Abstract The paper reports on the influence of high polymer molar mass on polymer–dye interactions and the photochromic behavior of azopyridine‐based chromophores. Photoinduced trans – cis and thermal cis – trans isomerizations of azopyridine dyes were investigated in solution and in high‐molar‐mass polymer matrices based on poly(4‐vinylphenol) and poly(4‐vinylpyridine) using UV–visible spectroscopy. The photochromic behavior and thermal relaxation kinetics depend on both the chemical structure of the azo dye and its environment. The results have demonstrated that a high polymer molar mass suppresses the formation of hydrogen bonds between the polymer matrix and the azopyridine dyes. Unlike the behavior commonly reported for low‐molar‐mass polymers, no polymer–dye hydrogen bonding was detected in any of the investigated systems. The absence of these interactions, together with the likely reduced free volume in high‐molar‐mass matrices, limits the photoisomerization process, which is essential for efficient diffraction grating recording. These findings identify the polymer molar mass as a key parameter governing the performance of photorefractive azo‐based polymer materials. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract Industrial applications of native starches are often limited due to their incompatibility, particularly in food systems. Chemical modification through acetylation at low degrees of substitution (DS < 0.2%) can enhance their functionality. In this study, the technofunctional properties of native and acetylated starches derived from potato (Diacol Capiro) and plantain (Musa AAB Simmonds) were evaluated. Acetylation was carried out via an esterification reaction using acetic anhydride, in which hydroxyl groups (–OH) in the glucose units were partially substituted. The evaluated properties included DS, hydration properties, thermal behavior, and emulsifying ability. The DS obtained was 0.015 ± 0.001 for acetylated plantain starch and 0.01 ± 0.004 for acetylated potato starch. Acetylation improved hydration properties and reduced gelatinization temperatures in both starches, probably due to the weakening of hydroxyl group interactions in the crystalline regions, facilitating water absorption and gelatinization. Modified plantain starch showed the highest emulsion stability, enhancing emulsifying ability and reducing the initial mean droplet diameter ( D 4,3 ). This suggests that its higher amylose content contributes to forming a denser network at the oil–water interface, minimizing destabilization. These results demonstrate the potential applications of acetylated plantain starches as a texturizing and emulsifying agent in food formulations such as beverages and dressings. However, challenges such as raw material variability and process scalability persist, as these factors could affect the reproducibility of results at an industrial level; therefore, future studies should validate these findings through large‐scale trials and standardized protocols. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract P(NiPAAm‐ co ‐AA) organogel beads were prepared by UV‐induced droplet polymerization and mechanically reinforced through treatment with iron(III) chloride. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping revealed a structure generation dependent on the amount of iron incorporation: beads with a low iron(III) loading have a core–shell architecture; high loadings result in a more homogeneous distribution of the ions over the particle volume. Fourier transform infrared analysis and proton release indicate coordination of iron(III) ions to formed carboxylic entities in the copolymer. A colorimetric thiocyanate assay allowed us to quantify the iron uptake, identifying a limit at a ratio of Fe 3+ to COOH entities of approximately 1:3.8. The compressive Young's modulus of the 5 mm beads increased by a factor of 378 from 6.1 kPa in the parent gel to 2.3 MPa in the Fe 3+ ‐saturated beads. The gels show a highly reversible shrinkage and swelling during solvent exchange between ethanol and ethyl acetate. The reinforced beads with a low and a high Fe 3+ content conditioned in ethanol undergo a shrinkage of their volume after immersing in ethyl acetate of 38% and 25%, respectively; the time constants for shrinkage increase most significantly with the iron content; the rate of swelling is comparable. No iron(III) leaching was detected over multiple swelling–shrinkage cycles. © 2026 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract Designing hydrogenated styrene–butadiene rubber (HSBR)/natural rubber (NR) elastomer blends is intrinsically challenging because HSBR and NR differ markedly in molecular structure, polarity and cure kinetics, which often leads to phase incompatibility. Nevertheless, if such blends can successfully be developed, synergistic improvement in properties and performances may be achieved, which are highly desirable for high‐end applications, such as tyre tread materials. In this work, an attempt has been made to develop silica‐filled HSBR/NR blends with systematically varying compositions and to interpret phase incompatibility by corelating phase microstructures with mechanical, dynamic mechanical and fatigue properties. The compound solely based on HSBR exhibited superior overall performance. However, the introduction of NR resulted in faster curing. Even a small replacement of HSBR with NR (10 phr) caused a significant reduction in crosslink density, tensile strength and storage modulus, accompanied by an increase in abrasion loss. These results indicate the inherent incompatibility between the HSBR and NR phases. The origin of such incompatibility was critically investigated by studying the phase morphology of the developed blends. