Abstract Due to the particularity of the roof lithology, weakly cemented soft rock roadways in western China are prone to roof subsidence and even roof collapse. To solve this challenge, this manuscript combines theoretical research, numerical simulation, and field measurements. First, it proposes the characteristic of overall roof collapse in weak cementation soft rock roadways and introduces a collapse instability mechanism involving "delamination between the top coal and roof strata, fracture outside the support range, and overall roof subsidence." Second, it highlights the characteristics of weak cementation soft rock and the main influencing factors of roof collapse, which include the failure of anchoring due to the roadway exceeding the design width. Finally, based on the characteristics of surrounding rock, a control method for weak cementation soft rock roadways is proposed, combining the adjustment of anchor rod (cable) length with combined deep-shallow grouting. The field application has achieved significant results, effectively controlling the roof subsidence of the roadway.
Abstract In the acquisition of field data using the geophysical direct current (DC) resistivity method, interference from complex terrain and natural noise often causes abnormal perturbations in the measured apparent resistivity data at survey points. Considering that the governing equation for the DC resistivity method is essentially a nonlinear Poisson equation, reconstructing the apparent resistivity data through linear interpolation for inversion will reduce the accuracy of the results. To address this problem, this paper develops a data reconstruction algorithm for DC resistivity data based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Specifically, a U-Net deep neural network architecture is constructed, and a training dataset is generated using three-dimensional finite-difference forward modeling simulations. After network optimization and training, a data reconstruction model is established. Experiments on synthetic data demonstrate that inverting the apparent resistivity data reconstructed by the neural network produces resistivity models with significantly higher accuracy compared to those obtained from data based on linear interpolation. Field-data results demonstrate that the reconstructed data obtained after processing with the convolutional neural network (CNN) significantly attenuates the various types of noise generated during field acquisition. This confirms that the proposed method effectively preserves the characteristics of the nonlinear field distribution. This method not only provides a new solution for data reconstruction in DC resistivity data, but its technical framework can also be extended to geophysical exploration fields involving multiple physical methods, such as induced polarization and electromagnetic techniques.
Abstract We investigate the relationships between monazite Th-U-Pb ages, chemical domains, and monazite-xenotime immiscibility gap thermometry from two Indosinian orthogneisses from the Khanom Core Complex (Southern Thailand), with the aim of better understanding the relationships of these systems and their possible implications for petrochronology. Our data reveal that direct dating of chemical domains in monazite and temperature estimates can be ambiguous. On one side, U, Si, and Ca contents do not influence the Th-U-Pb ages or monazite-xenotime immiscibility gap temperatures, reinforcing the geological reliability of these age and thermometric data. However, the variability in REE enrichment and depletion and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, with post-magmatic processes likely playing a major role in these geochemical modifications. Principal component analysis shows that monazite chemistry is the primary driver of data variation, with age and temperature estimates largely decoupled from chemical signatures, further underscoring the complexity of monazite petrochronology. Pseudosection modeling then suggests a protracted history of monazite growth and recrystallization, spanning approximately 40 million years. These findings challenge previous petrochronological postulations about coupled substitution mechanisms and highlight the necessity of using integrated analytical approaches to decipher complex metamorphic histories in monazite-bearing rocks. The study emphasizes the importance of considering the multifaceted nature of monazite systems when interpreting their petrochronological data.
Abstract The tectonic evolution of the trench–arc–back-–arc basin system—encompassing back-arc spreading, subduction, basin closure, and the subsequent transition from arc–continent collision to post-collisional extension—represents a fundamental process in the evolution of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean. The East Kunlun Orogen, a critical segment of the Proto-Tethyan domain, preserves a complete trench–arc–back-arc system, offering a unique opportunity to investigate this tectonic cycle. This study presents an integrated analysis of petrology, mineral thermobarometry, phase equilibrium modeling, and zircon U–Pb geochronology of garnet–sillimanite–biotite gneisses and garnet–biotite migmatitic gneisses from the Central Kunlun Belt to provide metamorphic insights into the Early Paleozoic evolution of the Proto-Tethyan trench–arc–back-arc basin system in East Kunlun. Our results reveal two distinct metamorphic events: garnet–sillimanite–biotite gneisses record a clockwise P–T path with peak conditions of ~763°C and 10.3 kbar, dated to 422–424 Ma for the retrograde age, which constrains the timing of crustal thickening during arc–continent collision. In stark contrast, garnet–biotite migmatitic gneisses document high-temperature, low-pressure conditions (>830°C and ~4.4 kbar) at 402 ± 2 Ma, followed by near-isobaric cooling persisting to at least 369 Ma. We interpret this pronounced thermal pulse and subsequent isobaric cooling as the direct result of lithospheric delamination and asthenospheric upwelling, marking a definitive tectonic switch from compression to extension. Our findings provide robust P–T–t constraints that chronicle a complete orogenic cycle in the East Kunlun Orogen, from Silurian arc–continent collision to Early Devonian delamination-driven orogenic collapse, offering new insights into the Proto-Tethyan evolution.
