Introduction: Lignin peroxidase (LiP, EC 1.11.1.14) is a high-redox fungal enzyme with significant industrial potential for the degradation of aromatic pollutants and synthetic dyes. However, poor stability and limited reusability of free enzymes restrict their practical applications. This study aimed to isolate, purify, and immobilize LiP from Trichoderma pleuroticola and evaluate its stability and dye decolorization efficiency. materials and methods: To achieve the goal, we isolated a lignin peroxidase-producing strain of Trichoderma pleuroticola, purified the enzyme using ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis, ion-exchange chromatography, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, immobilized the enzyme on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan beads, and studied enzyme kinetics, thermodynamics, pH and temperature tolerance, storage stability, and reusability. Methods: LiP-producing T. pleuroticola was isolated, and the enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, ion-exchange chromatography, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The purified enzyme was immobilized on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan beads. Enzyme kinetics, thermodynamic stability, pH and temperature tolerance, storage stability, reusability, SEM, FTIR, and dye decolorization studies were performed. Results: Immobilized LiP exhibited improved substrate affinity, catalytic efficiency, thermal stability, and broader pH tolerance compared with the free enzyme. The immobilized enzyme retained more than 70% residual activity after 10 reuse cycles and 35 days of storage. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated enhanced resistance to thermal denaturation after immobilization. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed successful immobilization. The immobilized enzyme achieved decolorization efficiencies of 58% for Brilliant Blue, 51% for Methyl Orange, and 63% for Alizarin Red within 3 hours. Discussion: The enhanced stability, operational durability, and decolorization efficiency of immobilized LiP indicate that immobilization improved enzyme structural integrity and catalytic performance, supporting its suitability for industrial wastewater treatment applications. Conclusion: Immobilized LiP from Trichoderma pleuroticola demonstrated enhanced stability, reusability, and dye decolorization capability, highlighting its potential as an eco-friendly biocatalyst for sustainable industrial effluent treatment.
Introduction: Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids (CILs) are highly effective catalysts for the alkylation of aromatics with long-chain olefins, yet the individual and synergistic effects of Brønsted and Lewis acid species remain contentious. Herein, 1-methylnaphthalene and 1-decene are used as model compounds to elucidate the synergistic catalysis mechanism through an integrated experimental and theoretical approach. Methods: Pyridine adsorption infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize acid species. Catalytic performance was evaluated under various reaction temperatures, times, water contents (50–350 mg/L), and catalyst dosages. Concentrations of Brønsted and Lewis acids were quantitatively correlated with water content and catalyst dosage. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to compute energy barriers for three catalytic pathways (Brønsted alone, Lewis alone, and combined). Results: Pyridine adsorption infrared spectroscopy confirms the in situ generation and coexistence of both Brønsted and Lewis acid species in the reaction system. Catalytic performance evaluations demonstrate that efficient reaction at low temperatures requires not only a sufficient concentration of Lewis acid (> 0.88 mol/L) but also an appropriate amount of Brønsted acid (> 12.5 mmol/L), which is generated controllably via hydrolysis. Under optimized conditions (30°C, 20 minutes), nearly complete olefin conversion is achieved. Most significantly, theoretical calculations reveal that the synergy of Brønsted and Lewis acids dramatically reduces the rate-determining energy barrier from 244.5 kJ/mol (Lewis alone) to 24.3 kJ/mol (for the synergy). Discussion: The synergy of Brønsted and Lewis acids shifts the rate-determining step from highenergy dehydrogenation to σ-complex formation, enabling low-temperature, high-efficiency alkylation. Controlled water addition offers a practical method to generate Brønsted acid in situ. Conclusion: Both Brønsted and Lewis acids are essential. Optimized conditions (30°C, 20 minutes, [Lewis acid] ≥ 0.88 mol/L, [Brønsted acid] ≥ 12.5 mmol/L) achieve near-complete conversion. The proposed synergistic mechanism offers strategic insights for optimizing CILs-catalyzed alkylation processes.
