Abstract Breast cancer is a foremost cause of death worldwide, ranks fifth among causes of death from all types of cancers; this is the most common cause of cancer death in women among both developing and developed countries. Breast cancer ranks first among the most frequent cancers in women of Ethiopia. In spite of the high incidence, mortality rate, and survival status among breast cancer patients was not determined in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the time to death among breast cancer patients attending anti-cancer treatment from September 2015 till December 2018 at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Methods: Hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among breast cancer patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curve together with log-rank test was deployed to test for variations in the survival among predictor variables. Cox regression was used at a 5% level of significance to determine the net effect of each independent variable on the time to death of breast cancer clients. Results: From the Cox proportional model, patients with age, educational status, residence, Baseline Tumor size &Pathology type (LIC) were found to be a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) on the risk of mortality due to breast cancer and the median survival time of breast cancer patient was 34.50 months. Conclusion: the finding of this study showed that age, educational status, residence, Baseline Tumor size &Pathology type (LIC) were influential affecting time to death of breast cancer patient at the Hospital. It is recommended to make interventions based on these risk factors.
Background and Objectives: In March 2020, approximately 57 million children were affected by massive school closures in the wake of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Many child advocates expressed concerns about the impact of physical school closures and transition to virtual learning on school-aged children's mental health and well-being, particularly those who utilized resources, such as counselling or special education, within the school system. This systematic review was done to identify a) the effect and impact of school closures on the mental health of children in grades K-12, if any, and b) to guide future research on the topic. Methods: A systematic review focused on published articles addressing the effect that COVID-19 related school closures and transition to virtual learning had on school-aged children's and adolescents' mental health. Inclusion criteria included: human studies, scholarly papers, school-aged children, SARS-CoV-2 research, mental health impacts, an article written in English, and research-based in the United States. Exclusion criteria included: not human studies, studies not available in English, individuals over 18 years old, and SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV research. The search was conducted between March 20, 2021, and April 18, 2021. Articles were further screened utilizing the PRISMA flow diagram. Once screened, included articles were reviewed by one member of the research team and a PICO-style analysis was used for each article. After the initial review, a total of 11 articles were included in this systematic review. Learning Points Discussion: We identified several areas of a child's life that school closures limited access to, such as reduced-cost meals, mental health services, and special education. Since the school closures and subsequent transition to online schooling, these resources became unavailable or limited by virtual technology. Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and marginalized communities were particularly vulnerable to negative mental health changes due to school closures and decreased access to school-based resources. These individuals belonging to a lower socioeconomic class are more likely to have inadequate computers to utilize in-home learning, have more unstable internet connections, and are less likely to have a caregiver that can stay home to help with their distanced learning. This research will be vital in understanding any adverse effects on children and shaping the future development of school-based programs and their funding.
HIV/AIDS continues to be a major public health concern and cause of death in the world. Even though WHO recommended viral load testing as the preferred monitoring approach to diagnose and confirm ARV treatment failure, but in most cases, factors influencing the trend of viral load were not well identified. The main objective of this study was to modeling the change of viral load and identifying its associated factors among HIV positive patients. In this retrospective longitudinal data analysis, data was collected from 287 HIV positive patients registered for ART between January 2017 and June 2019 in Zewditu hospital and unstructured covariance structure was parsimonious for the data. Linear mixed model with different random effect were applied to the data. Linear mixed model with random intercept and slope were selected as a best model to fit the data based on different model selection criteria. The findings of the study revealed that there was a decrement over time in the log VL of patients with HIV on ART. Furthermore, time, baseline CD4 count, WHO clinical stage, functional status of the patient, adherence, smoking status, initial ART Regimen and time interaction with adherence and WHO stage were found to be significant predictors of log VL evolution. Linear mixed model with random intercept and slope were selected to fit the data based on different information criteria. There was a significant variation in log VL of patients at baseline and through ART treatment time. Therefore, patients should take ART regimens with good adherence to decrease their viral load over time.