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the selective migration of silica towards the HSBR phase as well as sulfur towards the NR phase led to cure mismatch and consequent deterioration in mechanical and abrasion resistance properties. The difference in cure kinetics also attributed to phase incompatibility. Among the investigated formulations, the 80 phr HSBR/20 phr NR (H 80 N 20 ) blend showed an optimal balance of processing characteristics and performance properties, indicating that, upon appropriate compatibilization, it could have strong potential for tyre tread application. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract A family of iron complexes bearing iminopyridine (ImPy) ligands with systematic variations on the N ‐aryl and pyridine moieties was evaluated as pre‐catalysts for the coordinative polymerization of β‐myrcene and butadiene. Upon activation with Al i Bu 3 and trityl borate, these complexes were further assessed under coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) conditions using ZnEt 2 as chain transfer agent (CTA). Several complexes exhibited high activities in both polymerization regimes, with regioselectivities strongly dependent on the monomer nature. Polymyrcenes with moderately to highly 1,4‐regular microstructures were obtained, whereas butadiene polymerization generally led to 1,2 units with variable 1,4 incorporations, except for Fe1 which yielded significant 1,4‐polybutadiene. The addition of 10 equivalents of ZnEt 2 as CTA uncovered pronounced differences in catalyst performance arising from their steric and electronic characteristics. Non‐fluorinated complexes (Fe1–Fe4) exhibited clear CCTP signatures, including substantial reductions of M n and narrower dispersities, while fluorinated analogues (Fe5–Fe8) were essentially unaffected. A second series of iron complexes supported by ImPy derivative ligands (Fe9–Fe12) further emphasized the critical role of steric hindrance near the pyridine nitrogen and of chelate ring size. Finally, statistical copolymerization of butadiene/myrcene and under chain transfer conditions proceeded efficiently with Fe2–Fe4. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) films based on conjugated polymers and fullerene derivatives have attracted considerable interest due to the strong influence of molecular organization on their optical and electronic properties. In this work, LS films based on the fullerene derivative oligo[(phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester)‐ alt ‐2,5‐bis(octyloxybenzene)] (OPCBMMB), the polythiophenes poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) and poly(3‐octylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3OT) and their respective blend systems were investigated through surface pressure–area ( π – A ) isotherms and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy in order to evaluate the relationship between interfacial packing and optical organization. The π – A isotherms demonstrated that all systems are capable of forming organized Langmuir monolayers at the air–water interface, exhibiting liquid‐condensed behavior during compression. The blend monolayers showed shifts in the isotherms and changes in the mean molecular area in comparison to the pristine materials, indicating modifications in the intermolecular packing induced by the incorporation of the polythiophenes into the fullerene‐based systems. Differences between the P3HT‐ and P3OT‐based films suggest that the alkyl side‐chain length influences the molecular arrangement of the monolayers. The UV–visible absorption spectra revealed broadened absorption bands and redshifts in the LS films relative to the corresponding solutions, indicating intermolecular interactions and structural rearrangements during film formation. In the blend systems, the optical differences between P3HT and P3OT became less pronounced after the incorporation of OPCBMMB, suggesting that the fullerene derivative influences the packing and optical response of the polythiophenes within the mixed films. Overall, the combined analysis of the interfacial and optical results suggests that the molecular arrangement established during Langmuir monolayer compression may directly influence the optical organization of the transferred LS films. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Micro-sized spheres with various functions have been developed using phase separation, polymerization, spray drying, and microfluidics, and these microspheres are used in various fields. Soft microspheres have relatively low elastic moduli and are used as scaffolds, in medical applications, and in tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, flexibility, and deformability. They can also be used to reduce inflammation that causes pain in arthritis patients. The low modulus of elasticity of soft microspheres plays an important role in determining their functionality. Therefore, it is essential to characterize and analyze the mechanical properties. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the compressive and shear moduli of microspheres through two different methods: osmotic compression and capillary micromechanics. An experimental setup for each method was established and the results obtained through two different methods were quantitatively compared. This study contributes to the preparation of microparticles by controlling their mechanical properties.