Green chemistry is increasingly shaping pharmaceutical formulations as demand grows for sustainable and biocompatible drug delivery systems. Natural Deep Eutectic Sol-vents (NADES), composed of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) components, have emerged as eco-friendly solvents with unique stabilizing and solubilizing properties. Beyond their role as solubilizers, recent advances highlight their integration into polymer-based drug delivery systems, enabling improved stability, solubility, and controlled release of both small molecules and biologics. This review critically examines the synthesis and functional charac-teristics of NADES-derived polymers, focusing on modified natural polymers, synthetic pol-ymers, and hybrid copolymers. Case studies demonstrate their effectiveness in enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs and stabilizing labile compounds. Future perspectives include AI-assisted formulation design, nanocarrier integration, and development of stimuli-responsive delivery platforms. Overall, NADES-derived polymers represent a promising frontier for sustainable and effective pharmaceutical formulations, aligning therapeutic inno-vation with environmental responsibility.
Introduction/Objective:: The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, is increasing due to global population aging and the limited efficacy of current treatments. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are key contributors to neuronal damage, highlighting the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Plant extracts, rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, have been extensively studied for their potential neuroprotective effects. Methods:: This review analyzes the preparation of plant extracts for in vitro neuroprotection studies, with a focus on efficacy and cytotoxicity. Results:: Among the studies reviewed, ethanol and methanol were the most commonly used solvents, employed in extraction techniques such as maceration, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasound-assisted methods. Most studies utilized SH-SY5Y and PC12 neuroblastoma cell lines to evaluate the cytotoxic and neuroprotective properties of the extracts using MTT assays and oxidative stress models. The findings indicate that plant extracts obtained using ethanol and methanol exhibit varying degrees of neuroprotection, with several showing significant protection against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity. Notably, methanolic extracts from Alternanthera sessilis, Withania somnifera, and Rotheca serrata, as well as ethanolic extracts from Myrtus communis and Anemarrhena asphodeloides, demonstrated high efficacy in preventing neuronal apoptosis and oxidative damage. Discussion:: Plant extracts show strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective activities, making them promising candidates for neuroprotection. They act through modulation of oxidative stress, reduction of neuroinflammation, and reinforcement of cellular defenses. Despite this potential, issues such as variability, limited bioavailability, and lack of clinical validation remain major challenges. Advances in nanotechnology, omics, and high-throughput screening offer strategies to improve delivery, standardization, and characterization. Multidisciplinary approaches are essential to optimize extraction, formulation, and reproducibility. Conclusion:: Continued research is needed to bridge experimental findings with clinical applications in neurodegenerative diseases, ultimately fostering the development of safe and effective plant-based therapeutic strategies.
Abstract: Platinum-based chemotherapeutics, such as cisplatin and its derivatives, have long been regarded as mainstays in oncology due to their capacity to trigger apoptosis by forming DNA adducts. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is also highly associated with significant therapeutic outcomes. However, their clinical efficacy is limited by several dose-related toxicities, acquired resistance, and lack of tumor specificity. These shortcomings highlight the need for alternative solutions involving metal-based approaches that are safer and mechanistically diverse. A potentially promising avenue is represented by complexes of ruthenium, gold, gallium, titanium, copper, cobalt, iron, silver, vanadium, and palladium, which exploit their unique coordination geometries, redox behavior, and biological targets, in addition to DNA binding. This critical survey examines recent progress in the development of non-platinum transition metal-based anticancer agents, including their pharmacological aspects, ligand-engineering strategies, and structure-activity relationships. Special emphasis is given to advances in targeted delivery systems, productivity plans, and emerging therapeutic techniques such as induction of ferroptosis, photodynamic therapy, and immunomodulation. The review also addresses preclinical efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and translational challenges. Future directions are discussed, including AI-aided design, theranostics, and the exploration of underdeveloped metals, positioning coordination chemistry at the center of precision oncology.