The healthcare supply chain begins with the production of medical products. Different stages of supply chain flow may have their own objectives. The healthcare supply chain management process can be inefficient and fragmented because supply chain goals are not always matched within the medical requirements. To choose a certain product, healthcare organizations must consider a variety of demands and perspectives. The MRI team contributes a wealth of knowledge to the essential task of improving our clients’ supply chain and logistics performance. MRI is considered the most efficient medical device for the acquisition and treatment of medical imaging. Medical devices and manufacturing are classified as crucial factors for the supply chain in radiology. The objective of this paper is to present an approach that consists of modeling in 3D a segment of a stenosing aorta with a parallel treatment in order to determine the cost and the time of treatment for the reporting, which can be considered a promoter element to optimize the course of supply chain from manufacture to medical industry. Acceleration has sought to reduce the imaging speed in parallel architecture convergence for cardiac MRI. The image computation time is comparatively long owing to the iterative reconstruction process of 3D models. The aim of this paper is to suggest a CPU-GPU parallel architecture based on multicore to increase the speed of mesh generation in a 3D model of a stenosis aorta. A retrospective cardiac MRI scan with 74 series and 3057 images for a 10-year-old patient with congenital valve and valvular aortic stenosis on close MRI and coarctation (operated and dilated) in the sense of shone syndrome. The 3D mesh model was generated in Standard Tessellation Language (STL), as well as the libraries used to operate with Pymesh and Panda, and the time spent in tracing, decomposing, and finalizing the mesh crucially depends on the number of nuclei used in the parallel processing and the mesh quality chosen. A parallel processing based on four processors are required for the 3D shape refinement.To improve the efficiency of image processing algorithms and medical applications acquired in real-time analysis and control, a hybrid architecture (GPU/GPU) was proposed. The response time of parallel processing based on the CPU-GPU architecture used at the mesh level to achieve a 3D model is critically dependent on the number of kernels required.
Abstract: Obesity (BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2) is always a trending public health problem and different studies have linked it to the development of heart diseases. However, overweight (BMI between 25.0 kg/m2 and less than 30.0 kg/m2) has very few studies linking it to the development of heart diseases, coupled with the overweight/obesity paradox phenomena which still causes controversy. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between overweight and congestive heart failure/coronary heart diseases in the United States. To determine this relationship, the 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset, which surveyed 9756 individuals in the United States was utilized. The dataset was analyzed using Software for Statistics and Data Software (STATA) and Pearson’s chi-squared test. The p-value using the t-test command in STATA for all these variables was <0.001, which indicated that there is a significant relationship between overweight and congestive heart failure/coronary heart disease across gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Although the development of congestive heart failure/coronary heart disease in overweight individuals was confirmed with this study, it is surprising to realize that the socioeconomic status of an individual also plays a role. Further research is necessary to determine how a lower or higher socioeconomic status causes overweight leading to heart diseases.
Parental distress is a major issue in pediatric oncology. The literature shows that intervention programs aimed at supporting parents are effective in reducing parental distress following their child’s cancer diagnosis. However, most programs bear limitations, most often related to their focus on the individual (rather than the family), and their dissemination possibilities. TAKING BACK CONTROL TOGETHER is an integrative program which was developed to respond to these limitations and take the best of effective existing components. In line with development standards from behavioral medicine (ORBIT model), this 6-sessions program aims to reduce parental distress by reinforcing both Problem Solving Skills Techniques (PSST) in 4 individual sessions and communication within the couple and dyadic coping in 2 sessions with the parent couple. The program was first developed in French-language and is now being adapted in English. Because the program addresses both individual PSST and dyadic coping, it is expected to yield more benefits for parents than existing interventions. After this first phase of definition, the program should be pre-tested for refinement, and pilot-tested. This article aims to present the definition of this program, including handbooks for caregivers and parents, as well as worksheets and electronic resources.
Abstract Abstract: Increased prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures among people living with HIV (PLWH) have been reported. The aim of the DANHIV-OSTEO study is to longitudinally monitor BMD among successfully treated PLWH. Here we report the baseline Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) data. Furthermore, we analyze the influence of mode of analysis on BMD results. Well-treated PLWH aged 40–70 (women) and 50–70 years (men) were included. Using T-scores and a newly described Z-score grading we investigated the frequencies of low BMD. Logistic regression models were used to delineate the influence of age, sex, BMI, smoking, exercise, tenofovir (TDF) and protease inhibitor (PI) usage on low BMD (Z/T scores < −1). 226 PLWH had baseline DXA scans. The frequency of low BMD was 57 % (osteopenia and osteoporosis: 44 and 13 %). Higher age, current smoking and male sex were associated with higher risk of low BMD. Higher BMI and exercise were protective. We found an OR suggesting a negative effect of TDF. PI usage was not associated with low BMD. Mode of analysis influenced the findings. Low BMD was highly prevalent among Danish well-treated PLWH. Neither TDF nor PI usage was significantly associated with low BMD. Greater uniformity in the mode of analysis is recommended.
