PURPOSE:To evaluate 24-month safety and effectiveness of excimer laser trabeculostomy combined with phacoemulsification in patients with mild-to-moderate primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). DESIGN:Prospective, multicenter, non-randomized pivotal investigational device exemption trial (NCT04899063). PARTICIPANTS:Adults (≥45 years) with mild-to-moderate POAG, operable age-related cataract, medicated intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤24 mmHg on 1-3 ocular hypotensive medications, and unmedicated diurnal IOP (DIOP) 22-34 mmHg after washout. METHODS:Patients underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation followed by excimer laser trabeculostomy (ELIOS System; Bausch + Lomb) and were followed for 24 months. Coprimary effectiveness endpoints were compared with prespecified performance goals derived from phacoemulsification-only control arms of other pivotal minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) trials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Coprimary endpoints were proportion of patients achieving ≥20% reduction in unmedicated mean DIOP from baseline at months 12 and 24 (performance goals >79% and >68.5%) and mean change in unmedicated DIOP at the same timepoints (performance goals ≤-7.2 and ≤-6.15 mmHg). Safety outcomes included adverse events, endothelial cell density (ECD), corrected distance visual acuity, visual field, and pachymetry. RESULTS:A total of 318 patients underwent the procedure (mean±SD age, 70.3±7.3 years; medicated IOP at screening, 17.05±3.01 mmHg; unmedicated DIOP at baseline, 24.53±2.51 mmHg). Both coprimary endpoints were met at months 12 and 24: a ≥20% reduction in unmedicated DIOP was achieved by 84.2% and 76.1% of patients (P=0.0116 and P=0.0018 vs. performance goals), respectively, and the mean±SE change in unmedicated DIOP was -8.17±0.21 mmHg and -7.35±0.22 mmHg (both P<0.0001 vs. performance goals), respectively. Mean DIOP decreased to 15.98 mmHg at month 12 and 16.76 mmHg at month 24. At month 23, 82.0% of patients were medication-free. No intraoperative adverse events occurred during the ELIOS procedure, and the postoperative safety profile in this population was consistent with that expected following phacoemulsification alone. ECD reduction occurred early and stabilized from month 3 through month 24. CONCLUSIONS:Through 24 months, excimer laser trabeculostomy with phacoemulsification provided sustained, clinically meaningful reductions in unmedicated DIOP and medication use, with a favorable safety profile, supporting its use as a MIGS option in patients with mild-to-moderate POAG undergoing cataract surgery.
PURPOSE:To compare glaucoma outcomes after Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis (KPro) implantation in a recent cohort with a previous cohort from a decade before. DESIGN:Retrospective comparative cohort study. SUBJECTS:Patients who underwent KPro surgery at Mass Eye and Ear: 67 eyes (64 patients) from 2016-2023 and 97 eyes (79 patients) from 2004-2009. METHODS:Development of de novo glaucoma and glaucoma progression were defined as an increase of cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) ≥0.2 from baseline to final follow-up, assessed by experienced KPro specialists and corroborated with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Humphrey visual field (HVF) data when available. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Primary outcome was glaucoma progression within 4 years after KPro. Secondary outcomes were postoperative visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and complications. RESULTS:Mean follow-up was similar between the recent and previous cohorts (3.2±1.2 vs. 3.4±1.1 years, p=0.43). Prior infection and failed corneal grafts were more common in the recent cohort (43% vs. 22%, p=0.003; 67% vs. 33%, p<0.001). Preoperative VA was similar (Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution [LogMAR] 1.77±0.89 vs. 1.96±0.53, p=0.09) but differed in final VA (LogMAR 1.59±1.20 vs. 1.10±0.82, p=0.002). Despite a higher prevalence of preexisting glaucoma (79% vs. 63%, p=0.03), glaucoma progression was less frequent in the recent cohort (11% vs. 47%, p<0.001), while de novo glaucoma rates were similar (p=0.84). In the recent cohort, CDR-based assessments agreed with OCT and HVF findings in 78% and 89% of 21% eyes, respectively. Notably, more patients in the recent cohort received glaucoma surgery prior to (40% vs 18%, p=0.001) or concurrently (12% vs 2%, p=0.01) with KPro surgery. The recent cohort had lower final IOP (13±5 vs. 16±6 mmHg, p<0.001) and fewer eyes requiring ≥2 topical glaucoma medications (p=0.005). Endophthalmitis occurred more frequently in the recent cohort (7% vs. 1%, p=0.03), whereas other complications were similar (p≥0.07). CONCLUSIONS:Despite a greater baseline glaucoma burden, the recent cohort experienced lower rates of glaucoma progression and improved IOP control, likely reflecting earlier and more frequent surgical glaucoma interventions. Nonetheless, vision-threatening complications remain an ongoing challenge, emphasizing the need for continued effort to improve post-operative care for patients with keratoprosthesis.
