Margaret Petersen, theater artist and assistant stage manager of the Grand Rapids Ballet, is featured in the cover art for the Summer 2026 issue of the Open Journal of Occupational Therapy (OJOT). The self-portrait photograph depicts Petersen standing cheerfully on a terrace, dressed as an orange “safety cone” holding onto an IV pole. She takes in some fresh air as she receives her chemotherapy medication at the Lemmen-Holton Cancer Pavillion. Donned in orange coveralls and a modified hat topped with a small traffic cone and the word SAFETY emblazoned across the front, it is the costume she created to wear to her chemotherapy appointments that followed hospitalization due to seizures. Through the occupation of costume-making, Margaret transformed a clinical environment into a space for humor, creativity, and self-expression. Raised in a family that valued curiosity, art, and exploration, she developed a rich imagination that would later help her endure circumstances beyond her control. Margaret’s story demonstrates how play, imagination, and meaningful occupation can serve as powerful tools for adaptation, helping individuals navigate trauma, illness, and recovery while preserving identity, participation, and hope.
Background: The aim of this study was to inform Occupational Therapy (OT) practice and future OT educational content through identification of rapport- building components. Fieldwork educators are uniquely positioned to assess OT students’ abilities and readiness for client rapport building during fieldwork. Methods: A descriptive survey of 55 fieldwork educators (FWEs) investigated skills that FWEs consider necessary for OT students to build client rapport at a Level II fieldwork experience. A Qualtrics survey assessed FWEs’ perceptions of OT student rapport- building readiness components at the beginning of Level II fieldwork. Results: Data from 55 responses revealed that 91.52% of respondents strongly or somewhat agreed that OT Level II students’ communication and professional skills were important for effective rapport building, Likewise, 86.67% strongly or somewhat agreed to the importance of listening skills and cultural humility. Results highlight the importance of rapport-building skills in the OT curriculum. Conclusion: While FWEs agree that these skills are important for Level II student readiness, further research could identify didactic components to enhance rapport- building skills in the classroom. The survey outcomes demonstrate the significance of interpersonal skills, professionalism, and the ability to foster relationships in developing client rapport during Level II student fieldwork.
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global health concern, affecting millions of people each year. TBI often results in long-term physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments that can drastically reduce survivors' quality of life (QOL). These impairments influence daily activities, emotional well-being, social participation, and overall life satisfaction, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation. This study seeks to provide deeper insights into the factors that influence the QOL for TBI survivors. Methods: This research employed a phenomenological qualitative approach to understand how survivors navigate their post injury lives. Fourteen TBI survivors, aged 18 to 65, were interviewed, and data was analyzed using a multi-stage coding process, integrating theoretical triangulation with AI-assisted analysis for robust theme identification. Results: Using the constructs from the PEO model, four themes emerged: (a) personal factors, (b) environmental factors, (c) occupational factors, and (d) dynamics of QOL. Conclusion: Key findings highlight the complex, multifaceted nature of QOL following TBI, identifying major personal, environmental, and occupational challenges that either support or hinder their QOL. The study emphasizes the importance of tailored, person-centered rehabilitation strategies that address physical, cognitive, and environmental barriers. This study provides critical insights into enhancing occupational therapy interventions and improving long-term outcomes for TBI survivors. The findings underscore the need for holistic care approaches to enhance the QOL and independence in this population.
Background: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a syndrome that is considered a transition phase between healthy cognitive aging and dementia. The person may have subjective memory complaints, substantiated by family or caregiver and/or impaired executive function, that lead to difficulties performing complex Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs). Our objective was to develop a tool to assess functional cognition in IADLs as a screen for MCI in older adults. Method: A Qualtrics survey questionnaire was rated by 15 content experts on the relevance of the 22 test item questions to the cognitive domains being measured using a 4-point ordinal scale. The Item Content Validity (I-CVI) and Scale Content Validity (S-CVI) Indices were computed to establish the content validity of the FCI-IADL. Results: The I-CVI for 20 out of 22 test items was within the range of 0.80 and 1.0, with the exception of two questions, one for memory and one for attention, which had I-CVI scores of 0.73. The S-CVI of the FCI-IADL was 0.92. Conclusion: The content validity indices of FCI-IADL tool indicate it to be a valid screening tool for MCI in older adults. The next phase will aim to determine the construct validity of the FCI-IADL tool.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been around since the 1950s and is gaining traction in higher education and among health care professions. In this era of technology, it is imperative we equip both educators and students to have tech centric skills to support learning, improve efficiency, and enhance skills. Faculty and students alike need to be able to understand the ethics behind using digital information, such as that from AI tools and sources. As educators and students become more reliant on technology, and specifically AI, it is imperative not to lose the human connection in education. Educators are an integral part of fostering a student’s growth by encouraging discussions and reflective practice, and AI cannot take the place of such communication. Thus, the aim of this paper was to demonstrate how OT educators and students can use AI tools in both didactic and experiential education as a supplemental tool for teaching and learning through the lens of the AOTA Code of Ethics.