Abstract: Severe outbreaks of COVID-19 have changed America’s landscape substantially. What’s more astonishing is wearing a mask or not used to be a question for many Americans when this virus was exponentially spreading in the U.S. The present study conducted thematic analysis of mask-related news comments from six American mainstream media. The analysis indicated five major themes. These were: (1) Debates on mask effectiveness; (2) Care vs. not care about others; (3) Controversies over personal rights and freedom; (4) Masks are politicized; and (5) Mask-related anti-science phenomenon. Each theme was further discussed using relevant theoretical evidence (e.g., trust in public health measures; altruism in crises; autonomy; individualism/collectivism; trust in science) in the literary. Despite the observed selfish behaviors, divisions and increasing anti-science trends in the U.S., people should still hold deep belief in science, altruism and solidarity.
Medical exposures to ionizing radiation constitute nearly half of the total radiation exposures from all sources. The higher utilization of imaging services is happening all over the world, Uganda inclusive. We sought to establish the relationship between adult patient anthropometric measurements and computed tomography scan exposure variables. This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted in three selected hospitals performing adult CT scan examinations. A total of 176 adult patients who presented for head, abdominal, cardiac CT—calcium score and cardiac angiogram were recruited in the study. Data was collected using a piloted standardized research protocol for establishing diagnostic reference values. The data collected were weight, height, age and sex with CT scan variables. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. This study was also approved by the ethics committee. The key findings showed that the examination, reference and total mAs were associated with significant positive associations with the anthropometric characteristics namely; weight, height and BMI as opposed to sex and age. The findings also revealed that males were generally exposed to higher doses for Head and Cardiac CT studies with females receiving higher doses for abdominal examinations only.
The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes Hepatitis B vaccination as the most-effective way of controlling HBV infection. However, knowledge regarding general university students’ population vaccination status remains limited in Ghana. Using data from a survey involving 2712 students from three universities, this study aimed to examine Hepatitis B vaccination status and associated factors among university students in Ghana. Results showed that less than half of the participants (38.2%) have been vaccinated and (57.3%) were yet to complete full vaccination (taken the full three doses of the vaccine). Non-compulsory nature of Hepatitis B vaccination (22.7%), lack of awareness of the vaccination (22.7%), high cost of the vaccination (18.1%), no interest/motivation in the vaccination (16.5%) and availability issues (13.8%) were the common reasons cited for non-vaccination. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, participants who were aged 26 years or above had higher odds of taking Hepatitis B vaccination (AOR: 2.084; CI: 1.530–2.838, p = .001). Also, non-Akans (AOR: 0.746; CI: 0.617–0.902, p = .002), urban residents (AOR: .695; CI: .578-.835, p = .001) and no social support receivers (AOR: .812; CI: .701–1.223, p = .005) had lesser odds of taking Hepatitis B vaccination. This study highlights the urgent need for continued health education on HBV infection and strategies that ensure that students are fully vaccinated. The findings suggest that any interventions design to enhance uptake of Hepatitis B vaccination among students should be sensitive to socio-demographic characteristics especially age, ethnicity, residential status as well as social support.
Abstract: Caesarean delivery, often called a C-section, is the delivery of the baby through incisions in the mother’s abdomen and uterus. Caesarean deliveries, whether elective or medically necessary, have risen dramatically in recent decades across the globe, more than the recommended 10–15% by WHO. To determine the mean CSR, ascertain the determinants of Caesarean Section and attitudes of managers toward monitoring and evaluation C-Section. It was descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study design, both qualitative and quantitative. 318 respondent mothers who were admitted to Maternity ward or deliver from the said ward were interviewed. Document review guide, interview guides, and semi-structured questionnaires were used. The study found the Average CSR for St. Joseph’s Hospital _ Kitovu was 47.6%. Determinants associated or which influenced Caesarean delivery were; Age of respondent less than 20 years (p = .041), not being married (p = .015), educational level of respondents (p = .000), living in urban setting (p = .001), among others. Socio-economic determinants (regular household income, p = .000, and occupation, p = .000) highly influenced caesarean delivery. There were mixed views of the health manager toward regularizing monitoring and evaluation of Caesarean Section Rates (CSR). The Caesarean Section Rate (47.6%) in Private Not-For Profit Healthcare organization is still unacceptably higher WHO recommendation of 10–15%. Therefore, there is stronger need to regularize monitoring and evaluation of CSR.