PURPOSE:To evaluate the feasibility, and adherence of unsupervised high-frequency home virtual reality (VR) perimetry and its agreement with standard automated perimetry in open-angle glaucoma and to compare the precision of progression estimates. DESIGN:Prospective, longitudinal cohort study. PARTICIPANTS:Fifty-three patients (106 eyes) with open-angle glaucoma. METHODS:Participants performed weekly home testing with the Olleyes VisuALL VR perimeter (HomeVF) during longitudinal follow-up. In-office Humphrey Field Analyzer (HVF) 24-2 SITA Standard testing was performed every 6 months. Agreement in mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) was assessed using repeated-measures correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. Baseline estimate variability and standard errors (SEs) of the slopes were compared between modalities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Primary outcome was HomeVF-HVF agreement for MD and PSD. Secondary outcomes included adherence, reliability, test duration. Exploratory outcomes included test-retest variability and slope-estimate precision. RESULTS:Fifty-three participants were enrolled; 51 contributed follow-up data, and 2 contributed baseline data only. The mean follow-up was 16.6 ± 8.3 months (range, 2.1-30.5 months), and a total of 4,817 HomeVF tests were collected, with a median of 77 tests per participant (interquartile range, 36-130). At 24 months, 86.7% of eligible participants remained active, with a mean frequency of >2 tests per month. Mean HomeVF duration was shorter than HVF (4.93 ± 0.66 vs 5.80 ± 1.09 minutes; P < 0.001). Overall, the median percentage of reliable tests/eye was 98.4%. HomeVF correlated strongly with HVF (MD r = 0.83-0.94; PSD r = 0.81-0.86) across all time points. In paired HVF-aligned comparisons through 12 months, HomeVF values were consistently higher than HVF values (mean difference [HomeVF - HVF]: MD +1.42 to +1.46 dB; PSD +0.78 to +1.34 dB). Intertest variability was similar between the two modalities. The MD slope SEs were significantly lower with HomeVF (0.40 vs 0.53 dB/year; P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS:Unsupervised home VR perimetry is feasible over long-term follow-up, demonstrating sustained adherence, high reliability, comparable intertest repeatability, and strong agreement with office HVF with predictable offsets. Higher-frequency home testing improves the precision of MD progression estimates, supporting home VR perimetry as a practical adjunct for longitudinal glaucoma monitoring.
PURPOSE:To describe 3-year outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation with adjunctive use of intraoperative and postoperative mitomycin C (MMC). DESIGN:Retrospective observational consecutive case series. PARTICIPANTS:One hundred and twenty-one eyes of 95 patients with medically uncontrolled glaucoma who underwent AGV implantation combined with intraoperative and postoperative subconjunctival MMC injections between 2011 and 2017 at University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. METHODS:Clinical data were extracted from patients' medical records, including intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and surgical complications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:IOP, treatment failure (defined as IOP > 21 mmHg or reduced <20% from baseline, IOP ≤ 5 mmHg, reoperation for glaucoma, and loss of light perception vision), number of glaucoma medications, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and surgical complications. RESULTS:IOP (mean±SD) decreased from 23.7±9.5 mmHg preoperatively to 12.7±3.9 mmHg at 3 years (p<0.001), and the number of glaucoma medications (mean±SD) decreased from 2.9±1.0 to 1.3±0.9 (p<0.001). The cumulative probability of failure at 3-year was 26% (95% CI, 19-34%). BCVA (log MAR mean±SD) remained stable from preoperative vision (logMAR 0.45±0.68 preoperatively, 0.56±0.77 at 3 years, p=0.16). The complication rate was 12% and the most common early postoperative complications were diplopia and hypotony maculopathy. CONCLUSIONS:AGV implantation combined with intraoperative and postoperative MMC resulted in a significant reduction in IOP and number of glaucoma medications with a low rate of surgical complications and stable BCVA during 3 years of follow-up.