Abstract: Green chemistry aims to reduce environmental impact by decreasing waste, replacing toxic substances, and improving the efficiency of energy. This review paper discusses the twelve principles and applications of green chemistry. Different techniques were used in which organic solvents were replaced with greener solvents. The E-factor calculates the waste generated by different industrial sectors. E-factor is used to identify whether the process is greener or not. Sustainable development and waste management are the basis of green chemistry. Green catalysts, green solvents, and green technologies are overlooking the toxic organic solvents and time-consuming techniques. However, traditional research methods are often slow and costly, so artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are introduced in the field of green chemistry, which makes it easier to predict outcomes, improves the reaction process, and takes less time for the reaction.
Introduction: Rosin is a gum resin primarily composed of diterpenoids, which are de-rivatives of abietane- and pimarane-type acids. This natural polymer exhibits a unique physico-chemical profile, making it suitable for various pharmaceutical drug delivery systems. The polymer can cross-link either through a catalytic process in an acidic medium or via free radical polymeri-zation under UV radiation. Methods: This review thoroughly examined review articles and research papers from reputable journals concerning rosin. Extensive readings and discussions were conducted to summarize re-searchers' findings regarding the properties of the rosin polymer. Results: Rosin has been widely studied for its applications in various cosmetic products, drug de-livery systems, and environmental cleaning agents. Additionally, the polymer exhibits multiple bi-omedical activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiulcer, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects. Several studies have reported satisfactory results supporting its pharmaceutical and bio-medical applications. Discussion: Rosin’s versatile cross-linking ability, biocompatibility, and inherent therapeutic ac-tivity make it a valuable polymer for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Its therapeutic potential and formulation flexibility support its use in diverse drug delivery systems. Conclusion: This review highlights a research gap indicating the need for precise in vivo studies to clarify the polymer's molecular pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.
Thiazolidinones, the saturated analogues of thiazole, are five-membered heterocyclic compounds with sulfur, nitrogen, and a carbonyl group at the fourth carbon. This ring system gives rise to numerous biologically active compounds exhibiting properties such as anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antidiabetic, antitubercular, and anticonvulsant effects, while maintaining good biocompatibility due to its versatile molecular structure. The unique balance between broad activity and safety stems from the tunable structure of the thiazolidinone framework, which facilitates selective engagement with target biomolecules while minimizing nonspecific cytotoxicity. Owing to their structural versatility and ease of functional modification, they serve as valuable scaffolds in the development of new therapeutic agents. This review illuminates the pathways for synthesis, mechanisms of action against non-communicable diseases, and summarizes the recent advances on therapeutic activities of thiazolidinones to guide the medicinal chemists working on this core in the evolution of clinically active drugs. This study is believed to contribute to the current discussion between many fields working on 4-thiazolidinone, lowering disciplinary barriers and smoothing further advancement towards therapeutic agents
Diaryl ditellurides constitute an important class of organotellurium compounds with sig-nificant applications in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis. They have proven to be power-ful organocatalysts in synthetic transformations and effective molecular fluorescent probes for the recognition of biologically active molecules. Although organotelluride compounds are less ex-plored, they have been described as promising pharmacological agents possessing anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antioxidant activities. Additionally, Te-based molecules have shown interesting applications in semiconductors, magnets, and nonlinear optical materials. The increasing interest in tellurium chemistry has been stimulated by recent de-velopments of valuable tellurium-based organocatalysts, which have proven effective in several functional group transformations under sustainable conditions. Moreover, the construction of Te–Te bonds by embedding elemental tellurium into functional moieties via telluration has become a popular research area. The synthetic methodologies are generally high yielding and exhibit notable advantages in terms of regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance on the aromatic ring, and high conversion ratios. A library of diaryl ditellurides bearing both elec-tron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents has been afforded by these protocols. Despite the significant synthetic importance of diaryl ditellurides in organic synthesis, few synthetic ap-proaches have been documented in the literature to date. This review article summarizes recent developments in ditelluride synthesis under ligand- and additive-free conditions. The sustainable techniques employed involve the use of non-toxic, low-cost, commercially available reagents and environmentally benign, green solvents.