Background: The Corbett-Targeted Coin Test (CTCT) is unique in that it measures dexterity with in-hand manipulation and proprioceptive target placement, but it lacks established face and content validity (CV). Methods: Two mixed methods surveys were created and piloted, one for face validity (for users of the tool) and another for CV (for content experts), each using a 5-point Likert scale and open-ended comments. Quantitative data analysis included frequencies, means, and ranges. The content validity index (CVI) was calculated for CV. Qualitative data analysis used thematic analysis. Results: The CTCT demonstrated 97.1% endorsement among users of the tool. Each item was deemed valid by experts with a CVI of 0.80 and an overall CVI of 0.94. Themes for the face validity with the open-ended questions included: Relevant Measurement, Multiple Elements, and Clear. Themes for the CV included: Multiple Components and Clear Instructions. Conclusion: The CTCT appears to have sufficient face validity and good content validity. The qualitative analysis of both surveys supported face and CV. Additional research is needed for the CTCT to further add to the psychometrics of the tool. Limitations of the study are a small sample size and potential bias.
Occupational therapy’s (OT) role in primary care is emerging as a viable practice area. Yet, operational efforts that include reimbursement continue to lag and have been identified as a barrier to entry. Current literature reveals confusing and overlapping reimbursement descriptions. Payment for services is critical for the sustainability of this practice area. This paper proposes a taxonomy to assist frontline clinicians, leaders, and provider practice managers to determine the best reimbursement strategy for their specific clinic. Differentiating and defining payment models, reimbursement determinants, and reimbursements methods allows OT leaders a shared language. Implementing the best reimbursement tactic will ensure the fiscal viability of the OT department and the provider practice. Advocacy efforts around reimbursement can strengthen OT's role in primary care and includes( a) increasing knowledge of reimbursement options, (b) engaging with professional organizations, and (c) using outcome measures will ensure a successful and sustained primary care service program. Access to OT services in primary care can only occur when effective and correct reimbursement strategies are used.
Background: It is fundamental to understand why older adults choose and use technology to fully understand how to meet the needs of an aging population in a technologically advanced society. This research aimed to design and implement a holistic technology training program for older adults that explores using a laptop beyond basic internet use. Method: A pre-post mixed-method survey study took place at a local senior center. A classroom-style program was designed to deliver information and instruction using a digital device. An 11-item survey on attitudes toward technology using a 7-point Likert scale with qualitative responses was used to collect data. Results: The class of fifty-nine community-based participants 58 to 84 years of age demonstrated a significant increase in excitement when using technology (p < .001) and participation in leisure activities that require technology (p < .01). Additional findings revealed increased confidence in using a phone for day-to-day tasks and using email to communicate. Conclusion: Increased excitement and confidence can encourage continued use and active engagement with other technology-based applications. Further, the results of this study can potentially negate the existing categorization that older adults lack the ability and motivation to involve themselves in an advancing technological society.
Research has indicated a relationship between faculty and students as it pertains to stress levels and subsequent well-being in occupational therapy (OT) programs (Grab et al., 2021), a potential indication of a stress contagion effect. This research aimed to determine if faculty stress levels affect student stress levels in OT graduate programs. The researcher used an ecological correlational study design with a nonprobability convenience sampling procedure. Faculty and students (n = 19 and n = 165, respectively) from 367 accredited OT graduate programs across the United States completed a survey consisting of demographic questions and the PSS-10. In addition, OT students were given the University Stress Scale to adjust their PSS-10 scores for baseline stressors. Because of the ecological study design, comparisons were made at the group level (n = 6). Groups were formed based on program size (small, medium, large) and degree type (master’s, doctorate). A statistically significant, strong positive correlation existed between faculty PSS-10 scores and student-adjusted stress scores, rs(98) = .886, p < .05. The results indicate that faculty stress could be affecting student stress levels and aligns with the stress contagion effect. These findings have implications for university worksite wellness program design and implementation.