OBJECTIVE:To quantify the long-term risk of incident glaucoma and of undergoing glaucoma surgery associated with intravitreal injection therapy using a large electronic health record network. DESIGN:Retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS:Patients with no prior glaucoma diagnosis in the TriNetX US Collaboration Network seen between 03/14/2006-03/14/2026 with either exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and intravitreal injection or nonexudative AMD with no history of injection. METHODS:Patients with exudative AMD who received intravitreal injections (Current Procedural Terminology 67028) were compared with patients with nonexudative AMD. Patients with retinal vascular occlusions, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retinal ischemia, pseudoexfoliation syndrome or pigment dispersion syndrome were excluded. Cohorts were propensity score matched 1:1 for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and systemic comorbidities. Time-to-event analyses were performed, and effect estimates included risk ratios (RR), odds ratios (OR), and hazard ratios (HR). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:New glaucoma diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases-10 H40) and glaucoma surgical interventions. RESULTS:After exclusions and matching, each cohort contained 27,967 patients. Incident glaucoma occurred in 15.1% (4,218/27,967) of injection patients versus 12.9% (3,621/27,967) of controls (RR 1.17; OR 1.19; HR 1.08, p<0.001). Any glaucoma surgery occurred in 1.6% (435/27,967) of injection patients compared with 0.8% (236/27,967) of controls (RR 1.84; OR 1.86; HR 1.66, p<0.001). Patients with intravitreal injection were more likely to undergo glaucoma tube implantation (p<0.001), laser trabeculoplasty (p<0.001), cyclodestructive procedures (p=0.001), and trabeculectomy (p=0.03). Incisional angle surgery trended toward significance (p=0.054). CONCLUSIONS:In a large cohort, intravitreal injection therapy for exudative AMD was associated with higher risks of incident glaucoma and glaucoma surgery compared with matched nonexudative AMD controls, corresponding to a number needed to harm of approximately 47 for incident glaucoma.
PURPOSE:To evaluate the variability and alignment of learning objectives and evaluation practices across US glaucoma fellowship programs, including an assessment of goal and evaluation quality using SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) criteria to inform the development of a standardized evaluation rubric. DESIGN:Cross-sectional qualitative study. PARTICIPANTS:Twenty-three of 70 US glaucoma fellowship programs (32.9%) responding to a survey distributed to fellowship directors. METHODS:Fellowship directors submitted program goals and objectives and fellow evaluation forms. Documents underwent qualitative content analysis to characterize themes, granularity and alignment between objectives and evaluations. Goals and evaluation items were graded using SMART criteria on a 0-25 scale. Alignment was assessed by determining the proportion of stated objectives that were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:(1) Thematic categories of learning objectives, (2) degree of detail in goals and evaluation rubrics, (3) SMART scores, and (4) alignment between goals and evaluation tools. RESULTS:In total, 30.4% of responding programs lacked formal goals/objectives or evaluation forms. Goals varied widely in length (55-3382 words) and detail. Common themes in goals included diagnostic acumen, medical and surgical management, and professional development. Evaluation criteria commonly aligned with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education criteria. Mean SMART scores were 9.1/25 (range: 6.9-10.6) for goals documents, and 7.7/25 (range: 4.6-12.3) for evaluations, with lowest performance in the measurable and time-bound domains. Among six programs providing both goals and evaluations, a median of 83.4% of objectives were evaluated; however, evaluations frequently relied on broad nonstandardized domains (e.g. "patient care," "medical knowledge") rather than milestone- or competency-based categories with behavioral anchors. Many specific competencies, such as office-based laser procedure proficiency or leadership and teaching responsibilities, were not explicitly assessed. CONCLUSIONS:United States glaucoma fellowship programs demonstrate substantial variability in goals and evaluation tools. Qualitative analysis revealed poor alignment between training objectives and assessment practices, with SMART criteria grading highlighting limited measurability and lack of time-bound expectations in both goals and evaluations. These findings underscore the need for a standardized, competency-based rubric with clear behavioral anchors to support consistent fellow training and evaluation across programs. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S):Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