Introduction: Benzimidazole and its derivatives are among the most popular structures used in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry for drug discovery, particularly within the wide variety of heterocycles. Benzimidazole has a preferred structure in drug discovery due to its distinct structural characteristics and the diverse biological actions of its derivatives. Methods: This study highlights the significance of this moiety due to its broad range of biological features and the widespread use of benzimidazole. Results: This review consolidates extensive research conducted from 1990 to 2025, highlighting benzimidazole derivatives as key pharmacophores across diverse therapeutic areas. Benzimidazole compounds exhibit multifaceted anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and anthelmintic activities, indicating their systemic benefits. Discussion: In many drugs used to treat conditions such as cancer, microbial infections, inflamma-tory disorders, hypertension, and malaria, the benzimidazole ring structure exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activity. Additionally, this fused heterocycle benzimidazole core may interact with various anions and cations, as well as biomolecules, in the human body to produce a range of biological activities, including antidepressant, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflamma-tory, and analgesic effects. Conclusion: This review focuses on benzimidazole derivatives and their effects on different sites of action, as well as contemporary developments in drug design and development.
Introduction Chiral beta-lactams are one of the most promising heterocyclic systems in pharmaceutical chemistry. A mechanochemical, solvent-free approach has been developed to make optically active beta -lactam derivatives in an effective and environmentally responsible manner. This study aimed to develop a sustainable and stereoselective method for the synthesis of trans- beta -lactams utilising a renewable chiral auxiliary. Methods This study employed (+)-3-carene as a naturally occurring chiral auxiliary to synthesise enantioselectively trans-(3R,4R)-N-(chrysenyl)-3-acetoxy-4-aryl-2-azetidin-2-ones via a one-pot grinding method. The technique involves a mechanochemical Staudinger [2+2] cycloaddition between polyaromatic imines and a chiral acid chloride made from (+)-3-carene in the presence of triethylamine (TEA). The reaction was performed at room temperature without any solvents. FT-IR, H-1 NMR, and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, along with optical rotation measurements, were used to ensure that the synthetic compounds were appropriately prepared. Results The reaction proceeds efficiently and provides trans-beta-lactam intermediates in good to excellent yields (65-92%). These intermediates are then turned into 3-hydroxy-trans-beta-lactams with high stereoselectivity and optical purity. When compared with the grinding-assisted mechanochemical method, standard multistep beta-lactam syntheses result in reduced solvent use, fewer reaction steps, and a lower environmental impact. Discussion Mechanistic rationale under grinding conditions. In the solid state, the ketene generated from chiral acid 3 reacts with the Z-configured imine in an exo approach, leading to a single diastereomer. Grinding facilitates both ketene generation and its reaction with the imine. The steric bulk of the chrysenyl substituent blocks the endo approach, ensuring clean trans selectivity. Conclusion This is a promising method for the synthesis of optically active trans-(3R,4R)-N-(chrysenyl)-beta-lactams using a solvent-free mechanochemical approach. It provides a quick, easy, and sustainable way to make biologically vital trans-beta-lactam frameworks in a stereoselective way.
Introduction The microbial infections are amongest the most common health problems and now a days existing drugs showing ressistant against microbial infections. Therefor, new quinazolinones have been explored.Materials and Methods The target compounds were formed using a synthetic method and confirmed by spectral analysis. The synthetic achievement, Benzoxazinone (3), was derived from anthranilic acid (1) and aromatic acid chloride (2) in the presence of pyridine, and further reacted to aminoacetophenone (4) formed 2-phenyl-amino-quinazolinone (5), afforded to then intermediate derivatives (7) react with p-chlorobenzaldehyde (6), then further reacted with substituted amines, with copper iodide, and refluxed, 15 h, in a flask containing anhydrous dimethylformamide, potassium carbonate to formed the targeted newer quinazolinone derivatives (A8a-j) shown in the Scheme 1.Results In the results, we showed that the newer quinazolinone compounds A8b and A8f have been the two best compounds out of ten. The molecules were showed good computational parameter, including molecular dynamics simulations, docking scores, and physicochemical properties, when compared to the reference drugs. To examine the computational and structural basis of the relation between the test for in vitro antimicrobial activity.Discussion The computational properties were performed for the designed molecules. Compounds, A8b and A8f were showed good in silico studies against S. aureus, E. coli and A. niger, and further synthesized and characterized by spectrals and analytical methods.Conclusion In conclusion, compounds (A8b & A8f) showed good antimicrobial properties, which supported by in silico studies. The findings confirm that newer quinazolinone derivatives have the most promising relationships between in silico studies and biological validation for the next generation of antimicrobial agents.
