and sexual health and many.We welcome all to join and share your ideas and to acquire an award at Euro Women's Health 2020.
Background: Having multiple sexual partners is an important risk factor in acquiring HIV infection. Those who use drugs have tendency of having multiple sexual partners. Drug abuse and risky sexual behavior which appears to be significantly and consistently related to increase in number of partners for all race/gender groups was studied. Objective: To determine the prevalence of drug use among Namibian University students aged 19-25 and examine the association between drug use and having multiple sexual partners. Materials and methods: Data was collected using self-completed questionnaires for quantitative cross-sectional survey among students in classes selected through simple random sampling in each stratum (University Campus). Relationship between independent variables (Age, Gender, Drug use (including Alcohol) and HIV/STI Risk perception) and dependent variable (multiple sexual partners) was measured using multivariate model of logistic regression analysis. Results: Alcohol was the most commonly use substance among the students with 29.7% (99/333) of them having used alcohol one or more days within the last 30 days. Strong and significant positive association was found between having multiple sexual partners the use of alcohol one or more days in the last 30 days among the students which was age and sex dependent. Conclusion: More emphasis should be laid on the importance of control of substance of abuse like alcohol during sexual reproductive counselling process, particularly when dealing with young people. This will abate the rate of HIV/STIs infection among the youth.
Background: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is one of the serious but preventable public health problems. The study aimed to examine the effect of intimate partner violence on pregnancy outcomes in Nepal. Methods: The study used secondary data from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016, which is a nationally representative survey. The analysis of this study was curbed to currently married women aged 15-49 years who had participated in the intimate partner violence module (n=3562). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk factors for pregnancy loss and abortion and examine extent to which these pregnancy outcomes are affected by intimate partner violence. Results: More than one fourth (26%) of women experienced at least one form of violence from their husband in their lifetime. Among the women, who had been the victims of at least one form of violence from their husband, nearly a third of them (31%) experienced pregnancy loss, 6% experienced abortion, 1% of them experienced still birth and 2% experienced infant death. Multivariate analysis (Binary logistic regression) showed that women facing at least one form of violence from their husband were 1.5 times more likely to experiencepregnancy loss and 1.7 times more likely to experience abortion than women who never experienced violence. Conclusion: Intimate partner violence is entrenched in Nepalese society and social norms and gender roles seem to reinforce it. IPV can be considered as a major dictator of adverse pregnancy outcomes. So, addressing IPV at family, community, policy and implementation level is an effective remedy to diminish unpleasant pregnancy outcomes like pregnancy loss and abortion.
Intrapartum brain damage followed by cerebral palsy developed after the loss of fetal heart rate variability and new hypoxia index was 25 or more, thus, early delivery will be done before these CP predictive borders in fetal monitoring. Very early sign of uterine contraction should be detected to cease preterm labor reducing neurological sequels. Neonatal brain PVE should be rejected after preterm birth reducing PVL and CP. The respiratory distress syndrome is predicted for 96% by ultrasonic GLHW fetal lung tissue characterization, reducing hypoxic neonatal disorder of central nervous system.
This paper examined factors associated with unmet needs for family planning among married women in rural Tigrai, Ethiopia using cross-sectional primary data collected from married women age group 15-49 years (n=1240) in 2014. A logistic probability distribution approach was used for the statistical analysis. The total unmet need for family planning among married women was 31.5 percent, of which 17.5 percent accounted for childbirth spacing and 14.2 percent for limiting childbirth. Findings of regression analysis revealed that unmet needs were higher among married women fertile age group (34‑44 years). Results indicated that women’s age, number of living children, women’s employment status, open discussion of family planning with partners, women’s and partner’s education levels were significantly associated with unmet needs. Improving women’s and partners’ access to education and encouraging open discussion family planning among partners could substantially enhance use of family planning and consequently reduce unmet needs to an optimal level.
