The testimony of handwriting identification is more uncertain than other kinds of physical evidence identification.If the expert did not employ the principles and methodologies based on neurophysiology, the examination would not be sufficient, and the testimony might be suspect.This research describes how neurophysiology influences the feature of handwriting and the methodology of identification: most handwriting characteristics have high-level individualization determined by the nervous system.The methods of defining the characteristics of handwriting were explored and it was found that writing motion rules and writing norms are effective measures to compare and match writing characteristics.Additionally, the number of characteristics and their degree of individualization are the bases to assess the handwriting characteristics system, quantitatively and qualitatively.Practical cases have been presented to support the theories proposed.
Psychiatric inpatient population within the correctional system is different from psychiatric inpatient facilities in the community.This study aimed to better understand the trends and causes of deaths among inpatients in a secure forensic psychiatric centre.Data collected on all deaths during a ten-year period revealed that there were 18 natural deaths (Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) of 9.6 per 1000 per year) and one death due to suicide (CMR = 0.6 per 1000 per year) constituting an overall CMR of 10.2 per 1000 per year.Among the 19 deaths during the study period, 18 (94.7%)were pre-mature (< 75 years of age).The average potential years of life lost was 22.3 years (SD = 10.8, n = 18, 95% CI = 16.9 -27.6).Respiratory diseases (44.4%, n = 8) were a leading cause of natural deaths followed by gastrointestinal diseases (38.9%, n = 7), cardiovascular diseases (11.1%, n = 2), and renal diseases (5.6%, n = 1).Nurses attended to the deceased patients on the day of their deaths in all cases and the interval in terms of the number of days a patient was seen by clinical staff prior to death was least for the nursing staff compared to other staff categories (Mean = 1.1, SD = 1.4,n = 19).In conclusion, most of the deaths were pre-mature, due to natural causes and death by suicide was extremely uncommon at the study site.Similar studies need to be conducted in other centres.
Introduction: The robustness of the DNA molecule, coupled with the fact that it contains digital information, makes it ideal as a source of identification which resists weather and environmental aggressions imposed on samples found in crime scenes, but these same factors make these samples exhibiting low DNA concentration and with degradation in your chemical structure. The recovery of remaining genetic material of human skeletons is essential part human forensic identification, because the genetic identification by DNA is a method that outperforms all other existing methods. Objective: This work aims to obtain DNA from bone samples degraded and produce an electropherogram with the minimum number of markers recommended by the scientific community forensic, using a simple and effective protocol. Materials and methods: In order to analyse the DNA, samples of the bones and the teeth was demineralized in an EDTA solution and extracted using the Microcon® tube protocol. PCR analysis system approached by STRs PowerPlex Fusion 6C® system, PowerPlex Fusion® system and Globalfiler® System and Capillary electrophoresis procedures were performed on the ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer. Results: The DNA extracted from the teeth sample and from the bone sample with demineralization without pulverization presented a male genetic profile complete with all amplification system markers. Conclusions: Our alternative extraction protocol proved to be efficient because it allowed the isolation of DNA from high quality of a 17-year bone buried, in order to present a complete genetic profile of all system markers. *Correspondence to: Rosana CF Silva, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Science, Official Expertise of Alagoas POAL Maceió AL, Brazil, Tel: + 55-82-999-178-942; E-mail: rosanacfs24@gmail.com
Introduction: Polymorphic short tandem repeats (STRs) are powerful genetic markers to distinguish individuals and still preferred for forensic applications and relationship testing. Tri-allelic pattern may have several causes, such as chimerism or chromosomal mutations. Objective: This paper reports a tri-allelic pattern at the TPOX locus, which was encountered in our laboratory during analysis of an item from an attempted murder case. Materials and methods: DNA extraction was the organic method with alcoholic precipitation. Real Time PCR quantified DNA samples, with the use of the reagent Quantifilier® TRIO DNA Quantification Kit. PCR analysis system approached by STRs IdentiFiler® and Capillary electrophoresis procedures were performed on the ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer. Results: This is the first report about tri-allelic pattern by forensic analysis in Brazil Northeast region. In the course of routine multiplex PCR-based forensic testing using microsatellite markers in the IdentiFiler® kit, we have found one case where the analysis pattern of one of the loci has yielded three peaks instead of the normal one or two. Conclusions: The examination indicated the presence of tri-allelic pattern which indicates a standard tri-allelic type 2. Further, it is likely that powerful, high throughput genotyping methods will be applied in forensic testing in the future. *Correspondence to: Marek HF Ekert, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Official Expertise of Alagoas, Brazil, Tel: + 55 81 9.9795 3973, E-mail: marek.henryque@ gmail.com
III. sophisticated receivers used by ONGC, military services, IV. dedicated single purpose GPS systems like CAR GPS and V.GPS incorporated in phones -modern smart phone systems etc. [2-9