Skepticism of carbon capture and storage’s (CCS) potential for curbing anthropogenic global warming continues. That doubt is fed, in part, by the failure of some CCS sites to meet injection targets because of problems with the subsurface geology. This paper argues that more rigorous geoscience characterization is needed to more realistically predict the injectivity, storage, and seal capacity of prospective CCS sites. It illustrates how a holistic, genetic approach to characterizing the geology of those sites, using a carbon-sequestration geosystems approach, can be used to guide property predictions at the screening phase. The case is made by examining Cambrian sandstones at four onshore locations in Canada. At all four sites those sandstones are relatively poorly characterized saline aquifers, making them different from depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs that typically have abundant data. Two of the sites (Quest and Aquistore) are working CCS facilities, and their study illustrates how the tectonic setting, depositional environment and history, and post-depositional structural evolution affected the development of repositories and seals in the Cambrian and overlying strata. CCS facilities have not yet been established in Southern Ontario and Southern Québec, but Cambrian sandstones are the most likely targets for CO2 injection in both areas. Insights from the working CCS locations illuminate geologic opportunities and challenges in these “exploration-stage” areas. However, the Ontario and Québec areas have certain geologic characteristics that are unlike those present at the Quest or Aquistore sites. In such cases, guidance about geologic risks and opportunities needs to be obtained elsewhere, such as from the petroleum industry.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in deep subsurface saline aquifer is a crucial technology for achieving long-term and safe CO2 storage. Conducting numerical simulations of deep subsurface saline aquifer CO2 storage projects to evaluate engineering plans before implementation demands significant computational resources. The application of deep learning (DL) surrogate models can effectively enhance simulation efficiency and reduce the consumption of computational resources. However, constructing a DL surrogate model in practical tasks typically requires a substantial number of simulations to gather sufficient training samples. Therefore, the advantages of reduced resource consumption offered by DL surrogate models are limited compared to the deployment cost associated with the simulation process. To address these deployment costs, this study proposes a DL surrogate model, carbon spatiotemporal network (hereafter referred to as Carbon-ST-Net), optimized using the Reptile algorithm. By employing a few-shot strategy based on Reptile, this model can simulate the CO2 storage process under varying reservoir conditions with relatively low computational resource requirements. The surrogate model was trained using diverse geological storage scenarios, and a target task was selected to validate its effectiveness. The experimental results show that the model optimized using Reptile demonstrated a 70% reduction in root mean square error (RMSE), a 60% reduction in mean absolute error (MAE), and a 7% improvement in R2. These results suggest that the Reptile-optimized model achieves higher accuracy with the same number of samples compared to the standard model. This study shows that the Reptile algorithm significantly reduces the number of samples required for training surrogate models, thus facilitating the application of these models in various CO2 sequestration simulations, such as varying reservoir conditions, injection well optimization, and uncertainty analysis.
Lord–Shulman (LS) thermoelasticity theory is integrated with the Kelvin–Voigt (KV) viscoelastic model to develop a coupled thermo-viscoelasticity formulation predicting two compressional waves, an elastic wave (E-wave), a thermal wave (T-wave), and a shear wave (S-wave), all with wave-diffusion duality analogous to poroelastic waves. To resolve the KV model’s high-frequency anomaly, the approach is refined by combining LS thermoelasticity with the Cole-Cole model. This enhanced model reveals two characteristic inflection points in dispersion/attenuation curves, corresponding to thermal diffusion and viscoelastic effects, and predicts two-stage asymptotic high-frequency velocities and attenuation peaks (near 103–105Hz), whose relative positions are controlled by thermal relaxation and viscoelastic parameters. Validation against frequency-dependent compressional-wave velocity measurements of sandstones confirms the Cole-Cole model’s accuracy. This work enhances understanding of studying the physics and provides a reliable benchmark for experimental testing and numerical simulation.
The Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) contains one of the most extensive exposures of juvenile continental crust on Earth, with the Egyptian segment, the Nubian Shield (ENS), representing a critical component of this shield. Within the ENS, the Um Khariga volcanic province represents one of the largest and most prominent volcanic complexes. This study examines the geochemical, isotopic, and petrogenetic characteristics of the Um Khariga volcanic rocks to assess their contribution to the early stage of crustal evolution of the ENS. Formed between ~800 and ~750 Ma, these volcanic rocks are interbedded with arc-related serpentinites and intruded by I-type granitoids, indicating an island arc tectonic environment. Whole-rock geochemical data reveal low- to medium-K tholeiitic to calc-alkaline affinities, with enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) such as Ba, Sr, and Pb pointing to a subduction-modified mantle source, with εNd(t) values ranging from +4.8 to +6.8 and low initial 87Sr/86Sr(t) ratios (~0.702), both consistent with a juvenile mantle origin. Geochemical modeling suggests that the Um Khariga volcanics were generated by 15%–20% partial melting of a mantle source metasomatized by approximately 1%–15% subduction-derived fluids. These results highlight the significance of arc magmatism in the precollisional magmatic history of the ENS, contributing substantially to the early formation stage of the ENS Neoproterozoic continental crust. Ultimately, this study sheds light on early crustal growth processes in the ANS and the geodynamic evolution associated with the Rodinia–Gondwana transition.
Coal-rock structures in deep coal-bearing strata, due to their intricate mechanical properties, are the primary carriers of rock burst hazards. This study, incorporating singular point catastrophe theory, develops a mathematical model of the coal-rock to investigate the instability mechanisms and influencing factors of these structures. The results reveal the following: (1) By integrating the sharp corner mutation model, the mathematical formulation of the failure criterion for the coal-rock composite system was derived. (2) The failure process of the coal-rock composite structure is gradual. The strength of the coal significantly influences the peak instability strength of the composite structure, whereas the strength of the rock has a relatively minor impact on it. (3) As the proportion of rock thickness decreases, the number of fractures within the rock also diminishes, with these fractures primarily developing on the side of the rock adjacent to the coal-rock contact surface. The findings of this research can serve as valuable references for the prevention of rockbursts in the protection of coal pillars.
Since the end of the Laramide Orogeny (~50 Ma), southwest Montana has experienced complex tectonic, climatic, volcanic, and mantle dynamic processes that have left an imprint on the landscape. Here, we examine the impact of post-orogenic and recent hotspot-related processes on the landscape by quantifying the Cenozoic exhumation history of the Madison and Gallatin Ranges, located on the northern flank of the Yellowstone hotspot (YSH) in southwest Montana. We apply the apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He (AHe) thermochronometer to Cretaceous and Paleogene intrusions from three transects to constrain the Cenozoic cooling history. We also present three new zircon U-Pb crystallization ages. AHe dates from 16 samples produced dates ranging from 67 ± 8.3 Ma to 6.2 ± 0.76 Ma. Most dates are between 45 and 20 Ma and younger than their crystallization age. Samples from the elevation transect with the largest relief display a positive relationship between AHe date and elevation, and thermal history modeling shows a phase of exhumation from ~30–23 Ma. AHe dates in the Madison Range young as they approach the Madison Fault, the range-bounding normal fault, and we ascribe most of the exhumation in the Madison Range to extension and tectonic exhumation due to footwall uplift. We interpret the ~30–23 Ma cooling to represent fault initiation and a phase of Oligocene extension that shows that post-orogenic extensional faulting and collapse propagated into the Laramide domain at that time. Late Miocene AHe dates near the fault represent a renewed phase of motion in the Miocene to recent, though our data lack the resolution to constrain the specific timing. Erosional exhumation due to YSH-driven regional uplift appears to be minimal.
