatment expenses accounted for 25%. In addition, in the survey of community rehabilitation service satisfaction for the disabled, the difference between the very dissatisfied and very satisfied groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: taking a secondary general hospital in Changsha city as an example, the treatment methods in secondary general hospitals are still dominated by traditional drug therapy, and the disabled are not satisfied with community rehabilitation services. Therefore, rehabilitation treatment projects to meet the rehabilitation needs of the disabled should be promoted in hospitals.