PURPOSE:To compare the 2-year surgical success rates, the complications, and risk factors for failure of the styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene (SIBS) microshunt, the gelatin microstent, and trabeculectomy. DESIGN:Single-center, single-surgeon retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS:142 eyes from 124 adult patients diagnosed with glaucoma (43 SIBS microshunt, 63 gelatin microstent, and 36 trabeculectomy). METHODS:Consecutive eyes that underwent SIBS microshunt implantation, gelatin microstent implantation, and trabeculectomy were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The primary outcome was the proportion of eyes achieving surgical success at 2 years, defined as (1) intraocular pressure (IOP) between 6 and 17 mmHg (inclusive) without the number of glaucoma medication classes (meds) (complete success) or with meds (qualified success); (2) no IOP readings >17 mmHg or <6 mmHg with clinical hypotony, on 2 consecutive visits; and (3) no surgical revision, reoperation, or loss of light perception. Secondary outcomes included success rates for IOP range of 6 to 14 and 6 to 21 mmHg, postoperative IOP, meds, complications, additional interventions, and risk factors for failure. RESULTS:SIBS microshunt group included a significantly higher proportion of eyes with prior failed glaucoma filtering surgery (41.9% vs. 0% for gelatin microstent and 2.8% for trabeculectomy, respectively; P < 0.001). At 24 months, complete success rates in the 6 to 17 mmHg range were 72.1% for SIBS microshunt, compared with 50.0% for trabeculectomy (P = 0.034) and 38.1% for gelatin microstent (P < 0.0001). Qualified success was achieved in 83.7%, 66.7%, and 55.6%, respectively, with SIBS demonstrating superior outcomes to gelatin microstent (P = 0.003). In the multivariable analysis, the gelatin microstent (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.61-7.31) and combined cataract surgery (HR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.27-3.35) were associated with increased hazard of failure, while age ≥70 years was associated with lower risk of failure (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30‑0.98). All procedures significantly reduced IOP and meds (P < 0.001). Complication rates were similar across groups, most resolving before 3 months. Needling was performed in 2.3% (SIBS microshunt), 30.2% (gelatin microstent), and 30.6% (trabeculectomy) of eyes, and 5-fluorouracil injections in 48.8%, 25.4%, and 50.0%, respectively. Revision rates were 4.7%, 7.9%, and 0%, respectively (P = 0.283), while reoperations were higher with gelatin microstent (15.9% vs. 2.3% and 2.8%; P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS:Despite higher-risk baseline profile, the SIBS microshunt achieved higher 2-year success rates than trabeculectomy and gelatin microstent across multiple IOP ranges, with comparable complications and fewer reoperations. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S):Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
PURPOSE:To evaluate the incidence of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and glaucoma-related complications after suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide (SCS-TA) injection in patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU) using clinical setting data from the IRIS® Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight). DESIGN:Retrospective propensity score matched (PSM) cohort study. PARTICIPANTS:Adults with NIU recorded in the American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS Registry who received SCS-TA, a dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX), or systemic immunosuppressive therapy without local corticosteroid (CS) treatment. METHODS:Eyes treated with SCS-TA were matched 1:1:1 with eyes receiving DEX or systemic therapy controls using PSM based on baseline demographics and clinical characteristics. One eye per patient was included. Time-to-event analyses of IOP elevation and glaucoma surgery over the 12-month follow-up period were performed using Cox proportional hazards models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Occurrence of IOP ≥24 mmHg, IOP ≥30 mmHg, or an increase in IOP ≥10 mmHg from baseline within 12 months, as well as IOP-lowering medication use and glaucoma surgery. RESULTS:A total of 790 eyes treated with SCS-TA were matched to 790 DEX-treated eyes and 790 control eyes. The SCS-TA group received a mean of 0.6 additional SCS-TA injections and 1.0 total CS injections, compared with 1.0 DEX injections and 1.2 total CS injections in the DEX group. Within 12 months, IOP ≥24 mmHg occurred in 25.7% of SCS-TA eyes and 24.7% of DEX eyes compared with 12.0% of controls (SCS-TA: hazard ratio [HR] 2.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.73-2.82; DEX: HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.65-2.69; both P < 0.001). Intraocular pressure-lowering medication use increased in both CS groups during follow-up. Glaucoma surgery occurred at crude 12-month rates of 2.0% for SCS-TA, 1.1% for DEX, and 1.4% for controls, with no significant differences between groups (SCS-TA: HR 1.33, 95% CI 0.62-2.86, P = 0.469; DEX: HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.31-1.78, P = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS:In this large clinical setting cohort of patients with NIU, both SCS-TA and DEX were associated with higher risks of clinically significant IOP elevation than systemic therapy controls, with broadly similar incidence between the 2 CS delivery approaches. Although IOP-lowering medications were more frequently required, the overall incidence of glaucoma surgery remained low. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S):Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