Offshore wind energy is expected to become one of the major clean energy sources to combat climate change. Monopile foundations play a central role in shallow water offshore wind development. The design of the monopile is gradually matured but the long-term reliability level of monopile foundations against the catastrophic failure remains largely unclear. Thus, the objectives for the current study are (1) to incorporate both loading and resistance randomness in the reliability calculation to obtain a general sense of the safety levels of offshore wind monopile foundations and (2) to identify the key parameters affecting the reliability levels of monopile foundations. The monopile is designed based on 100-year extreme loads following American Petroleum Institute guidelines. Probabilistic analyzes are performed within the framework of the first-order reliability method. The annual failure probability of monopile foundations in the ultimate limit state is estimated. The study shows that the long-term uncertainties in the mean wind speed and the maximum significant wave height dominate the reliability level. The effect of the uncertainty in the breaking wave force is not as significant as commonly perceived, and the reliability level is insensitive to the uncertainties in the geotechnical parameters.
The Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome in the Bohemian Massif represents a key window into the tectonic and geochemical evolution of the Saxothuringian continental crust, exemplified by the stratified Kowadło ultramafic suite. The Kowadło ultramafic exposures are found in gneisses of the Central Sudetes, comprising a lithological sequence from harzburgite to hornblendite, with transitional garnet-bearing varieties. Petrographic, geochemical, mineral chemical, and Sr-O-H isotopic analyses reveal a complex, multi-stage (stages I–V) evolution involving both metasomatic and metamorphic processes. Initial harzburgite crystallized from a high-Mg MORB-like basaltic melt, as indicated by Cr-spinel compositions (Cr# = 0.27–0.44) and low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.70274–0.70285). Subsequent infiltration of hydrous, Al-rich tholeiitic melts triggered amphibole formation and the growth of metasomatic spinel (pleonaste-hercynite) and garnet. Progressive metamorphism led to amphibole overprinting, garnet recrystallization, and the development of corundum through the oxidation of spinel. Stable isotopic compositions (δ¹⁸O = 5.64–5.72‰; δD = –89.1 to –68.2‰) suggest interaction with melts from metasomatized mantle domains and later hydrothermal fluids. Thermodynamic modeling constrains these processes to pressures of 7–13 kbar and temperatures up to 1250°C, followed by retrograde and prograde metamorphism. These results provide new insights into crust–mantle interactions, fluid–rock metasomatism, and the geodynamic evolution of the Saxothuringian domain during the Variscan orogeny.
The South Tianshan Orogenic Belt (STOB) is located between the Central Tianshan Block and the Tarim Craton, and its tectonic evolution was closely associated with the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. However, the timing of the Paleozoic accretionary orogenesis in the STOB remains controversial, especially due to the absence of the comprehensive regional comparative investigations. The Paleozoic sedimentary and magmatic rocks within the STOB can provide a crucial window to evaluate the final closure processes of the South Tianshan Ocean. We carried out zircon U–Pb dating and whole-rock geochemical analysis of the Wushibei basaltic andesites and investigated the sedimentology and paleontology of the related Kangkelin Formation in the Wushi area of the STOB. Zircons from the basaltic andesites yield crystallization ages of 286 ± 2.5 Ma to 288.4 ± 2 Ma. The Wushibei basaltic andesites have continental magmatism-like geochemical affinities and are slightly enriched in light rare earth elements with high (La/Yb)N ratios (4.46, 5.45), which indicate the magma is production of the enriched mantle. The enrichment of incompatible elements (Cs, Rb, Th), along with negative Nb, Ta, and positive Pb anomalies, indicates that Wushibei magmatism resulted from decompression melting of upwelling asthenospheric mantle and substantial melting of the mantle wedge. The Kangkelin Formation is dominated by shallow-marine carbonate rocks deposited in the Wushi sag, which are intercalated with clastic rocks. The fossils Plicochonetes paeckelmanni, Sphaeroschwagerina moelleri Rauser, and Schwagerina sp. in the Kangkelin Formation constrain its age to the early Permian (i.e. no older than the Zisongian or Asselian stages). We speculate that the Wushibei basaltic andesites formed in a post-collisional magmatism tectonic setting during the early Permian. The Kangkelin Formation carbonates were deposited on tidal flats and a carbonate platform in the Wushi sag. Our results provide new insights into the tectonic evolution of the STOB.
