ABSTRACT This study applies the Stimulus‐Organism‐Response (S‐O‐R) framework in order to investigate how sensory wine experience attributes in premium airline cabins influence perceived premium quality, perceived value, expectation confirmation, psychological comfort, and ultimately airline brand choice. The sensory wine experience elements were identified via qualitative research and were validated using a quantitative analysis. The results show that sensory attributes significantly enhance perceived premium quality, which in turn increases perceived value and expectation confirmation. The expectation confirmation positively affects psychological comfort, which subsequently drives airline brand choice. The wine selection methods did not moderate the relationship between psychological comfort and brand choice, but the configurational analyses (fsQCA) revealed multiple sufficient pathways that lead to high brand choice. These findings highlight the strategic importance of integrating sensory wine experiences into premium cabin service design and providing meaningful implications in regards to enhancing the cognitive and emotional responses of customers.
ABSTRACT This study investigates the psychological mechanisms driving value co‐creation among frontline bed and breakfast (B&B) employees. Integrating social exchange and affective events theories, we conducted a grounded theory analysis of 26 in‐depth interviews. Findings reveal a dyadic “Lit Up” mechanism embedded within reciprocal host‐guest encounters. Guests' prosocial inputs, whether initiating an interaction or reciprocating an employee's relational investment, function as proximal affective events. These inputs satisfy employees' fundamental needs for equality and belonging, generating emotional energy that follows two critical pathways. Through psychological archiving, it builds long‐term emotional resilience against occupational stressors. Simultaneously, through reciprocal reinvestment, it motivates employees to transcend formal service scripts via generalized extra‐role behaviors and enduring host–guest bonding. Ultimately, this research identifies guest prosociality as an overlooked source of employee emotional resourcing, demonstrating how unfolding social exchanges drive sustainable value co‐creation in hospitality.
ABSTRACT This study examines how urban parks enhance Generation Z's quality of life by integrating Stress and Coping Theory with Attention Restoration Theory. Data from 402 Generation Z residents in China were analyzed using PLS‐SEM. The results show that perceived stress increases coping behaviors, which strengthen perceptions of restorative environmental qualities. Among the restorative dimensions, being away, fascination, and compatibility positively influenced restorative experience, whereas extent was not significant. Being away, extent, and compatibility also improved quality of life, while fascination had no direct effect. Restorative experience significantly enhanced quality of life and mediated several relationships between restorative environmental qualities and well‐being outcomes. These findings extend tourism and restoration research by emphasizing active coping and the distinct effects of restorative environmental dimensions within urban nature‐based settings. Practical implications are offered for tourism planners, destination managers, and park practitioners seeking to enhance Generation Z's well‐being.
ABSTRACT Cave tourism in Vietnam is a rapidly growing sector, yet the gap between pre‐visit expectations and post‐visit satisfaction remains under‐researched. This study employs a dual‐method exploratory approach, integrating purposive focus group discussions (Expectations) with big data analytics from Google Maps reviews (Satisfaction). The findings reveal a significant alignment‐disjunction dynamic: while tourists experience high satisfaction and strong alignment regarding natural beauty and adventure, a notable disjunction exists in cost transparency and destination management. This disjunction is further exacerbated by expectation inflation driven by digital media imagery. Conceptually, this research extends the Expectancy–Disconfirmation Theory (EDT) and SERVQUAL framework by mapping these psychological gaps. Practically, it provides a strategic framework for destination managers to synchronize promotional narratives with operational realities, ensuring sustainable management in emerging nature‐based destinations.
ABSTRACT While luxury restaurant dining involves high financial, symbolic, and experiential stakes, post‐consumption evaluations often remain uncertain. Prior research explains loyalty mainly through satisfaction and service quality, overlooking post‐purchase evaluation. This study conceptualizes perceived post‐purchase luxury risk as residual uncertainty over whether a dining experience justifies its financial, hedonic, social, and health‐related costs. Using 432 valid on‐site surveys from Michelin‐recognized and luxury hotel‐affiliated restaurants in Macau, the study develops and validates a multidimensional scale and examines its behavioral effects. Split‐sample structural equation modeling shows a strong negative effect of post‐purchase luxury risk on loyalty intention. The results further indicate that risk operates through expectation‐based evaluation, with different dimensions exerting uneven effects. Theoretically, the study reframes loyalty as an outcome of post‐consumption sense‐making. Practically, it highlights post‐purchase risk as a key lever for managing luxury dining beyond the service encounter.
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the travel motivations and experiences of paranormal health tourists. In the study, the Gırnavaz Mound in Mardin/Türkiye, where the tomb of the leader of the first Muslim jinn is located, was analyzed. The data were collected with semi‐structured interviews conducted with 15 visitors and 2 religious officials. Four main themes and six subthemes were identified during the manual content analysis process. The main themes were named “Paranormal Story: Healing Jinn,” “Motivation for Paranormal Health Tourism,” “Paranormal Health Tourism Experiences,” and “Sense of Healing: Placebo.” Findings reveal that paranormal health tourists are motivated by feelings of helplessness and belief. Their experiences are shaped by ritual participation and shared emotional exchanges with others. The peak experience—encountering a jinn leader in a dream—can be disrupted by environmental factors. Those who reach the peak experience feel a sense of healing that can be attributed to the placebo.