Grief is well recognized as a stress response and, as such, significantly impacts engagement in meaningful occupational performance and engagement in meaningful occupations. Prolonged grief disorder (PGD), a newly recognized diagnosis, reflects the public health risk for the bereaved. Multiple client factors and performance patterns of those experiencing grief disrupt multiple areas of occupation. This opinion paper evaluates occupational therapy’s role in bereavement groups in the occupational therapy scope of practice.
Background: Burnout in occupational therapists is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished accomplishment. Method: This non-experimental correlational study, guided by Rotter’s Locus of Control Theory and the attribution theory of motivation, analyzed the relationship between resilience, locus of control, and burnout among occupational therapists using the Brief Resilience Scale, the Internal-External Locus of Control Short Scale -4, and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. The sample of 83 participants was obtained via questionnaires sent to a convenience sample of occupational therapists with at least 6 months of work experience in any practice setting. Results: The results of this study indicated 38.6% of the sample reported burnout, resilience serves as a protective factor against burnout, and an internal locus of control positively correlates with resilience. The study found that fostering resilience in the workplace could reduce burnout, and enhancing the internal locus of control could improve resilience. Conclusion: These findings validate resilience-focused interventions and encourage a shift in workplace practices to enhance employee autonomy and psychological well-being. Future research should focus on interventions to improve resilience and internal locus of control in the workplace, which could ultimately contribute to healthier, more sustainable work environments and less burnout in occupational therapists.
Trauma is a complex phenomenon. Because of its subjective nature, it can be defined in a variety of ways depending on the health care provider being asked. Though there are various forms of trauma, most definitions are comprised of components that establish its broad understanding of an emotional response to a disturbing incident. Trauma is a subjective experience and can occur in any setting, to any person. How trauma is stored in the body is less subjective though, with most experts understanding it not only lives in the brain, but also in the very cells affecting health and wellness on a daily basis (Sherin & Nemeroff, 2011; van der Kolk, 2014). Movement and expressive arts have long been known to connect the mind with the body and have been used to promote health by decreasing signs and symptoms of anxiety, depression, body image issues, and mood imbalances for years (Koch et al., 2013). This paper aims to increase the reader's understanding of the history of trauma, movement therapy, and the link between the occupation of dance and its potential healing effects.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into higher education, yet little research explores its use among entry-level occupational therapy doctoral (OTD) students. This study developed a scale to assess AI usage and perceptions, examining differences across academic years. Eighty OTD students from a mid-sized urban university completed a 44-item survey refined using a Delphi method with nine faculty experts. Exploratory factor analysis identified three subscales—Efficiency and Adaptability, Academic Integrity Concerns, and the Student-Professor Divide—accounting for 46.04% of the variance (Cronbach’s α = .72–.93). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant effects of academic year on subscale scores (Wilks’ Λ = .822, F (6, 150) = 2.582, p = .021, partial η² = .094). Second-year students scored highest on Efficiency and Adaptability, while first- and third-year students reported a greater Student-Professor Divide. Academic Integrity Concerns remained consistently low across groups. Students perceived professors as lacking knowledge about AI, which may not fully align with reality. These findings highlight the need for increased faculty-student dialogue to bridge perceived gaps, enhance collaboration, and support ethical AI integration in occupational therapy education. Tailored curriculum adjustments could ensure students critically engage with AI while balancing innovation and professional judgment.
Occupational therapists in hospital settings play a critical role in facilitating rehabilitation and promoting safe discharge, thereby reducing hospital readmissions and preventing hospital-acquired injuries, such as deep vein thrombosis and falls. Despite the benefits of occupation-based interventions, novice therapists often revert to an impairment-focused approach because of difficulties in applying occupation-centered models. The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) offers a framework to support occupation-based practice, yet students and early-career therapists frequently encounter challenges in translating theoretical models into clinical application. This study aims to examine occupational therapy students’ experiences with actor-based case simulation sessions designed to enhance confidence and application of the MOHO in acute care settings. A mixed-method retrospective cohort design was employed, involving forty-five students who participated in actor-based simulations and completed an anonymous survey to evaluate the impact on their learning. Findings indicate that students perceived the simulations as beneficial for developing occupation-based interventions, enhancing their understanding of the MOHO, and improving clinical and practical skills as well as confidence. These results suggest that incorporating practical, theory-based learning experiences may reinforce students' confidence and competency in applying occupation-based models in future clinical practice where it has been challenging.
