Although they have exhibited excellent antioxidant effects in both in vitro and in vivo research a thorough understanding of fullerene material rsquo s biological interactions and antioxidant activities remain unsettled science Pristine fullerenes are electrophilic and potentially free radical molecules due to an affinity for electrons when excited They often behave like electron deficient alkenes and interact with other molecules through addition and substitution reactions Structurally fullerenes possess large dense electron clouds and an unusual truncated icosahedral arrangement of carbon atoms that form lower Hackle electron orbital vacancies while maintaining the valence saturation of the outer orbital Fullerene materials are known to bind with mitochondria microtubules enzymes nucleotides and other cellular proteins and biomolecules and this has raised concern among some researchers but the biocompatibility of fullerene materials and many of their functionalized derivatives is now generally accepted Pristine fullerene materials are often referred to as ldquo super free radical scavengers rdquo but this is an unlikely primary mechanism in biological systems where oxidative stress management is enzymatically responsive to the dynamic quantum criticality of living systems by necessity Alternately fullerene material rsquo s strong electron affinity is consistent with preventing excess electrons in the ETC by functioning in a capacitor like electron sink mechanism There mild electrophilic nature stimulates Nrf ARE pathways producing both an antioxidant response as well as mitochondrial biogenesis helping to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis Finally bio coronation may allow pristine fullerene materials to scavenge radicals while maintaining dynamic cellular regulation of antioxidant ROS balance
Saponin isolated from medicinal plants is a naturally occurring bioorganic molecule with high molecular weight and its aglycone water non soluble part nucleus having to carbon atoms besides one or two sugar moieties water soluble part containing at least or carbon atoms respectively The complexity of saponin chemistry maybe considered as a gap for many scientists and researchers to understand the relationship between the chemical structure and its medical or pharmaceutical behavior Recently the increase in demand of saponin applications was observed due to various biological medicinal and pharmaceutical actions Therefore this present review article provides detailed information about the chemistry of saponin especially triterpenoid saponin Classifications chemical structure the possible traditional isolation ways qualitative and quantitative determination of saponins were included exclusively Examples of mono and bidesmosidic structure of oleanolic acid and hederagenin also outlined Structural differences between triterpenoid steroid and alkaloid glycosides were summarized according to their atoms rings and functional groups
In this era, metal nanoparticles have captivated researchers because of their impending applications in numerous fields such as biomedical, catalysis, electronics etc.1–4 The properties of nanoparticles can be tuned by their size, synthesis process, reaction parameters, which make them the special candidate for every field. Generally, these nanoparticles are synthesized by two methods top down and bottom up. The top-down suggests the nanoparticles preparation by lithographic techniques, ball milling, etching, sputtering, etc. The most effective approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles is the bottom-up methods, in which nanoparticles are grown from simpler molecules and size or shape of nanoparticles can be controlled or modulated by changing the concentration of chemicals and reaction condition (temperature, pH etc.).5
Development of green chemistry in the synthesis of nanoparticles with the use of plants is a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach.In this research, we described the one pot green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using aqueous extracts of Origanum majorana, Ziziphus jujuba (Z.jujuba), Elaeagnus angustifolia fresh leaves, Cucumber fruit and Pomegranate peel, and then size of nanoparticles was compared with chemical synthesized ZnO nanoparticles.The average sample crystal size was calculated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using Debye-Scherrer equation.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed the spherical shape of ZnO-NPs.Functional groups determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the presented simple approach described that there is the relationship between the optical absorption spectrum of ZnO nanoparticles caused by surface plasmon absorption (in particular, the plasmon resonance and its broadening) and their sizes.
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Recent studies have shown that the r-GO, a nanomaterial that exhibits high biological compatibility and low toxicity [1], is able to create a temporarily opening in the hemotoencephalic barrier. This barrier is responsible for protecting the central nervous system, strictly selective in the transition of substances that cross and can be deposited in the brain region. Thus, r-GO became an efficient carrier of drugs where other substances it was not previously possible. In this way, the study of diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s suffered great impact with the advance of this new area [2].
Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) is also known as zirconia a promising material because of its high transparency, thermal stability and mechanical strength. Zirconium oxide with tetragonal structure show high strength and fracture toughness. Because of these reasons, zirconium oxide ceramics received much interest for tribological applications in human artificial joints. Main requirement for an artificial orthopaedic material is good binding with living bones through a formation of a biologically active bone like layer on its surface.1 It is an excellent biomaterial used as clinical application as heads of total hip prostheses by the combination of high molecular weight polyethylene cup sockets.2 It is also used in the fabrication of high strength core for dental implants due to its transparency.3,4 Zirconium ceramics find potential for toughening and strengthening of brittle hydro-oxyapatite and bioglass in biomedical applications.5,6 It has recognised as possible high-k dielectric candidate as an alternate to conventional silicon dioxide as gate dielectric in the next generation of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices due to its moderate dielectric constant.7 High refractive index and wide optical band gap find it as active opto electron devices, high power laser and light emitting diodes.8 ZrO2 in thin film form also used as photon conductor in electro chromic devices9 and oxygen gas sensor.10 Various deposition methods namely thermal oxidation of zirconium films, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, DC / RF magnetron sputtering, sol-gel process and spray pyrolysis were employed for preparation of ZrO2 thin films. 11–15 In this investigation, an attempt is made in the deposition of tetragonal structured and transparent ZrO2 thin films by DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The as-deposited ZrO2 thin films were annealed in air at a fixed temperature of 450oC for an hour. The as-deposited and annealed ZrO2 films were characterized for their chemical composition, crystallographic structure and optical properties and reported the results. Materials and methods
The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are sub-micron colloidal carriers (50-100nm) which are composed of physiological lipid dispersed in water or in an aqueous surfactant solution.1 SLNs are colloidal drug carrier combines the advantages of polymeric nanoparticles, fat emulsion and liposomes simultaneously and avoiding some of their disadvantages.2 To overcome the disadvantages associated with the liquid state of the oil droplets, the liquid lipid was replaced by a solid lipid which eventually transformed into solid lipid nanoparticles.3
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com However, the precise nature of the role is undergoing a visible change, not only because of the new available to the synthetic and medicinal chemists, but also in several key areas, particularly in drug metabolism and chemical toxicology, as chemists deal with the ever more rapid turnaround of testing data that influences their day-to-day decision. Objective of medicinal chemistry is to design and production of compounds that can be used in medicine for prevention, treatment and cure of human or animal disease. Taken in retrospective sense medicinal chemistry includes study of already existing drugs, of their pharmacological properties and their structure activity relationship (SAR) along with above prospective sense. Pharmacology” is derived from pharmakone = drug and logos = discourse or treatise, and hence includes allied fields such as pharmacy, pharmacognosy, toxicology, posology, chemotherapy, therapeutic and materia medica. “Pharmacy” is the study of the formulation of an active chemical entity, in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, aerosols, injections etc. The physiological activity of drugs has been found to depend upon the presence of particular functionality or structural unit.2 Part of drug which causes actual curing effect is known as “pharmacophores”. There are two major considerations that have to be discussed in any drug design project. Firsts, drugs interact with molecular targets in the body and so it is important to choose the correct target for the desired pharmaceutical effect.3 In other words a drug that will interact is powerfully and selectively as possible for that target is known as “pharmacodynamics”. Second, a drug after administration has an ability to travel through the body in order to reach its targets is known as “pharmacokinetics”. Nowadays, nanomedicine research played significant role in drug discovery. Generally, nanomedicine is a field of medicine to facilitate the information tools of nanotechnology to the prevention and cure against several lethal diseases viz.4 microbial, malaria, HIV, TB, cancer etc. The development of newer pharmaceuticals is currently a critical and challenging task to the pharmaceutical industry. The vital interest of the medicinal and agrochemical industries in organic synthesis is often related with their natural occurrence. Similarly, medicinal and pharmaceutical field, there has always been and continue to be a need for newer chemical entities with diverse biological properties.5 Many works are still needed to minimize the time, expenditure, and attrition rate in the drug discovery process simultaneously addressing the huge unmet medical need across the world. Referencing the study report, poor pharmacokinetic and preclinical toxicity were the main reasons for the failure in the drug development, in addition to the lack of efficiency and adverse effects.6 New drugs are necessitated to cure new diseases, to find less hazardous drug and to cure diseases whose drugs have become ineffective due to resistant strains of microorganisms. Besides these causes, new drug discovery and researches are required to recognize pharmacophore present in the effective drugs.7,8 We must always continue to search for drugs which exhibit clear advantages over the already existing respective drugs. Such advantages may be: improvement in bioactivity, partial or total absence of adverse effects, minor toxicity, more nutritive value, improved stability and decrease in production cost.9–12 Nowadays, research development department (R&D) of many organic and pharmaceutical laboratories are working for synthesis of newer biophores/pharmacophores having improved their potential in drug activity and increasing yields of existing drugs. Finally, this chemistry has contributed to life processes and to the efforts to advance the quality of life as well as to the development of society from synthetic, medicinal, biopharmaceutical and industrial point of view (Figures 1–3).