Abstract: Scabies is a Neglected Tropical Disease, transmitted from person to person contact and indirectly through fomites. Though preventable, the burden and infection rate of scabies remain a menace with inadequate attention given to it in Ghana. This report presents an outcome of active disease surveillance and response measures undertaken by the District Health Management Team on the fight against the spread of scabies through case search, treatment, awareness creation, and advocacy campaigns. Students and teachers from 29 schools within the Sub District and 21,173 people in 8 communities were targeted for screening and treatment. In all, a mass drug administration was carried on 2,575 students and teachers, and 2,467 infected patients representing 11.58% from the 8 communities were treated using ivermectin 15% and 25% benzyl benzoate emulsion and Sulphur ointment. Response to the outbreak was hampered by inadequate resources and personnel resulting in low geographical and treatment coverage. Also, intensifying public education and health staff capacity building on case search and control is needed and therefore, the District Health Management Team calls for support from stakeholders in managing the situation.
Bacterial pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among the HIV-seropositive patients still in the era of combination Antiretroviral Therapy. The actual burden of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients is not well documented in East Africa. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of pneumonia infection in HIV-seropositive patients in the region. Different electronic databases from PubMed, Google scholars, Scopus, Science direct and Web of Science were searched for articles published from 1994 to 2020 that assessed the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa. Data on the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa counties are limited. Therefore, only 13 articles about the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa were reviewed. Tanzania exhibited the highest level of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients at 59.76%, while Rwanda had the lowest level at 5.6%. The different risk factors identified, such as intravenous drugs, cigarette smoke and unvaccinated were associated with the development of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients. Bacterial pneumonia is a major public health problem and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-seropositive patients in East Africa. This review will provide information to the scientific community, policymakers and program officers to design pneumonia preventive interventions in HIV-seropositive patients. The author recommended that further studies need to be conducted on the magnitude of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-seropositive patients in the region.
There has been a divergence in the pace of fertility decline between the Muslim-dominated countries of Maghreb and those of Middle/West Africa (despite having similar religious beliefs, which studies have implicated as a major determinant of fertility behaviours). While the Maghreb countries have total fertility rate ranging between 2 and 3, it ranges between 6 and 7 in Muslim-majority countries of Middle/West Africa. Factors other than religion seem to be responsible for this divergent pattern. Evidence is sparse on this. This paper provides empirical evidence on factors influencing divergent pattern in fertility levels of selected Muslim-dominated countries of Maghreb and Middle/West Africa. Based on availability of recent data, this paper drew on Demographic and Health Survey data of three Middle/West Africa countries—Mali (2013–14), Niger (2012) and Northern Nigeria (2013); and two North African countries—Egypt (2014) and Morocco (2003–04). Relationships were explored using Poisson regression models that adjusted for religion and women characteristics. Findings showed that age at first marriage, age at first birth, contraceptive use, child mortality, plurality of marriage and women education are the major drivers of divergence in fertility patterns of the selected countries in both sub-regions. Differences in proximate determinants of fertility played significant roles in shaping the divergent pattern in fertility levels between both sub-regions. Rather than focusing on religion, this study suggests the need for transition in the proximate determinants of fertility in Middle/West African countries, if the sub-region would achieve the desired fertility decline.