Background: This case report reviews the implementation of telehealth-based occupational therapy interventions for pediatric feeding issues in a client with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). It highlights the use of a synchronous telehealth service delivery model to address sensory-based feeding issues. Method: A single-patient case report was conducted, outlining the occupational therapy process with an 11-year-old male with ASD and ARFID who receives most nutrition through G-tube feedings and presents food selectivity. Telehealth sessions were conducted via Zoom, with occupational therapy assistant students providing interventions under faculty supervision. Results: Telehealth interventions were successfully implemented to address the client’s sensory-based feeding issues. Key components included caregiver education, environmental modifications, and strategies to improve mealtime participation and dietary expansion. The client demonstrated improvements in tolerance to new food textures and increased participation in mealtime activities. Conclusion: Telehealth is a feasible and effective service delivery model for addressing pediatric feeding challenges, particularly for clients with ASD and ARFID. It promotes family-centered care, caregiver empowerment, and accessibility to specialized interventions in the child’s natural environment. Telehealth enhances the capacity of occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants to deliver client-centered interventions while adapting to individual needs and challenges.
Implementing a holistic admissions process reflecting the mission of the university provides the means to expand enrollment of students from diverse backgrounds who have life experiences and values that are well matched to the communities they serve. This article explores the historical significance, outcomes, and transitions of a holistic admissions process in a public, urban research university. The holistic admission process outlined in this article offers a balanced and equitable approach to student selection by considering a broad array of backgrounds, experiences, and attributes beyond traditional metrics, such as grades. With a commitment to inclusivity, access, and belonging, the department developed a rigorous five-stage admissions process that aligned with its mission and values. This process continues to transition in response to trends in the applicant pool, studies of barriers to application and admission, and pertinent state and/or federal laws. A decade-long program evaluation effort at this occupational therapy program examines program outcomes and compares them with national data. The benefits of holistic admissions in occupational therapy education and strategies for the success of holistic and inclusive education are discussed. Future implications for the lasting impact of diversifying the profession are also highlighted.
Background: Despite the large number of children with disabilities, there is little research focused on the experiences families with a child who has a disability have while at theme parks. Both play and leisure participation offer meaningful opportunities for self-expression and can support skill acquisition and building social connections, particularly in family-oriented environments, like amusement parks. Methods: Using environmental assessments, surveys, and semi-structured interviews, this mixed-methods study explored the experiences of these families, specifically looking at accessibility and participation in the theme park environment. Thirty-seven parents and guardians completed the online survey, while 10 individuals also elected to participate in a semi-structured interview. Results: Following data collection, analysis of quantitative and qualitative data revealed that families are driven to visit theme parks by a want for unity and connectedness. The positives of theme parks include the staff and cast members and changing technology. There are areas for improvement, such as physical design and current accessibility resources. Conclusion: This research reveals significant progress has been made in the accessibility of theme parks, identifies existing barriers to occupational participation for those with disabilities, and highlights the important role that occupational therapists have as advocates regarding occupational participation for all.
Pediatric clients with disabilities are at increased risk for dental problems, including periodontal disease. Developmental delay and sensory processing dysfunction hinder acceptance of the stimulating dental environment and engagement in oral care routines at home. This health disparity is magnified by many dental professionals’ lack of training and confidence with children who have special needs. The holistic occupational therapy scope of practice is inclusive of oral care, pediatric diagnoses, sensory integration, and behavior management, allowing occupational therapists to collaborate with pediatric dental professionals to address the oral health disparity. This perspective manuscript provides occupational therapists with an evidence-supported understanding of the impact oral health has on occupational performance to motivate inclusion of oral care in the therapeutic process, stimulate interdisciplinary collaboration with pediatric dentists, and inspire research on the efficacy of occupational therapy in the dental setting. Proposed collaborative solutions to narrow the present disparity include occupational therapists’ referrals to pediatric dental professionals trained in treating youths with disabilities, occupational therapist-led in-service training for dental professionals, concurrent treatment, and joint development of parental educational resources.
Background: First responders experience challenges during retirement transition because of exposure to stress and trauma on the job and a high level of identification with their work. Our objective was to develop a client-centered retirement transition program for first responders and their families. Method: Using a participatory research approach, data were collected from two focus groups of health care providers and retired first responders and analyzed using a content analysis approach. Results: Data yielded themes and subthemes leading to the development of an outline of a retirement transition program: The Retire Well program, an occupation-based program that assists in adaptation to postretirement life. Iterative, participant-driven research provided authenticity to the program, founded on peer support and collaboration between health care practitioners. Conclusion: First responders can benefit from retirement preparation to adjust to retirement. Occupational therapists can play a vital role in meeting the need for retirement transition assistance for first responders.