Introduction The present work explores a green synthesis approach for TiO2 nanoparticles (TiNPs) aimed at addressing environmental pollution. The increasing demand for eco-friendly and efficient water purification methods has led to the investigation of TiNPs synthesized using plant extracts. Synthesized TiNPs have been utilized for the photocatalytic degradation and adsorption of toxic organic pollutants such as Congo Red (CR), Rhodamine B (RhB), and Evans Blue (EB) dyes.Method TiNPs were synthesized using a microwave-assisted technique, employing irradiation at 200 W for 180 seconds. Titanium (IV) butoxide served as the precursor, and Magno leaf extract was used to facilitate the reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles. Surface morphology analysis was conducted to confirm the structure and shape of the synthesized TiNPs.Results Surface analysis confirmed predominantly spherical TiNPs exhibiting excellent UV-driven photocatalytic activity, achieving 93% degradation of EB within 30 minutes. They also demonstrated high adsorption capacity (512.51 mg/g), pH- and temperature-dependent performance, and strong reusability over three cycles.Discussion The green microwave-assisted synthesis of TiNPs using Magno leaf extract yielded highly active photocatalysts with outstanding adsorption capacity. These findings highlight the suitability of these eco-friendly TiNPs for sustainable water purification applications. Their rapid degradation efficiency and strong reusability further underscore their potential for practical environmental remediation.Conclusion This study demonstrates the rapid, green microwave synthesis of TiNPs with excellent photocatalytic and adsorption performance. Their high efficiency and recyclability make them promising candidates for sustainable water purification.
Introduction: The catalytic cycloaddition of CO(2 )with epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates represents one of the most promising CO2 utilization technologies, offering 100% atomic economy under mild conditions. Nevertheless, the development of cost-effective heterogeneous catalysts with high performance under solvent- and cocatalyst-free conditions remains a grand challenge. Herein, we report the rational design and synthesis of a multifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for efficient CO2 /propylene oxide (PO) cycloaddition under solvent- and cocatalyst-free conditions. Methods: The ZnMgAl-Br- heterogeneous catalyst was prepared through an integrated coprecipitation- ion exchange method. Structural and physicochemical properties were systematically characterized using SEM, XRD, EDX mapping, BET, and NH3-TPD, which confirmed the coexistence of abundant Br- nucleophiles and -OH hydrogen-bond donors within the layered matrix. Catalytic tests were conducted in a 50 mL stainless steel autoclave. Results: A Br- intercalated ZnMgAl layered double hydroxide (ZnMgAl-Br-) catalyst was successfully constructed, integrating nucleophilic Br- anions with hydrogen-bond donating -OH groups in a precisely engineered layered framework. Under optimized conditions (140oC, 7 h, 2.5 MPa), the catalyst achieved 99.2% PO conversion, 98.7% PC selectivity, and 97.9% PC yield. The result represents a remarkable improvement compared with benchmark catalysts (MgAl-Br-: 50.5% yield; ZnMgAl- NO3-: 13.1% yield), highlighting the critical synergy among Br- nucleophiles, Zn species, and - OH groups. Discussion: The results demonstrate that the cooperative interaction between Br- and -OH groups is central to the catalytic efficiency of CO2 /PO cycloaddition. Incorporation of Zn species expanded the interlayer spacing and optimized the spatial arrangement of Br-/-OH sites, thereby enhancing cooperative catalysis. Conclusion: The findings highlight the critical role of Br- nucleophiles and the Zn-modified layered structures in enabling cooperative catalysis. This work establishes a rational strategy for designing multifunctional heterogeneous catalysts for efficient CO2 utilization through epoxide cycloaddition.