It is about half a century since the HIV epidemic has been a menace to this world. Since then, several risk factors have been investigated for the prevalence of the disease, and the survival of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients. The main purpose of the current study was to examine the current patient status in contrast with baseline facts and investigate the separate and joint effects of body weight and CD4 cell count progression for the survival of HIV/AIDS patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among HIV/AIDS patients, who were under Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) follow-up during 11 September 2013—5 September 2016 at Mekelle General Hospital, Ethiopia. A total of 216 HIV/AIDS patients were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. Based on the complexity of the data and the desired objectives of the study, the authors have considered linear mixed-effects model (LMM) for continuous responses body weight and CD4 count, a Cox proportional hazard model for the survival outcome (time to death) and Joint model of longitudinal and survival outcome. The mean age, hemoglobin level, and body weight of HIV/AIDS patients at the start of ART were 34.8 years, 13.6 g/100 ml, and 49.2 kg, respectively. The average number of baseline CD4 cells count was 311.04 cells per mm3 with a standard deviation of 161 cells per mm3 of blood implying that patients were at a higher risk of getting HIV/AIDS-related illness. Out of 216 HIV/AIDS patients, 134 (62%) were female and 130 (60%) lived in an urban area. Similarly, among the sampled HIV/AIDS patients 23 (10.6%) were with HIV/TB co-infected. The present study has concerned on the comparison of separate and joint modeling. The results clearly demonstrate that the joint modeling of longitudinally CD4 count and weight measurements with survival outcomes fit the current dataset better than those obtained from the separate model, of course the authors realize in some specific cases both separate and joint analysis were consistent. However, the joint models were simpler as compared to the separate models as their effective member of parameters was smaller. In the analysis of joint modeling of longitudinal $$\sqrt {CD4 cell } $$ and log (body-weight) progression with survival time to death of HIV/AIDS patients, considered various sub-models and various significant factors were identified. In the event process the sub-model, Baseline CD4, fair, and good adherence, HIV/Tuberculosis (TB), and sex were significant factors of risk to short survival Time-to-Death on HIV/AIDS patients. In the first longitudinal process sub-model, Baseline CD4, Ambulatory functional status, HIV/TB (yes), Time*Ambulatory functional status, Time*Working functional status, and Time*Baseline CD4 were the significant factors of $$\sqrt {CD4 cell } $$ count progression. Moreover, In the second longitudinal process sub-model, visit time of follow-up, age, sex (male), baseline weight, Time*Ambulatory, and Time*Working functional status were the significant factors of log 10 (bodyweight) progression. In the present study, appropriate models were chosen and important significant factors also identified. Hence, the authors strongly suggest that special intervention, clinical practice, and health policy revision should be made on the risk factors that potentially determine the survival of HIV/AIDS patients.
Abstract: This study uses the framing theory to analyse dimensions being conveyed in the coverage of COVID-19 in Kenya and Tanzania between February 2020 and April 2020. A quantitative analysis of the Daily Nation and Citizen newspapers showed different patterns of framing of the virus. Specifically, this analysis focuses on multiple frames used by the two newspapers with respect to the following topical categories: context, basic information, preventive information, treatment information, medical research, Social context, Economic context, Political context, personal stories and other. Although the Daily Nation published more stories than the Citizen Newspaper, only the frame personal stories were significantly higher in the Daily Nation compared to Citizen Newspapers.
Abstract Abstract: COVID-19 has big health issues which affect worldwide beyond their borders, race, and ethnicity. All the countries faced this pandemic challenge but most of the underdeveloped countries are facing more dangerous situations due to limited financial and health infrastructure to respond against it. Overall, more than 100 million people are affected by the Novel Virus which results in 2.15 million people dying within a small interval of time. The current pandemic has brought unpredicted challenges to societies and also threatened humanity and global resilience. According to the National Command Operation Center, Pakistan, more than 0.534 million people are suffering with COVID-19 with more than 11 thousand deaths across the country. The Government of Pakistan has taken different initiatives like complete and smart lockdown to control the pandemic as much as possible. After the removal of the first lockdown, the high peak was observed across the country and created a panic situation among people and the government again closed all the educational and religious institutions with immediate effect to tackle the second wave of pandemic. Further, the interconnected nature of COVID-19 crises demands an integrated approach and coordination between all stakeholders to handle the pandemic in a significant way. Identifying the best set of policies and guidelines to handle COVID-19 challenges, and align them for the sustainable recovery from pandemic. The basic challenge facing the policy makers of underdeveloped countries is how to utilize limited resources to achieve interconnected goals for managing health recovery, economic crises, and creating environmental sustainability. We present a framework for identifying and prioritizing policy action to address COVID-19 and ensure sustainable recovery. The framework outlines principles and criteria, and shared policy goals, identifying smart strategies, accessing policy compatibility, aligning policy instruments and improving sustainability in short and long term policy decisions. This framework can be helpful for policy makers in the short and long run for mapping policy options and accessing cross-sectoral implementation. This framework is also helpful for policy makers to prioritize policy choice and allocate limited resources in such a way that they are directed toward actions and achieve interconnected solutions of health, economy, and environment.