During hydraulic fracturing, the uniform distribution of proppant among perforations is crucial for enhancing reservoir permeability. However, problems such as uneven proppant distribution between perforations and accumulation-induced blockage often occur. Current research focuses on proppant distribution among perforation clusters in horizontal wellbores. Additionally, there is a lack of systematic studies, particularly regarding proppant distribution among perforations within a cluster, turbulence within the wellbore, and sand blockage issues. Moreover, in engineering practice, wellbores are often not horizontally oriented. These issues limit the reservoir permeability. This study employs CFD methods and the Euler-Euler model to systematically simulate the transport and accumulation of proppants among perforations within a cluster in inclined wellbores. The focus is on analyzing the effects of key variables considering turbulence, including injection velocity, fluid viscosity, sand ratio, proppant particle size, proppant density, number of perforations, and wellbore inclination angle, on proppant distribution and accumulation. This simulation required significant computational resources and was successfully completed at China’s National Supercomputing Center. Results show that rapid proppant accumulation initially reduces sand content in the fluid, decreasing the sand volume fraction in perforations. Additionally, turbulence at the toe of the wellbore significantly reduces accumulation at the toe and promotes uniform distribution through sweeping, increased turbulent viscosity, and backflow. Furthermore, adjusting the discharge angle and position of the perforation closest to the toe can further optimize proppant distribution and reduce the risk of sand blockage by leveraging turbulence. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing fracturing designs in inclined reservoirs and proppant pumping strategies.
Thick loess deposits occur in the Linzhi region along the Niyang River, a tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River, within the tectonically active Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. Despite rapid surface uplift and frequent high-magnitude erosion, loess persists in this dynamic environment. Using remote sensing and fieldwork, we mapped loess distribution and traced its provenance through zircon U–Pb dating and heavy mineral analysis. Results show that the loess mainly originates from glacial and fluvial sediments of the Yarlung Tsangpo and Niyang Rivers. Thick loess accumulates on stable glacial erosion platforms and paleodammed lake terraces, while low-lying areas and slopes have limited preservation due to repeated flooding from breached glacial lakes. These floods have reshaped valley floors and influenced sediment redistribution. Our findings reveal how geomorphology, sediment sources, glacial activity, and extreme floods collectively control loess formation and preservation in this mountainous region, providing new insights into loess dynamics in tectonically active, glaciated landscapes.
Faults are widespread geologic structures that form in sediment and all rock types, occur in all tectonic regimes, and can be a blessing or a curse to society. Faults and fault zones act as conduits for underground movement of water and as plumbing systems for aquifers and springs essential for human habitation in many semi-arid and arid regions worldwide. Faults also provide pathways for natural oil and gas migration and high-permeability zones in hydrocarbon reservoirs, as well as barriers contributing to trapping and reservoir compartmentalization. By enhancing permeability in many geothermal energy systems, faults can be essential for fluid circulation and geothermal energy extraction along fault damage zones. Faults localize mineralization and host accumulations of rich mineral deposits. Faults can also be important trapping features or sources of risk to the long-term underground sequestration or storage of fluids such as hydrogen or carbon dioxide. Faults can also be direct sources of hazard through earthquakes and surface displacements. Earthquakes and tsunamis have plagued societies in tectonically active regions and distant shorelines for millennia. Earthquakes triggered by human activities in relatively inactive tectonic domains are leading to advances in understanding stress and faulting processes in Earth’s crust. Understanding fault structure and deformation mechanisms is essential to predicting fault behaviors that are both beneficial and detrimental to society.
A-type granites are commonly emplaced in extensional settings, including post-collisional, intraplate, and back-arc environments. This study delves into the early Permian A-type granite and its felsic enclaves from the southern Beishan orogenic belt, a critical segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Through detailed SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating, trace element analysis, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr–Nd and zircon Hf–O isotope investigations, we offer new insights into the petrogenesis of these igneous rocks and their tectonic implications. The results indicate that the Caohu K-feldspar granites and its felsic enclaves, dated at 286–289 Ma, are A-type granites. These granites were sourced from the partial melting of juvenile lower crust triggered by mantle-derived magma upwelling, followed by crust-mantle magma mixing and fractional crystallization. Based on a synthesis of regional magmatic and sedimentary records, we propose an origin for these A-type granites not in a post-orogenic setting, but in association with Early Permian oceanic opening in the Liuyuan area. This finding underscores the complex interplay between magmatic and tectonic processes during the evolution of the southern Beishan orogenic belt, further highlights the significance of Permian magmatism for understanding the dynamic tectonic history of the CAOB and provides fresh perspectives on the formation and development of A-type granites in accretionary settings.