Science empowers tourism by offering attentive services and creative experiences. Previous literature has focused on the effects of science appeals in physical product marketing on tourist behavior, with less emphasis on science appeals in cultural heritage destinations. This research examines the influence of science appeals on visit intentions for cultural heritage destinations. Across four studies (N = 1298), the results show that science appeals decrease visit intentions compared to nonscience appeals, with perceived authenticity acting as a mediator. Furthermore, this research found that the appeal type moderates the effect of science appeals on visit intentions in cultural heritage destinations. Specifically, concrete (vs. abstract) appeals mitigate the negative effects of science appeals. While the findings suggest that science appeals are generally not recommended for promoting cultural heritage destinations, they also demonstrate that concrete science appeals are more effective than abstract ones when science appeals are deemed necessary.
With the rapid growth of the e-sports industry, its user base has surged from 130 million in 2016 to 504 million in 2022. Many users are willing to travel to watch e-sports events. This has led to the emergence of the e-sports hotel market. However, research on the booking behavior of e-sports tourists for e-sports hotels is still limited. This study identifies that the e-sports tourism experience consists of four dimensions: e-sports event experience, e-sports social experience, cultural experience, and e-sports relaxation experience. It also clarifies that equipment performance, environmental comfort, e-sports hotel services, and social space are key factors driving booking intentions. Based on these findings and relevant theories, a model of the determinants of booking behavior is constructed and verified. The results provide a theoretical basis for e-sports hotels to meet e-sports tourists' needs.
This study explores how to invite unfamiliar friends (UFs) through online travel communities to create like-minded itineraries. It collected 206 valid questionnaires from travel initiators of UFs with travel experiences and used partial least squares structural equation modeling for analysis and hypothesis testing. It found that social identity significantly affected trust and teamwork, which significantly affected the intention of UFs, and knowledge aggregation moderated trust, teamwork, and the intention to make UFs. UFs generated trust and teamwork opportunities through social identity and contributed to subsequent intentions; knowledge aggregation was vital in this study. This study expands the practical application of social identity and planned behavior theories on the intentions of UFs. We introduce a new aspect to OTC tourism research by aggregating knowledge and offering a theoretical framework for progressing from social identification to behavioral intention. The findings can guide travel companies in formulating effective marketing strategies for OTCs.
This conceptual research note aims to draw the attention of researchers to what the author defines as 'everydayness' in tourism. It brings together initial examples of current 'everydayness' tourism developments. We posit that leisure travel is no longer necessarily an escape from everyday life but also a way of engaging with it. Unfortunately, this 'everydayness' appears to be largely absent from tourism research thus far. Therefore, we aim to encourage a broader, less binary (ordinary/extraordinary), more intertwined tourism perspective where 'everydayness' enters leisure and tourism. What is needed is a paradigm shift and an expansion of the tourism concept in the postmodern reality, along with a proposal of methods to research 'everydayness'. By integrating Bauman's concept of 'liquid modernity' with Heidegger's concept of 'everydayness', a framework of liquid everyday tourism experience is proposed.
This study looks at how leisure activity types are associated with self-rated health (SRH) and happiness. The 88 detailed leisure activity items in the KNLAS codebook were classified into eight leisure activity types; type-specific participation indices were constructed. Hobbies and entertainment showed the strongest positive association with SRH, followed by sports viewing, tourism, social and other activities, arts and cultural attendance, and sports participation; the rest showed a negative association except for arts and cultural participation that was not statistically significant. For happiness, sports participation showed the strongest positive association, followed by social and other activities, arts and cultural attendance, tourism, and hobbies and entertainment; arts and cultural participation and the rest showed negative associations, while sports viewing was not statistically significant. These findings indicate that leisure activity types display different association profiles across health-related and affective well-being outcomes.
This study explores the emerging niche of photography travel, where women deliberately position themselves as subjects of the tourist gaze and professional travel photography. Drawing on an interpretivist paradigm and employing abductive reasoning within a qualitative longitudinal design, this research engaged 11 female travelers to examine how photography travel shapes their well-being across the pre-travel, during-travel, and post-travel phases. Guided by Seligman's PERMA framework as a sensitizing concept, the findings reveal a transformative process in which participants evolve from "being invisible" to "being visible," with the five elements of well-being (positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment) manifesting differently across the travel stages. Photography travel thus emerges as a gendered and performative form of special interest tourism that enhances both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, offering new insights into the relationship between self-representation, empowerment, and well-being in women's travel experiences.