Introduction: The Averrhoa carambola extract was used as a capping and reducing agent to synthesize the CuCeO2 nanoparticles in an eco-friendly method. Materials and Methods: Techniques such as UV-Vis Spectroscopy, XRD, FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, FTIR, and BET were used to characterize the synthesized CuCeO2 nanoparticles. Results: A morphological analysis revealed that the green-synthesized CuCeO2 nanoparticles are spherical, mesopore, monoclinic, and have an average particle size of 14.87 nm. Discussion: The photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of the synthesized CuCeO2 nanoparticles were investigated. CuCeO2 nanoparticles were used to accomplish the complete degradation of the crystal violet dye, illustrating the efficacy of photocatalysts in environmental remediation. The clinical pathogens were tested for antibacterial effectiveness using the agar well method. The CuCeO2 nanoparticles showed strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains of S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli, P. aeruginosa, as well as fungal strains of Candida albicans, respectively. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the potent antimicrobial and photocatalytic characteristics of CuCeO2 nanoparticles, indicating their potential as a promising material for environmentally remedial photocatalysts and sustainable antimicrobial treatments.
Introduction The development of eco-friendly synthetic methods is a key focus in organic chemistry. In this context, the synthesis of 2-aminothiophenes-bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential-continues to attract interest. Traditional methods often require multiple steps and toxic solvents.Methods A simple and environmentally friendly protocol was developed for the synthesis of multi-substituted 2-aminothiophenes. The reaction uses a mixture of ketone derivatives, malonodinitrile, and elemental sulfur, in the presence of a small amount (2 wt%) of MgO/SBA-15 as a cocatalyst. The reactions were carried out at room temperature, without solvents.Results The 2-aminothiophene derivatives were obtained in good yields ranging from 50% to 93% under mild conditions. The MgO/SBA-15 catalyst demonstrated remarkable catalytic efficiency, as well as good availability and excellent reusability.Discussion This protocol differs from previous approaches, which generally involved a two-step synthesis. The adoption of a solvent-free system, coupled with the use of a recyclable catalyst, significantly limits the environmental footprint of the process. The MgO/SBA-15 material plays a key role in facilitating the reaction efficiently under mild conditions.Conclusion A one-pot, environmentally friendly, and efficient method has been developed for the first time for the synthesis of 2-aminothiophenes from acetophenone derivatives under solvent-free conditions. This protocol represents a significant advance in green chemistry and could be applied to other organic transformations.
Introduction: Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) catalyses the biotransformation of alcohols and carbonyl compounds. This study reports the purification and characterization of ADH from red Rajma seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) and its catalytic role in veratryl alcohol oxidation. Methods: The crude enzyme extract was precipitated with 90% (NH4)(2)SO4, dialyzed, and purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, native PAGE, and MALDI-TOF. pH and temperature optima, substrate specificity, and inhibition by metal ions were studied spectrophotometrically. Biotransformation of veratryl alcohol was confirmed by TLC and HPLC. Results: ADH was purified 12-fold with a specific activity of 8.77 U/mg and a molecular weight of 27 kDa. MALDI-TOF revealed 244 amino acid residues and a pI of 5.02. The enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 10.5 and 40 degrees C. Kinetic analysis revealed ethanol (Vmax 0.112 & micro;mol/min, Km 6.2 mM), allyl alcohol as the best substrate (V-max 0.192 & micro;mol/min, Km 8.04 mM), and high affinity for NADP(+) (Km 0.09 mM). Inhibition studies revealed competitive inhibition by Cr3+, Fe3+, Sr2+, Mo6+, and Hg2+; non-competitive inhibition by Ca2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+; and uncompetitive inhibition by As3+, Sn2+, and Ce4+. Discussion: Determination of kinetic parameters of ADH for different alcohol substrates helps in understanding the enzyme's efficiency and specificity. This innovative approach utilizes enzymes as catalysts and offers a more sustainable alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methods. Conclusion: Red Rajma seed is a novel source of ADH with favourable activity, stability, and substrate specificity. Its ability to oxidize veratryl alcohol highlights its potential application as a biocatalyst in industrial biotransformation.