Background: Fertility is determined by many factors, so there are variations in pregnancies, births. Family size varies within, between societies. Socioeconomic status, environment, culture, education, couples’ understanding, every day life play vital roles. Objectives: Present study was done to know sterilization practices by couples of rural, tribal communities of Melghat region Amravati, Maharashtra, India. Materials and methods: Study subjects were 520 married women of 20-35 years. If non pregnant then with one or more births, at least one live child. If pregnant then with second pregnancy onwards, willing to give consent for providing desired information as per predesigned, pretested questionnaire in local language. Results: Of 520 women, 198 had one live child, no one had sterilization. There was hardly any birth spacing/planning, except occasional use of condom by educated, very few. Of 322 women with 2 or more live children, only 77 (26%) had sterilization, no vasectomy. Two hundred women had 2 live children, 43 (21.5%) of them had sterilization, 122 had >2 live children, only 34 (28%) had sterilization. Only 17 (13.9%) of 122 women had sterilization with 1 male and 1 female child, none with no male child, irrespective of number of female children, Mostly women had sterilization after 3 male children, 60 of 77 (77.92%) had sterilization after 2 or more male children. Conclusion: Fertility was high creating more problems for tribal communities with extremely low resources. Only women underwent sterilization. Not only son was essential, there was desire of more than 2 male children. It is essential to create awareness about advantages of small families for health, social, economic aspects and about gender equity.
Background: Child health in South Asia is a major concern with a great number of children still malnourished. There are various reasons that lead to high occurrence of malnutrition in children and among them breast feeding practices is the most important. Breastfeeding is cost effective, promotes health, and prevents disease. Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to identify barriers to initiation and continuation of breastfeeding in South Asia covering Maldives, Vietnam, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Methodology: Extensive search of the major databases was conducted from 1997 to 2017. The search included published studies in English. The eligibility of researches to be included in the review was evaluated on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty-one studies met the criteria and were included. This review considered any research study design that recognized the barriers to breast-feeding in South Asian countries. Results: The evidence identified from the studies included the barriers associated with initiation of breastfeeding according to five levels of thematic analysis: sociocultural, socio-economic, individual, mother’s knowledge and health-specific. Conclusions: Mothers are faced with multiple exclusive breastfeeding challenges at the societal and individual levels and community stakeholders should look into this matter to provide maximum assistance to lactating mothers to achieve the goal of improved child health. Therefore, bringing the practice of EBF in mothers needs rigorous efforts at the micro and macro levels in South Asia.
Colleges in the United States unequally provide reproductive services to men and women. Men are given free condoms. Although women have access to free condoms, condoms are men’s reproductive responsibility. They are designed to protect men from transmitting and contracting diseases. A woman may offer to provide a condom, but cannot force a male to wear a condom. College campuses believe that condoms are cost effective and generally accessible in comparison to birth control. In the United States, birth control requires a doctor’s prescription even though high doses of hormones, such as Plan B, are available over the counter. Birth control, including pills and medication abortion, should freely be available to women enrolled at universities. University doctors should provide prescriptions and unlimited free doses to ensure that women may exercise their rights to choose, not to bear, and not to raise children.
Objective: Assisted reproductive technology is an established infertility treatment which is not routinely covered by most health insurance programs including the health insurance program for the United States Department of Defense (DOD); TRICARE. The purpose of this study is to examine patient opinions regarding assisted reproductive services and insurance coverage in the military health care system. Methods: An anonymous, randomly distributed cross-sectional survey of patients presenting for care at five different outpatient clinics was completed at Madigan Army Medical Center from February to May 2015. The surveys queried patients on insurance coverage for in-vitro fertilization. In addition, demographic data was obtained for each respondent. Chi-square, Student’s t-test, and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. A P value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: 598 surveys were distributed with 527 completed and returned (88%). 59% of respondents believe that TRICARE should cover some portion of advanced reproductive treatments, and 69% of respondents would support coverage even if there were an increased personal cost associated with providing this coverage regardless of whether they had a personal need for this service. In addition, more respondents from the infertility clinic (75%) supported TRICARE coverage of advanced reproductive technology to those from other clinics (55%). Respondents under age 40 (72%) supported TRICARE insurance coverage of advanced reproductive technology compared to those (44.7% of respondents) aged 41 or greater. Conclusion: Among DOD beneficiaries surveyed, a majority support insurance benefits for advanced reproductive technologies.