Abstract: Malaria transmission and prevalence involves a triangular web of interactions between man, vector, and the environment. Any meaningful effort in malaria control, elimination and or eradication should target weakening and or breaking the forces of interactions within the triangle. In sub-Saharan Africa, effective malaria control programme is encumbered by myriad of challenges. The unabated burden of malaria could be ascribed to efficient malaria vectors with strong niche for ecological expression that maintain high levels of transmission at all seasons. Parasite genotypic heterogeneity, multiple expressions of traits of adaptations to parasitism and unpredictable behavioural changes are the smart ways the infectious agent thrives, persists and expresses ecological niche with scaring symphony. Environmental factors and climatic changes, population movement, deteriorated socioeconomic situation, lack of access to effective and timely antimalarial treatment, use of sub-standard and or fake anti-malarial drugs, self medication and non-compliance to drug dosage are the galvanizing factors to poor intervention outcomes. Above all, for ages, in most settings and communities, there is lack of knowledge regarding the causative agent of malaria. Diversionary factors and misconceptions such as eating too much palm oil, standing in the sun, drinking too much of alcohol, jinxing and witchcraft attacks are brands of porous perceptions on causes and risk factors of malaria. And if a thousand and one sophisticated strategies are put in place to eliminate malaria in sub-Saharan Africa where indigenous and factorial perceptions with rhetorical contrast of ideas hold sway, then, a predictable defeated performance is the expected result. For the sustenance of the gains already recorded in the fight against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, the role of the community as a strong partnership for change cannot be underestimated.
Abstract: Overweight and obesity has become a major global health challenge that affects virtually all ages. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated factors among adults of Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia. Community based cross sectional study was conducted from January to February 2016. A total of 370 households were selected from 14,551 household using a simple random sampling technique., Lottery method was used to select an adult individual with age of ≥25 years. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) was assessed using the World Health Organization) recommended techniques. Data were analyzed using SPSS windows version 20 Software. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done. Prevalence of overweight was 32.4% and obesity 16.2%. The combined prevalence of overweight/obesity was 48.6%. Factors associated with overweight/obesity were being female (AOR = 4.0; 95% of CI: 1.7−9.4), Age group between 35–44, 45–54 and age >55 were more likely to be overweight/obesity than age group 25–34 (AOR = 28; 95% CI:1.51–5.15), AOR = 2.44; 95%CI:1.12–5.32), AOR = 5; 95%CI:1.94–12-92) respectively. Similarly, having chronic illness (AOR = 2.9;95%CI:1.1–7.2), using Bajaj/car for transportation (AOR = 1.9; 95% of CI:1.1–3.3), spent 3–5 hours in sitting or reclining (AOR = 3.7;95% CI:1.6–8.5), taking one bottle of soft drink per day (AOR = 2.0;95% CI: 1.1–3.7) and those who consumed vegetable ≥3 times per day (AOR = 5.7; 95% of CI1.6–19.7). Prevalence of overweight/obesity among adult population in Sodo Town is high. Therefore, prioritizing counseling dietary modification about the risk of overweight /obesity in community level, provision of early care and treatment of chronic illness, regular physical exercise by avoiding sedentary life style are recommended.
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a public health problem and amongst the top 10 leading causes of death. The objective of this study is to analyze the survival time of TB patients and identify the risk factors that influence their survival in Pawe Hospital during the treatment period. The data for this study are obtained from TB patients registered books from September 2009 to January 2010 under Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) at the health centers in Pawe Hospital. The analytical methodologies used were the Kaplan–Meier to estimate the survival time and Cox’s regression model to identify the covariates that have a statistically significant effect on the survival longevity of TB patients. The estimation of the model parameters was done by partial maximum likelihood procedures. The multivariate analysis of the Cox regression model gives that age, category (patient category), initial weight and HIV status have statistically significant effects on the survival longevity of TB patients. On the other hand, sex, marital status, and history of previous treatment have no impact on the survival experience of TB patients. The study shows that 84.5% of the patients were still alive at the end of 8 months of anti-TB treatment. Based on the result of the study, different factors are identified for the death of TB. Patients recommended that TB co-infected people should have awareness about the hazard of the risk factors identified in this study, and health workers should be cautious when a patient has lower Initial weight and HIV-positive status.
