Selective laser melting is one of the core technologies of additive manufacturing. During ultra-fast non-equilibrium solidification, precise control of the microstructure is a key scientific challenge for achieving high-performance component manufacturing. In this review, the theoretical system of partial differential equations is adopted as the mathematical core. The ratio of the thermal gradient to the square root of the solid–liquid interface migration velocity is used as the primary descriptive parameter to characterize the tendency of grain morphology evolution induced by different regulation strategies. On this basis, a PDE-centered comparative framework is proposed to connect processing parameters, multi-step sequences, external field assistance, multiphysics evolution, and grain-morphology responses. The review critically synthesizes the reported quantitative relationships and physical mechanisms linking control inputs, field variables, and scale-appropriate microstructural descriptors, while distinguishing transferable transport mechanisms from alloy- and process-specific responses.It breaks through the performance limitations imposed by single-process or single-parameter regulation, providing solid theoretical support for the high-performance fabrication of metal components.The proposed framework provides a physics-based basis for comparing regulation strategies, identifying their applicability boundaries, and defining the modeling and experimental validation required for process design.
Through millions of years of evolution, organisms have developed sophisticated sensing systems to survive in changing environments. Many of these natural receptors, such as whiskers, tactile hairs, and microvilli, share a fundamental cantilever-like architecture. These sophisticated sensilla usually possess highly responsive free ends, which amplify minute mechanical stimuli to maximize perceptual capability. Inspired by these biological structures and sensing mechanisms, researchers have developed a variety of kinds of artificial cantilever-based sensors. With appropriately designed structures and transduction schemes, these bio-inspired sensors can offer high sensitivity and adaptable measurement ranges and have been investigated for applications in industrial monitoring, aerospace, and healthcare. This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in the design, fabrication, and practical applications of cantilever-based bio-inspired sensors. Moreover, the current challenges and future perspectives are discussed, offering strategic insights into next-generation manufacturing methodologies, performance optimization, and emerging application scenarios.
The growing demand for sustainable materials and energy has positioned lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable resource. However, structural recalcitrance, heterogeneous chemistry, and energy-intensive pretreatments constrain efficient deconstruction and valorization. This review examines the molecular-scale mechanisms governing biomass deconstruction and the transition from conventional mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic pretreatments toward emerging deep eutectic solvent (DES) platforms. DES have gained prominence as designer solvents due to their tunable supramolecular chemistry, low volatility, and potential environmental compatibility, enabling selective fractionation of lignocellulosic components under mild conditions. Advances in feedstock-specific and multicomponent DES systems and their integration with physical and biological treatments are examined. Molecular dynamics simulations, thermodynamic modeling, and spectroscopy elucidate DES–biomass interactions, including hydrogen-bond reorganization, lignin–carbohydrate complex disruption, and recovered biopolymers. The review introduces a unified structure–mechanism–performance–feasibility framework linking DES molecular design and biomass architecture to deconstruction, recovered-fraction quality, hierarchical material assembly, and process viability. Within this framework, molecular simulation, machine learning, techno-economic analysis, and life-cycle assessment are integrated as predictive and decision support tools for solvent selection, process optimization, and scale-up. This integrated perspective connects molecular-scale DES design with product-oriented material development and system-level feasibility, guiding DES-enabled smart biorefinery development while identifying key challenges and opportunities for scalable, circular bioeconomy solutions.
Hydrogen has long been regarded as a detrimental interstitial element in metallic alloys, primarily owing to its role in hydrogen embrittlement. However, recent experimental and computational studies, principally involving austenitic steels including Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steels, high-Mn TWIP alloys, and low-density steels (alloyed with aluminum) have revealed that hydrogen can, under carefully controlled conditions of alloy composition, microstructure, stacking fault energy, and hydrogen concentration, act as a functional and beneficial interstitial solute element that can enhance strength, ductility, or even both. This review critically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying this paradoxical yet promising behavior, with particular emphasis on hydrogen-enhanced twinning, hydrogen-enhanced densified twinning, hydrogen-enhanced microbanding, and hydrogen solid-solution strengthening. The roles of stacking fault energy, grain size, precipitation (κ-carbide, B2 intermetallic), and hydrogen charging protocol (electrochemical vs. gaseous charging; pre-charging vs. in-situ) on the operative mechanism and net mechanical response are systematically discussed. A key conclusion is that the transition from hydrogen embrittlement to hydrogen-enhanced mechanical properties is governed by a multi-dimensional parameter space that has not yet been fully mapped. These findings provide a scientific basis for a conceptual reorientation in designing alloy compositions and microstructures that may promote beneficial hydrogen–defect interactions under controlled or even in-service hydrogen exposure while suppressing embrittlement.
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are cornerstone materials for advanced applications owing to their distinctive optoelectronic features, including tunable band gaps, outstanding light absorption, high extinction coefficient, and excellent quantum emission efficiency. Nevertheless, MHPs are prone to losing their stability under environmental stress conditions, which hinders their practical performance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been established as promising protective candidates to overcome these shortcomings. The integration of MHPs within MOFs opens new perspectives for the design of photoactive porous MHP–MOF composites with additional functionalities, enabling applications in photocatalysis, energy conversion, information security, photovoltaics, lighting, high-energy radiation detection, and sensing. This review highlights the limitations of MHPs and focuses on the transformative contributions of MOFs to extend the use of MHP materials in various advanced applications. It also systematically addresses the latest research progress in the field, including advanced synthesis strategies, synergistic properties, and integration in emerging applications based on recent works. Finally, current challenges and potential future trends for MHP–MOF composites are outlined alongside an eco-safe roadmap. This work serves as a reference for the rational manipulation of MHP–MOF materials, enabling the design of next-generation multifunctional devices.