The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of abortion in the Omsk region in recent years in comparison with the Russian Federation and the Siberian Federal district. Materials and methods: the study analyzed data of the official statistics of abortions for 2005-2015 has been applied the epidemiological method of research.
Introduction: In schools adolescents get opportunities to share personal perceptions, doubts with peers, teachers, not possible if they do not go to school. Lack of awareness, information about reproductive health might lead to problems during adolescence, future life. Objectives: To know awareness of reproductive health, among rural school dropout girls. Materials and methods: Present study was carried out in 772 rural adolescent school dropout girls, neither going to school, nor on fixed job, nor married from 53 villages near medical institute. Because of resource crunch, study visits were clubbed with nurse midwives’ visits to villages for community based maternal care. After consent information was collected by interviews in privacy, mostly at girls homes with pre-tested questionnaire, in local language by social worker. Results: Of 772, girls 760 had gone to schools, stopped, (drop outs), 12 had never gone. In 16.70% of 772 reason was financial, 20.33% said that school was far off, 20.20% were not allowed to go because they were girls, 25.51% had other reasons. 17.05% of 760 discontinued because had failed in examination, could not study, Only 58.03% of 772 girls had heard of menstruation pre menarche. Meaning of menarche was known to 41.96%. Care to be taken during menstruation was known only to 15.96% pre menarche. When menstruation occurred reaction was fear in 26.55%, anxiety in 22.40%, shyness 18.31%, irritability 13.86%. However 18.91% had no reaction, with no difference whether they knew or not. Whatever little bit girls knew, 18.97% were told by mothers. 18.97% friends, 14.73% doctors in meets/programs. Over all 58.03% had heard about contraception. Ninety (20.08)% girls had some knowledge of oral contraceptive pills, 18.97% had heard about condom. Knowledge about HIV AIDS was in 58.3%, 27.00% b from radio, 26.78% television, 23.88% by doctors. Only 38.61% knew that HIV was sexually transmitted disease. Knowledge about sexual relationship was only in seven girls. Conclusion: A wholesome approach for community based awareness encompassing basics in reproductive health is essential, more so because some rural girls never go to school many stop going early in their life due to various reasons.
Background: Low contraceptive practice is a major contributory factor to expansive population growth, high risk pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted diseases.The study determined the pattern of use of contraceptive methods and associated factors among 232 women aged 15-49 years in Umuahia, Nigeria. Methods:A community-based cross sectional study using multistage sampling technique to select 232 participants was conducted.Data were collected by interviewer administered questionnaire.The Chi square test and binary logistic regression were used to assess association between contraceptive use and related factors.The knowledge of the women on contraceptives was assessed using 26 tested and scored questions. Results:The mean age of the women was 25.05 ± 5.33 years.Awareness of contraceptive was very high (96.6%),but their in-depth knowledge was low as only 12.5% had good knowledge about contraceptives.The Media (Radio/TV) was the main source of information (37.6%), followed by relatives/friends (31.4%).Ever use of contraceptives was 39.2%, while only 18.5% were currently using contraceptives.The most preferred and used contraceptive was condom (45.5%) which was considered satisfactory by the women.Fear of side effects (41.1%) was the main reason for non-use of any contraceptive method.Current use of contraceptives was associated with higher odds of being married (OR=3.280;P=0.025). Conclusion:Despite high contraceptive awareness, knowledge and current contraceptive use among the study population were low.Therefore, there is need to design more effective reproductive health programmes, including education targeted at these group of women, but especially the unmarried.
