Ceramides are a family of wax-like lipids that fall under the broader category of sphingolipids. A ceramide is composed of a sphingosine side chain coupled to a fatty acid via an amide linkage. Distinct from complex sphingolipids, the head of ceramide is a simple alcohol rather than a phosphate, phosphocholine, sugar, or more. The fatty acid chains of ceramide can also vary in chain length and degree of saturation. The degree of saturation may determine the biological activity of the ceramide species. Ceramides are highly abundant within the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells and are appreciated for their structural roles in these cells. Moreover, ceramides are well-known for their biological activity including as regulators of apoptosis, senescence, the cell cycle, and differentiation. This review discusses pathways of ceramide, roles of ceramide in various diseases, targeting ceramide metabolism in the treatment of cancer, as well as ceramide-delivering nanotechnologies.
Introduction: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a benign chronic inflammatory disease of the breast. Lactation is considered as one of the most important risk factors. We investigated the effect of lactation on the findings of contrast-enhanced and diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in IGM and aimed to identify the most observed findings. Methods: Contrast-enhancedand DW-MRI of 40 patients with lactation history in the last 5 years and 35 patients reporting no lactation history had been reevaluated retrospectively. Morphological features, enhancement pattern and kinetics of lesions were assessed based on BI-RADS. The presence of diffusion restriction was evaluated and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were obtained. MRI findings with lactation status were compared. Results: Non-mass contrast enhancement (p<0.02), cluster pattern (p<0.008) and fistula formation (p<0.035) were more frequently seen in patients with a lactation history than in patients reporting no lactation history. On MRI most common observed findings were concomittantly mass and non-mass contrast enhancement and abscess formation. Diffusion restriction was present in all of the lesions and the mean ADC values were 0.93 ± 0.25 x 10-3 mm2/s. Conclusion: Lactation status increases the incidence of non-mass contrast enhancement, cluster pattern and fistula formation on MRI.
Background: Bleeding under hepatic capsule resulting from spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an uncommon episode in clinical practice, which may lead to the potential of lethal consequence. However, the fact not sure what to prefer to conduct when facing upcoming rupture of the liver true capsule. Objective: Aims to identify the cause of tumor rupture and to judge the proper timing for surgery. Methods: We described a 53-year-old man, who was hospitalized with the misdiagnosis of acute cholecystitis and gallstone, which accurately was triggered by occult bleeding of a nodular regenerative hyperplasia under hepatic capsule closer to the gallbladder. He experienced a series of urgent rescue measures (cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR), transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) and laparotomy in turn). Results: Unfortunately, he died of liver failure, kidney failure and cerebral hemorrhage. Conclusion: Herb may induce tumor necrosis or bleeding. The proper time for surgery and the optimized strategy in this case are of crucial importance to save one’s life.
Kimura disease is a chronic inflammatory disease, which frequently affects middle-aged Asian men, although children are seldom affected by it. This may rarely be encountered in children, and the knowledge of this fact is essential to rule out the remote possibility of Kimura’s disease in children with a slow-growing painless mass in the head and neck region. Therefore, the characteristics of the Kimura disease of childhood have not been well illustrated. Here we are reporting 2 cases of Kimura disease in 17 years & 22 years old female. (Head and neck are the most frequently involved sites of subcutaneous masses). On laboratory investigations, in both the patients are having peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated immunoglobulin E level were seen. Clinicians need to be aware of this disease when dealing with patients with lymphadenopathy. A standard and effective treatment protocol would improve the outcome of the Kimura disease. Here we report a case of Kimura disease in rare age group.
Cancer Drug resistance is a medical concern that requires extensive research and a thorough understanding in order to overcome. Remarkable achievements related to this field have been accomplished and further work is needed in order to optimize the cure for cancer and serve as the basis for precise medicine with few or no side effects.
Purpose: We investigated the economic impacts of breast, prostate and colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis on patients and compared them by cancer site. Methods: A self-administered survey was mailed to all 18 to 62 years old Manitobans with a history of non-metastic breast, prostate or CRC diagnosis within the prior one to three years. Cancer information was obtained from the provincial population-based Manitoba Cancer Registry. Fisher exact test was used to compare frequencies. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine independent predictors. Results: 704 (56%) returned the questionnaire of which 547 met the analysis inclusion criteria (employment at time of cancer diagnosis). One to three years after cancer diagnosis, there was a 4 to 9% increase in the number of cancer survivors earning less than $20,000 annually. There was a 13% (prostate), 23% (CRC) and 25% (breast) decrease in the number of survivors employed full-time. The most frequent financial consequence of a cancer diagnosis was using either registered retirement savings and/or other type of savings/investments (breast cancer: 38%, CRC: 35%, prostate cancer: 33%). Overall, 80% of survivors were able to return to the same number of hours worked pre cancer diagnosis. Conclusions: This study suggests that although most recently diagnosed non-metastatic cancer survivors are able to return to work, one fifth to one fourth are impacted adversely, even long term. The one to three year economic impact of cancer diagnosis varies among the most common cancer types, with prostate cancer survivors being the least affected. Implications: There is a need to identify and appraise effective strategies for restoring productive capabilities for cancer survivors currently unable to return to work but interested in doing so.
Cancer has for long been classified as having origin in a type of cell or tissue and has for ages been considered as a result from a single tumor cell. With the advances in genomics, transcriptomic and epigenetic research, cancer has now been recognized as a heterogeneous disease within itself. This enables clonal survival and resistance to therapies. However, cancer and inflammation have walked side by side for decades. The real knowledge of its interactions between the immunological system and carcinogenesis is yet to be wholly understood. Much has been discovered on how these interactions occur, how they differ in an intratumoral context and with the direct influence of the micoenvironment. *Corresponding author: Joana Espiga de Macedo, MD, Consultant of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga, Rua Dr. Cândido de, Pinho, 4520-211 Santa Maria Da Feira, Portugal, Tel: +351-93-6050138, Fax: +351-25-6373867, E-mail: joanamacedo@hotmail.com Citation: de Macedo JE, Machado M. Oncoimmunology or Immunoncology? J Cancer Res Oncobiol. 2018 Jan; 1(1): 104. Copyright: © 2018 de Macedo JE, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 international License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Key-Words Oncoimmunology; Personalized Medicine; Quality of Care Core Tip Since Rudolph Virchow’s time in 1863, has cancer and the immune system has been walking side by side. In fact, it’s due to the host immune system that a haemostatic environment is maintained, with a continuous surveillance leading to an innate or adaptive immune response. This process has been defined as immunoediting. Scientists are aware that the tumor as well as the immunological status of the patient, are always suffering dynamic and active changes. There are no static genetic, immunological or environmental “signatures” in an oncological patient.
The resistance against chemotherapy in malignancies is a major challenge in clinical oncology and remarkable successes related to this field have been achieved. Many mechanisms such as gene mutation, oxidative stress, tumor hypoxia, multidrug efflux pumps, DNA methylation and histone modification have important roles in the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Recent researches in molecular oncology raised the role of miRNAs on the development of drug resistance in cancers. In this review, we will focus on the updated findings about the interaction between a variety of miRNAs and other cellular molecules that result in drug resistance.
Breast cancer(BC) is described as a malignant development that occurs in the structure of the mammary gland. BC is the most common cancer in women. It is the major causes of death from cancer. We present a 62-years-old femalepatient had left radical mastectomy + axillary lymphnode curettage with a diagnosis of stage IIIA invasive ductal breast cancer 10 years ago. After adjuvant oncological treatment recurrence was detected in the chest wall. She successful operated with hybrid reconstruction using both synthetic and autologous grafts.