This study examines how food delivery applications (FDAs) can continue to encourage sustainable consumer behavior in the context of rising environmental concerns associated with single-use plastic waste. Focusing on the Chinese FDA market as a representative case, this study investigates how economic versus environmental appeals influence consumers' decisions to opt out of disposable cutlery. Drawing on three experiments, the findings reveal that the effectiveness of these appeals is contingent on platform-specific contextual cues (perceived cleanliness and menu orderliness) as well as individual differences (sense of power). Specifically, environmental appeals are more effective when restaurants are perceived as unclean, whereas economic appeals perform better under conditions of low menu orderliness and among low-income consumers. By situating the analysis within the Chinese FDA ecosystem, this study provides contextually grounded insights into how digital platforms can strategically deploy sustainability messages to influence consumer behavior.
Tourism centered on classical landscape architecture boasts a long history, with documented practices dating back to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 bce) in China and Britain's early Victorian era (1837-1860s). Classical landscape architecture plays a pivotal role in shaping high-quality, appealing destinations, continuously drawing diverse visitor groups. While prior research has extensively examined its design principles and tourism resource development, the on-site tourist experience remains underexplored. Clarifying the multidimensional structure of this experience is therefore essential for tourism site managers to effectively meet tourists' evolving expectations and exceed their satisfaction. Following DeVellis's (2003) scale development procedure, this study rigorously developed and empirically validated a 42-item scale encompassing six dimensions: Cultural and Educational Experience, Esthetic Experience, Health-Nurturing Experience, Emotional Uplifting Experience, Escapism Experience, and Entertainment Experience. The research findings of this study present actionable insights for tourism managers to design and provide experiential offerings at classical landscape architecture sites.
This study explores how task-related ambiguity and conflict influence team performance-avoidance goal orientation (TPAGO) and in-role green performance in China's hospitality sector. Drawing on social information processing (SIP) theory, it examines TPAGO as a mediating mechanism and team climate for inclusion (TCI) as a moderating factor. Data from 361 employees across 79 service teams reveal that task conflict and ambiguity reduce green performance through increased TPAGO. However, inclusive team climates buffer this effect, helping teams maintain sustainability-oriented behaviors even under stress. By integrating motivational and contextual variables, this study offers a nuanced understanding of how internal team dynamics shape green outcomes. Findings contribute to SIP theory and team performance literature by identifying key mechanisms that inhibit or enable environmental behavior at the team level. The study aligns with SDGs 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 13 (Climate Action), offering insights for sustainable workforce management.
This study integrates the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior to examine factors influencing revenge travel intentions to offbeat destinations, including perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control. It also explores the moderating role of social media influencer information search. Data from 363 online survey responses were analyzed using SmartPLS and structural equation modeling. Results show that constructs from both models significantly impact revenge travel intentions to offbeat destinations, with attitude and perceived behavioral control as partial mediators. Notably, social media information search strengthens the positive link between attitudes toward offbeat tourism and revenge travel intentions to offbeat destinations. The proposed model outperforms the original models in predictive capacity. The study acknowledges its limitations and discusses theoretical and practical implications for understanding revenge travel behavior to offbeat destinations.
Although earlier studies have provided substantial evidence of gendered destination influences on consumer behavior, research on the critical roles of biological gender and cultural lenses in travelers' perceptions and behaviors remains lacking. To address this gap, this analysis investigates the moderating roles of biological gender (male vs. female) and cultural lenses (individualism vs. collectivism) in the relationships among hotel gender, stereotypes, guests' trust, and recommendation intentions. Using two studies (n = 1027), a multigroup analysis reveals that masculine hotel traits strengthen competence perceptions and trust more for men and individualists, whereas feminine traits enhance warmth perceptions more for women and collectivists. This study extends gender stereotype research beyond traditional brand marketing to hospitality marketing, deepens the understanding of brand personality theory, and broadens the applicability of gender stereotypes in hospitality by showing how travelers' perceptions and behaviors vary across biological gender and cultural lenses, offering hotel managers practical insights.
Decorating hotels with art pieces is a favored practice, particularly in luxury hotels. However, research on the investigation of how hotel artworks engage customers and promote their hotel experience is limited. Therefore, a sequential mixed methods approach was employed to address this gap by incorporating two studies. First, a qualitative study (interviews, n = 15) was employed to understand how art engages customers. Second, a quantitative study (survey, n = 268) was performed to empirically test the relationship between customers' artistic engagement and their overall hotel experience. Results reveal that visual art engages customers in a number of ways such as attention holding, cognitive enquiring, and emotive immersion. This study contributes to existing literature by applying cue-utilization theory to examine the impact of visual art in the context of luxury hotel consumption. The results provide valuable guidance to hoteliers on how to display artworks in the future.
The transmission of biased eWOM reduces the usefulness of online reviews to consumers and, if negative, is likely to affect a brand's image adversely. This research aims to investigate how traits, attention-seeking, and taking-the-lead make senders of eWOM subject to either the positivity or negativity bias, and how the cultural value of collectivism refines this relationship. A sample of 345 Chinese consumers was formed, and the data from an online survey was analysed using PLS-SEM. Results show that the attention-seeking trait makes Chinese people more susceptible to the negativity bias; however, a collectivistic culture weakens such a relationship. The taking-the-lead trait makes Chinese people more susceptible to the positivity bias, and a collectivistic culture strengthens this relationship. Our findings of the personality-culture nexus make a novel contribution to the eWOM literature.