Quality. Current statistics unfold that due to the poor quality of the present system, 15 % of the patient admitted to the hospitals suffered from the adverse event.10-20 % of all adverse events are caused by a medication error. The outcome of the conventional health care R&D labs is lesser than the cost invested. Usually, the patient responds to the therapy is always lower than 50 % in most chronic disease such as; Migraine, Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoporosis, Alzheimer, Oncology, etc.2 Moreover, the present diagnostic system is based on the symptoms rather than prediction / prevention and lacking in early diagnosis/managing illness. To overcome these issues, development of the new technology is crucial. Hence, nanomedicine made the revolution in the healthcare by greatly improved directed therapies for treating cancer and cardiovascular disease using new nano-drug / gene delivery systems. The tiny implantable devices help to supervise the health precisely and nano-biosensor provides the data at the earliest stage of the disease.
A photosensitizer (PS) is a substance composed of molecules that can occupy a higher level of excitation pursuant to a photon capture. Photofrin is the readily available and selected PS throughout this work despite its few inherent drawbacks namely, a fairly long in situ reminiscent time of up to three weeks following the injection and a low selectivity for tumor cells. Blue light can detect cancer whereas red light can treat the same. The latter unique attribute, chiefly due to the absorption spectral profile in the first NIR optical window, means that red light – around 700 nm – can penetrate deep enough into the tissue while suffering negligible attenuation. The red light promotes the PS from its ground state to a higher state of excitation (singlets and triplets). The molecules in the triplet state return to the ground state via phosphorescence, a long radiative relaxation mechanism allowing to produce singlet oxygen. Finally, the reaction of the biomolecules and singlet oxygen is conducive to the destruction of the tumor cells [1].
Polyaniline/ZnO nanocomposite thin films were prepared via an electrochemical synthesis route on ITO coated glass substrates. ZnO nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in to the polyaniline matrix. Interaction between ZnO nanoparticle and polyaniline has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, AFM and I-V characteristics. The ammonia gas sensing behaviors of the polyaniline/ZnO composites were examined at room temperature. It was observed that the composite films showed good sensitivity, improved doping state and enhanced photoluminescence behaviour.
Graphene oxide (GO) has abundant surface oxygen-containing groups such as epoxide, hydroxyl, and carboxylic groups; it can be prepared through the oxidative intercalation and exfoliation of graphite on a mass scale. Owing to the enriched surface functionalities, the GO is water-soluble and chemically versatile. The surface functional groups can also provide plenty of reaction sites for linking nanoparticles, proteins, enzymes, peptides, bacteria, cells, and nucleic acids through covalent and non-covalent binding. GO has been used as a matrix for protein immobilization in different biotechnological applications such as fluorescence- or electrochemical-based sensors, labeling and imaging, therapy, and targeted delivery. This paper reviews the main strategies for the assembly of proteins onto graphene oxide surface and their applications, especially in the biomedical area.
The authors [1] have said, with great conviction that, the exact position of absorption of silver depends on the dielectric constant of the medium without any experimental evidence. However, it is universally known that this absorption band is solely dependent on the surface plasmon vibration of silver nanoparticles and the other compounds present in the solution. It has nothing to do with dielectric constant of the solvent. As the concentration of silver nanoparticles increases, the absorbance also increases (Figure 1) without any change in the max λ [1].
Cancer has been one of the leading causes of death globally for last few decades.Recently, it moved to the second position of this morbid chart.It was responsible for an astonishing 8.8 million deaths in 2015 claiming nearly 16% of all deaths according to a report published in 2017 by WHO.Due to its multi-faceted and not-so-well-understood origin, it has long been an elusive target for scientists and researchers around the globe.Even though cancer detection in its own right is an extremely crucial step for the treatment, but time is of essence here i.e. when it's detected is very important as it dictates the scope of the treatment.Detecting cancer at an earlier stage always gives an extra advantage providing more options for finding better treatment.Reasonably so, it is of paramount importance to have early detection capability of any modern point-of-care cancer diagnostic system.Despite the very biological nature of cancer, it is now widely believed that the solution to bring a good detection tool may not lie within the traditional boundary of biology.As a result, in last few decades, there's a tremendous efforts made around the globe to attempt the problem from a wide variety of perspectives.Due to this fact, a large number of interdisciplinary works has been initiated or done in past decade.In this brief review, the current status and recent past of interdisciplinary research in the field of cancer diagnostics is accounted, and the path of future cancer diagnostics will also be touched.