Introduction: Improving maternal and reproductive health is a target for Sustainable Development Goals 3. Accessibility to contraceptives and abortion services is important in improving maternal and reproductive health. In 2014 in sub-Saharan Africa, over 40% of women aged 15-49 years wanted to avoid pregnancy but only 50% or 55 million of these could access contraceptives. Shortage of skilled health workers, which is worse in Africa, has been associated with these challenges. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a target for world nations. To achieve UHC adequate skilled healthcare workers is one key factor needed. In 2013, globally, this shortage was 7.2 million and projected to be 12.9 million by 2035. Task shifting has been thought as a possible solution to this shortage. Therefore, the objective of this review is to establish the outcome of task shifting in the provision of contraceptives and abortion services in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: A systematic approach was adopted. Medline, PsycINFO, EBM Reviews databases were searched. Google scholar and hand searching bibliographies of retrieved studies were also done. A quality appraisal using Mixed Method Appraisal Tool was done. Data were extracted using a customized form and themes identified. A narrative synthesis of the results was reported. Results: A total of 319 records were retrieved and a set inclusion and exclusion criteria eleven studies were included in the final analysis. The quality of studies was poor as only one random control trial was retrieved limiting the quality of the evidence. Results suggest that task shifting may be a safe and effective method inimproving contraceptives and abortion service accessibility in sub-Saharan Africa. Conclusion: To cover healthcare staff shortages task shifting of contraceptive and abortion services can be considered in healthcare practices and included national human resource policies. Further research is required to cover gaps in long-term outcome these services.
Introduction: Testicular torsion if not promptly recognised and managed could lead to testicular loss.It is common in young boys, therefore such loss would be associated with adverse consequences for the rest of the life of the patient.Health education to enlighten the public on the need for prompt presentation is vital in its management to increase rate of testicular salvage.This case report highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and management of testicular torsion.Observation: Presented was Mr AE a 17 year old student and only son of a widow who presented with thirty minutes history of right testicular pain.His mother wanted him to resort to self-medication but he insisted on going to the hospital based on advice of doctors during a school health programme a week earlier.He subsequently had right detorsion and orchidopexy and left orchidopexy on account of right testicular torsion. Conclusion:Testicular torsion is a urological emergency and if promptly recognised and managed would save the patient from serious problems associated with testicular compromise.Health education of all age groups including students on the need for prompt presentation to health facility will increase the rate of testicular salvage.
The present study is an experience report that analyzes the perception of the medical students of Unigranrio, Barra da Tijuca, regarding the performance of the psychiatrist, in the field of specialty practice in primary care and in the psychiatric emergency service, and in relation to the insertion of the non-teaching of medical education, as well as basic themes in mental health, highlighting the feelings about the contact and approach of the patient with mental disorders and self-perception of the medical student's mental health, allowing reflections on the problem of existing non-teaching doctor. It carried out an evaluation in order to bring contributions to mental health education, detecting the presence of erroneous concepts, stereotypes and perceptions related to the subject in the formation of the student, at the same time as it discussed the need of forms of intervention to overcome challenges that involve obstacles and methodologies of mental health teaching in the medical course. The project leads to reflections on teachers and students, the possibility of mobilization at improving the future formation of the doctor, in a view of the magnification and relevance of psychiatry teaching. The construction of the project made it possible to highlight a different perspective for insertion and expansion of mental health to medical students, and for analysis of the Psychiatric Reform process, as well as questions about the need for changes in the medical curriculum formation, about concepts, sensations, misconceptions, prejudices, fears and anxieties related to the care of the psychiatric patient.
Context: This study co-evaluated the 2 quoted histologic variables after the antioxidant lazaroid agent “U-74389G” (L) administration. Objective: The calculation was based on the results of 2 preliminary studies, each one evaluating a respective histologic variable of endometrial edema (EE) or uterus inflammation (UI) in an induced ischemia reperfusion (IR) animal experiment. Design: The 2 main experimental endpoints at which the EE and UI scores were evaluated was the reperfusion 60th min (for A & C groups) and the reperfusion 120th min (for B & D groups). Setting: The groups A and B were processed without drugs, whereas the groups C and D after L administration. Participants: Female Wistar Albino rats. Main outcome measures: The first preliminary study showed that L non significantly reduced the EE scores by the grade “without lesions” 0.1636364 ± 0.1839975 (p-value=0.3641). The other preliminary study showed that L significantly reduced the UI scores by the grade “without lesions” 0.3636364 ± 0.13840105 (p-value=0.0099). Result: Both studies were co-estimated since they belong to the same experimental setting. This study co-evaluated the combined diagnostic values of both variables together. Conclusion: L has a non-significant recessing potency for these histologic parameters at the “without lesions” grade 0.2636364 ± 0.14594051 (p-values=0.0698) since they were co-evaluated together.