A three-dimensional (3D) geologic framework has been developed for the conterminous United States (U.S.) as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Crustal Model to enhance seismic hazard modeling. The geologic framework is created from geologic maps and multiple subsurface geologic unit boundaries including the base of the Miocene, Cenozoic, Phanerozoic, and the Mohorovičić discontinuity. Modifications are made to surficial geologic maps to remove discontinuities across state and country borders. The subsurface distribution of rock type and age is extrapolated from the surface, seeded with subsurface geologic information, and constrained by a map of basement geology. The framework provides the basis for estimates of subsurface seismic velocity and density that is needed to improve estimates of earthquake ground shaking and seismic hazard. The present framework greatly expands and updates a previously published 3D geologic framework of the western part of the U.S. that was itself a first-of-its-kind digital 3D portrayal of the nation.
The Paleo–Tethyan Ocean in Southeast (SE) Asia is generally considered to be primarily represented by the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan suture between the South China and Indochina Blocks. However, the distribution of the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan suture zone, particularly its southeastern continuation, remains poorly constrained. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the detailed field study, new zircon U–Pb dating, and whole-rock geochemistry of the Babu ophiolite near the China–Vietnam border. Field observations and geochemical characteristics define two distinct types of basaltic rocks within the Babu ophiolite. Type 1 basaltic rocks, primarily metamorphosed basalts and diabase dykes that intrude into gabbro and serpentinite, represent the lower and central oceanic crust. These rocks were subjected to metasomatism by subduction-related fluids, leading to Zr–Hf depletion. Type 2 basaltic rocks are copper mineralized and likely represent the upper and marginal oceanic crust, which were influenced by crustal components, resulting in Zr–Hf enrichment. Both basalt types exhibit N-MORB geochemical affinities and lack characteristics associated with the Emeishan large igneous province (LIP), indicating that the Babu ophiolite is of a MORB-type origin, with its volcanic rocks derived predominantly from N-MORB tholeiitic magmas in a back-arc setting. Zircon U–Pb dating of two gabbros yields concordant ages of 272 ± 3 Ma and 264 ± 1 Ma. Integrating these results with previous data suggests that the Babu ophiolite formed during the Early Permian and was emplaced during the Late Triassic (ca. 230 Ma). The Babu ophiolite may correlate with the Cao Bang ophiolite in the Song Hien belt of Vietnam, which marks the western segment of the Dian–Qiong suture, a remnant of the Paleo–Tethys Ocean. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the spatial and temporal evolution, as well as the final closure mechanism, of the Paleo–Tethys Ocean in SE Asia.
The slope stability of the soil-rock mixture (S-RM) in cold regions can be attributed to the multi-field coupling effect of temperature-seepage-stress considering damage evolution under freeze-thaw. As a special kind of geological body, S-RM exists between soil and rock, with unique physical and mechanical characteristics, and naturally cannot be equaled with soil or rock. However, most of the research on S-RM in cold regions still adopts the intrinsic model of homogeneous soil or rock at this stage, which has certain limitations. In view of this, this article takes the cutting slope of section K105+700~800 of Alihe~Kubuchun Forest Farm on G332 line in the Greater Hinggan Mountains permafrost area of northeast Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as the engineering background, first considers the freeze-thaw deterioration of mechanical parameters of S-RM to establish the damage evolution equation with the number of freeze-thaw cycles and then introduces the elastic-plastic constitutive equation to establish the damage constitutive equation considering the freeze-thaw action. Finally, a multi-field coupling theoretical model of temperature, seepage, and stress is established considering the water-ice phase transition, and the rationality of the model is verified based on the experimental results. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the analysis of freeze-thaw stability of S-RM slope in cold regions.