Introduction Dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives are of considerable interest due to their wide range of pharmacological properties. Their synthesis via the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate and 4-hydroxycoumarin, catalysed by various agents, has been well described in the literature. The present work develops an inexpensive, greener synthetic method that affords excellent yields and enables the isolation of pure products.Methods The present study demonstrates an inexpensive and environmentally friendly method for synthesising dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives. WEBPA was employed as a greener, homogeneous agro-waste-based catalytic medium, with microwave irradiation (MWI) used to accelerate the reaction. Selected derivatives were further evaluated for their antioxidant activity and electrochemical behaviour.Results Microwave-assisted synthesis of dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives provided a rapid and eco-friendly route to the target compounds. The agro-waste-based catalytic medium used in this work eliminated the need for hazardous organic solvents and additional additives. Selected derivatives were screened for their antioxidant activity and electrochemical properties.Discussion The developed greener and inexpensive method for synthesising dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives under MWI offers an efficient and environmentally friendly approach. The method does not require hazardous solvents or catalysts, and the products were obtained in a pure state after simple recrystallisation, without the need for chromatographic purification. Biological evaluation of selected derivatives for their antioxidant and electrochemical properties demonstrated comparable and meaningful activities.Conclusion The present work describes an efficient protocol for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives via a three-component reaction catalysed by the greener solvent medium WEBPA. The method is facile, rapid, inexpensive, and involves a straightforward work-up, affording the final compounds in pure form. Products were isolated by simple filtration and recrystallisation, yielding chromatographically pure materials with excellent yields. The homogeneity of the isolated compounds was confirmed using various spectroscopic techniques. Several selected derivatives (4h, 4k, 4l, 6b, 6e, 6f, and 6g) exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Furthermore, their electrochemical behaviour was studied for the first time using cyclic voltammetry, and the examined derivatives displayed comparable redox potentials.
Introduction: To isolate, purify, and characterize CA from a novel source Spinacia oleracea (Spinach), and determine its catalytic efficacy in CO2 sequestration. Methods: The MALDI TOF technique was used to study the molecular mass and protein sequence of the purified enzyme from S. oleracea. A UV-Vis spectrophotometer was used to study the kinetic parameters of the CA enzyme from the source. SEM, FTIR, and XRD were used to analyze the products formed from CO2 sequestration by the CA source. Results: The kinetic parameters Km, Vm(AX), kcat, pH optimum, and temperature optimum of the S. oleracea CA were 0.62 mM, 0.73 & micro;mol/min, 37.3 s(-1), 9.0, and 40 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was purified 29-fold, with a specific activity of 12.90 U/mg and a recovery of 16.29%. Under optimized conditions, spinach CA was found to be effective in sequestering CO2 into CaCO3, with the highest CO2 sequestration efficacy at pH 10.0, 20 degrees C, and 0.5 M (CaCl2.2H(2)O). Discussion: The experimental results show that under optimized conditions, the use of spinach CA as a catalyst significantly improved the CO2 sequestration efficiency by nearly two-fold compared with that of the control. A key limitation of our study is that it was carried out at the laboratory scale, and consequently, additional research is necessary to carry out this work under harsh industrial conditions. Despite this, we can conclude that spinach leaf CA is a viable candidate for CO2 sequestration, although enzyme immobilization is necessary for improved enzyme stability. Conclusion: This study suggests that spinach leaf CA can be regarded as a potential CA source and a biocatalyst for CO2 sequestration.