Background: Bilateral tubal ligation is the commonest method of contraception worldwide; but is yet to gain wide acceptance in Nigeria as a result of many factors. These include ignorance, illiteracy, superstitious beliefs amongst others. Objectives: To find out the knowledge and attitude of antenatal attendees in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, towards bilateral tubal ligation. Methodology: This cross sectional descriptive study involved a coded questionnaire interview of some antenatal mothers at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between February and April 2013. Data entry and analysis employed SPSS 15.0 for Windows statistical software. Results: Most of the respondents were in their third decade of life (59.3%), nulliparous (64.5%), and married (97.9%) with tertiary level of education (69.2%). Christians dominated the cohort with preponderance of Pentecostals (51.7%). The knowledge of bilateral tubal ligation amongst the respondents was low. About 52.5% had never heard of bilateral tubal ligation while only 35.5% knew the correct meaning of this. Only 18.3% of the respondents would consider undergoing bilateral tubal ligation in future after completing their family size. The reasons which the respondents gave for never wanting to accept bilateral tubal ligation include permanent nature of the method, fear of operation, and unexpected child loss amongst others. Health personnel/facility was the leading source of information on bilateral tubal ligation. Conclusion: The low level of knowledge and awareness about bilateral tubal ligation and some of the negative attitudes and views held against it as identified in this study calls for a more comprehensive and concerted effort on information, education and counselling of the citizenry especially women of reproductive age.
Introduction: The serologies for HIV screening, hepatitis B and C and Zika virus are routine in infertility research. Objectives: To establish the seroprevalence of these viral infections in couples submitted to assisted reproduction and compare the seroprevalence of these infections in the group of patients who underwent intrauterine insemination or in-vitro fertilization. Methods: An retrospective analytical study with a survey of the cases of couples submitted to assisted human reproduction techniques carried out in a public institution (Human Reproduction Laboratory of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Goias-LabRep (HC/UFG) and in a private clinic (Fertile), with serologies for the Zika virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C, from July 2016 to July 2017. Results: 871 patients were evaluated, of which 186 were from LabRep-HC/UFG and 685 from Fertile Clinic. From the total number of patients analysed: 636 underwent IVF/ICSI treatment and 235 underwent IUI. Conclusion: There was no difference between the prevalence of the diseases analysed considering the sex and the type of clinic the patients belonged. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV and Zika was 0.57%, 0.57%, 0.46% and 0.23%, respectively. Considering the techniques of assisted reproduction, all cases of hepatitis B and C were from patients who underwent in-vitro fertilization/ intracytoplasmic injection in-vitro, with a statistically significant difference compared to couples who underwent intrauterine insemination. Comparing the two clinics where the couples performed the assisted reproduction treatments, there wasn’t significant difference between the prevalence of the infections analysed. There was also no significant difference between the prevalence of the diseases surveyed when compared to the two clinics, for each treatment performed, whether high or low complexity.
Propylene glycol is a substance widely used in the cattle industry for a long time, especially to healing negative energy balance. However, large amounts of propylene glycol may have some side-effects. The objective of this review was to describe to using of propylene glycol and possible side effects in the adult calf.
Despite the launching of a family planning programme in Ghana about 5 decades ago, the country’s family planning prevalence rate remains relatively low and its total fertility rate is still considerably high compared with other African countries. One of the factors that may contribute to the low family planning prevalence rate and thus the slow fertility decline in Ghana is the perception of family planning use among married men and women in Ghana. This study sought to examine the perception of family planning use among married men and women at Anomabu community in the Mfantseman Municipality of the Central Region of Ghana. Data were collected among married men and women who were in their reproductive ages (15-49 years). Questionnaires were administered to 200 randomly selected respondents.