PURPOSE:To compare the effectiveness and safety of the Paul glaucoma implant (PGI; Advanced Ophthalmic Innovations) and the Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI; Abbott Medical Optics) in pediatric glaucoma over 24 months. DESIGN:Retrospective, comparative cohort study. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-three eyes from 30 pediatric patients (≤18 years) with primary or secondary glaucoma, treated with PGI (18 eyes) or BGI (15 eyes). METHODS:All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon between April 2020 and October 2023. Follow-up data were analyzed up to 24 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The primary outcome was intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction. Secondary outcomes included complete and qualified success, surgical failure, number of IOP-lowering medications, need for postoperative IOP-control procedures, best-corrected visual acuity, and complications. RESULTS:Baseline IOP was 29.5 ± 5.0 mmHg in PGI eyes and 30.3 ± 6.7 mmHg in BGI eyes. At 24 months, IOP decreased to 13.6 ± 3.5 mmHg and 12.4 ± 4.7 mmHg, respectively, representing significant reductions from baseline in both groups (P < 0.05), with no between-group difference (P = 0.42). Medication use decreased from 2.8 ± 0.9 to 1.2 ± 1.3 in the PGI group and from 3.1 ± 0.8 to 1.5 ± 1.2 in the BGI group, with significant intragroup reductions in both cohorts (P < 0.05) and no significant difference between groups at 24 months (P = 0.76). Qualified success at 24 months was comparable (72.2% vs. 73.3%), with a nonsignificant trend toward higher complete success with PGI (38.9% vs. 13.3%). Best-corrected visual acuity remained stable in both groups. Complications occurred in 16.7% of PGI and 40.0% of BGI eyes, including a trend toward fewer hypotony-related shallow anterior chambers with PGI (0% vs. 20%, P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS:Both implants achieved substantial and sustained IOP reduction, reduced medication burden, and comparable complete and qualified success. Paul glaucoma implant demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with few hypotony-related events, suggesting potential advantages linked to its intrinsic flow-restricting design in pediatric eyes. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S):The author has no/the authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
PURPOSE:To determine the prevalence and severity of previously undetected open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in individuals aged 77 to 89 years in Malmö, Sweden. DESIGN:Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS:All residents of Malmö, Sweden, aged 77 to 89 years were eligible for participation, except individuals with a prior glaucoma diagnosis at Skåne University Hospital. A total of 1957 individuals were invited, of whom 602 (30.8%) attended the screening. METHODS:The screening procedure included intraocular pressure measurement using an iCare tonometer, visual field screening using the Frequency Doubling Technology perimeter, and fundus photography. Subjects with positive screening results were offered a postscreening visit with a full ophthalmological examination, including threshold perimetry using the Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm Standard 24-2 program of the Humphrey Field Analyzer. The severity of disease was evaluated based on the perimetric mean deviation index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Prevalence of previously undetected OAG in individuals aged 77 to 89 years (%) and the magnitude of visual field defects expressed as proportions (%) of patients in 5 different disease severity stages. RESULTS:The prevalence of previously undetected OAG was 5.98% (95% confidence interval: 4.2%-8.2%), n = 35 patients. The condition was unilateral in 74% of patients. The severity of disease was early in 66% and moderate in 20%, while 14% of patients had advanced or severe disease. No patient had developed end-stage disease. The median intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients was 16 mmHg (interquartile range: 14-19 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS:The prevalence of previously undetected OAG was high in this age category, 5.98%, but most patients had early or moderate disease, and no patient had end-stage disease. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S):Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
PURPOSE:To compare 2-staged versus single-staged Baerveldt implantation in children with glaucoma. DESIGN:Retrospective observational case series. SUBJECTS:Children (<18 years of age) who underwent Baerveldt glaucoma drainage device (GDD) placement with at least 6 months of postoperative follow-up. METHODS:Review of patients with at least 6 months of follow-up who underwent 2-stage Baerveldt placement (n = 25) between 2010 and 2025 and diagnosis and age-matched controls who had 1-stage Baerveldt placement (n = 40). Demographics, ocular diagnoses and surgeries, and examination findings (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA], intraocular pressure [IOP], and glaucoma medications) were collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Success and survival of Baerveldt GDD (IOP 5-21 mmHg, no additional IOP-lowering surgeries, and no visually devastating complications), BCVA, IOP, and glaucoma medications. RESULTS:Children in the 2-stage Baerveldt and single-stage Baerveldt (control) groups showed no difference in age at surgery, type of glaucoma, prior glaucoma and intraocular surgeries, or length of follow-up. There was also no significant difference in BCVA, IOP, or number of glaucoma medications between the 2 groups before operation or at final follow-up. However, there were fewer patients whose vision worsened between the preoperative and final examinations in the staged group (P = 0.0011). In both groups, final IOP (P < 0.0001) and number of glaucoma medications (P < 0.05) were significantly decreased compared with the preoperative examination. Success at final follow-up was 64% in the 2-stage group and 60% in the controls, and there was no difference in survival curves (P = 0.6629). Greater number of prior glaucoma surgeries was associated with increased risk of failure (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-2.2). CONCLUSIONS:Two-staged Baerveldt placement in children obtained IOP control on fewer medications and showed similar success and survival rates to children who underwent single-staged Baerveldt surgery. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S):Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
