Effect of cooking on the nutritional quality of graded level (20, 40 and 60 percent of infestation) of Insect ( Callosobruchus chinensis ( L) infested Bengal gram was seen. The parameters studied were physical characteristics (Weight, per cent damage, colour) and chemical properties i.e. proximate constituents, energy, uric acid and anti nutrients viz, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors. The results revealed that with increase in the level of infestation, significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in all the parameters were observed, except for decreases in values for energy, and true protein. Insect infestation showed an adverse effect on the physical and nutritional quality of Bengal gram . Presence of insect body fragments and excreta made the pulse unhygienic. The insect infested Bengal gram was damaged qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Even After cooking only, about 50 per cent decrease was noted in uric acid, Phytic acid and Trypsin Inhibitors. Even cooking of insect infested Bengal gram could not improve the quality of the legume.
Background. Knowledge of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes is significant for arranging treatment regimes. Quantitative HCV RNA testing provides prognostic data useful in monitoring the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Methods. A total of 1203 serum samples were collected from individuals attending out-patients units at Khartoum State and Gezera State. The study population comprises two groups. Blood donors study groups (n= 600) and chronic hepatic patients during the course of HCV infection (n= 603). Serum samples were screened using enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) (Biokit, A.S. Spain®).HCV positive samples (n=100) were quantified by HCV Real-TM Quant SC (Sacace Biotechnologies Italy®). Results: Hundred HCV seropositive samples were subjected to genotyping and quantitative analysis of these samples using RT- PCR, HCV genotype 4 was the predominant genotype (92%) followed by genotype 2 (4%), Genotype 1 (2%) and 3 (2%) in different groups. The average viral load of the patients infected with genotype 4 was higher than an average viral load of the patients infected with genotypes 1,2 and 3. Conclusions: The present study highlighted that genotype 4 is the predominant genotype in Sudanese hepatic patients followed by genotype 2. The severity of liver disease was more among genotype 4 patients as assessed by a higher viral load.
Antimicrobial activity defined as the method of inhibiting or killing the microbes which causes disease.Various antimicrobial agents are used for this purpose.Antimicrobial may be antibacterial, anti-fungal or antiviral.Various medicinal plants shows vast majority of antimicrobial activity.Present work deals with the antibacterial activity of the crude extract of Thevetia peruviana.For this study flowers and fruits were extracted in water and methanol.Both extracts were treated for activity.Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains were used for activity.Marketed formulation of Streptomycin was used as a standard.Both extract shown significant antibacterial activity.
Production of nanostructured materials, similar to the complex structure of nano-calcite of hard tissues, egg shell, teeth and bone, are an attractive field of research. Calcium phosphates with clinical applications, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) (Ca 10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2 ) have been widely used in regeneration of bone and fabrication of medical implants, mainly due to the chemical composition and structure similarity between HA and the mineral part of bones and teeth, and also as gene and drug delivery is used. High surface area of HA make it useful for drug release. Moreover, it has antibacterial property and potential applications in rapid microbial detection, treatment of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Biological synthesis has been attracted more attention for compatibility to human safety.
Disposal of spent alkaline batteries into the environment is a major concern as the metal leachate enters into aquatic environments. Microalgae are widely used in metal toxicity assay since they are sensitive organisms with a high capacity of bioaccumulation due to their high surface of contact. In this study, zinc and manganese were recovered from spent batteries through acid treatment and the leachate was tested on Chlorella vulgaris for adverse effects. Three acids namely, sulphuric, phosphoric and hydrochloric acid were used as leaching solution to recover the metals from alkaline batteries. Microalgal cells were exposed to the metal leachate and the adverse effects by means of morphological changes were observed. All the tested metal leachates have produced detrimental changes within three minutes of exposure. The results revealed the possible toxicity of metal leachate from battery litters into the environment and its detrimental effect on microalgae.
Chlamydia trachomatis replicates primarily in the epithelial cells lining the genital tract and induces the innate immune response by triggering cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs).Our previous studies showed that Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is expressed in murine oviduct epithelial (OE) cells, is the primary PRR triggered by C. muridarum (Cm) early during infection to induce IFN-β synthesis, and that TLR3 signaling regulates the chlamydial induced synthesis of a plethora of other innate inflammatory modulators including IL-6, CXCL10, CXCL16 and CCL5.We also showed that the expression of these cytokines induced by Chlamydia was severely diminished during TLR3 deficiency; however, the replication of Chlamydiain TLR3 deficient OE cells was more robust than in WT cells.These data suggested that TLR3 had a biological impact on the inflammatory response to Chlamydia infection; however, the global effects of TLR3 signaling in the cellular response to Chlamydia infection in murine OE cells has not yet been investigated.To determine the impact of TLR3 signaling on Chlamydia infection in OE cell at the transcriptome level, we infected wild-type (OE-WT) and TLR3-deficient (OE-TLR3KO) cells with Cm, and performed transcriptome analyses using microarray.Genome-wide expression and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified enhanced expression of host genes encoding for components found in multiple cellular processes encompassing: (1) pro-inflammatory, (2) cell adhesion, (3) chemoattraction, (4) cellular matrix and small molecule transport, (5) apoptosis, and (6) antigen-processing and presentation.These results support a role for TLR3 in modulating the host cellular responses to Cm infection that extend beyond inflammation and fibrosis, and shows that TLR3 could serve a potential therapeutic target for drug and/or vaccine development.