Abstract This mini‐review gives an overview of the development, chemistry, properties and applications of main‐chain polyfullerenes. Although these materials have been studied for the last 30 years or so, it is only now that they are finding industrial openings due to the rapidly dropping price of fullerene and an established track record in their use in simultaneously stabilising and improving efficiencies in photovoltaic applications. Main‐chain polyfullerenes bring together the high electron affinity and antioxidative properties of fullerene with the ease of processing, malleability and good solubility in common organic solvents. A short review of the chemistry of polyfullerenes is sandwiched between a brief summary of the properties of fullerenes and a synopsis of the current state of their computer modelling, and is completed with a general survey of current applications. © 2026 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition and the leading cause of dementia, marked by cortical atrophy and synaptic dysfunction. Although age confers major risk, the disorder arises from multiple mechanisms that include cholinergic deficiency, dysregulated glutamatergic signaling, amyloid and tau pathology, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Therapeutic progress is constrained by limited drug efficacy and the restrictive blood–brain barrier. Nanotechnology offers solutions by enabling targeted delivery, sustained release and multimodal action. Liposomes equipped with receptor ligands, including transferrin or lactoferrin, improve transcytosis and deliver cholinergic agents or antibodies; responsive designs trigger release by pH, enzymes or redox state. Chitosan carriers support intranasal transport, protect growth factors and tune surface charge to balance stability and safety. Poly(lactic‐ co ‐ glycolic acid) systems address poor solubility and rapid clearance of small molecules such as thymoquinone through controlled biphasic release and surfactant‐assisted brain uptake. Curcumin‐centered formulations pair intrinsic antioxidant and anti‐amyloid activity with engineered penetration. Gold nanoparticles and quantum dots add diagnostic and therapeutic value by disrupting fibrillation, enabling biosensing and permitting image guided monitoring. Antibody‐decorated and magnetic iron oxide platforms further enhance specificity, support noninvasive imaging and enable guided delivery to amyloid‐rich regions. Despite promise, translation requires in vivo safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, scalable manufacture and attention to affordability. A rational future combines complementary payloads within a single nanocarrier to engage multiple nodes of disease biology. By aligning materials science with neurobiology, nanoengineered strategies can advance detection, symptom control and disease modification in Alzheimer's disease. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract Photothermal phase change composites (PTPCCs) utilize sunlight as an excitation source, combining photothermal materials with phase change materials (PCMs). In this process, photothermal materials capture sunlight and convert it into thermal energy; PCMs store thermal energy in the form of latent heat through their inherent physical state change. This provides a new route to expanding the application scope of PCMs and alleviating constraints with respect to energy supply. Notably, polymers play a critical role in optimizing the performance of PTPCCs. Polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate), polyurethane, polyacrylamide and sodium alginate serve as supporting matrices to improve shape stability of PTPCCs and suppress leakage from PCMs. Polydopamine and polypyrrole act as effective photothermal components to improve photothermal conversion efficiency. In this paper, the photothermal conversion mechanism of photothermal materials is firstly elaborated. Subsequently, four preparation methods of PTPCCs are systematically introduced, involving melt blending, micro‐/nanocapsule encapsulation, electrospinning and porous adsorption. Meanwhile, the photothermal conversion and storage energy efficiencies are compared. Then, the applications of PTPCCs are discussed in the field of wearable fabrics, energy‐efficient buildings, desalination and photothermal therapy. Finally, the key issues and severe challenges existing in the research of PTPCCs are also pointed out, providing insights and directions for the further exploration of phase change composites with excellent comprehensive performance. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract Extruder‐based 3D printing is a flexible and efficient technique for processing polymer materials. This method is also attractive for the fabrication of products from biodegradable and recycled polymers, thereby supporting the development of more sustainable solutions to address environmental concerns. Both biodegradable and recycled polymers have significant potential for producing high‐quality 3D‐printed parts, provided that their properties and characteristics meet the requirements of extruder‐based 3D printing. However, challenges remain regarding the application of these materials, including issues related to cost, availability and material collection. Furthermore, physical behaviors such as melting, self‐nucleation, physical aging, relaxation and crystallization play a crucial role during and after the 3D printing process. These phenomena influence the formation of the internal structure and, consequently, the final properties of the printed products. The impact of these physical behaviors can vary significantly depending on the specific polymer used. Therefore, future research should focus on comprehensive investigations of the structure–property relationships under extruder‐based 3D printing conditions to advance the application of biodegradable and recycled polymers in additive manufacturing and other advanced manufacturing fields. © 2026 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract Shape memory polymers (SMPs), characterized by their tunable stimulus responsiveness and exceptional manufacturability, represent a leading research frontier in the field of smart materials. This review provides a systematic examination of the SMP‐based composites domain, focusing on their preparation methods, quantitative characterization parameters and various stimulus‐responsive mechanisms. It comprehensively covers recent research advances in thermally, solvent, light, electrically and magnetically induced SMPs. Particular emphasis is placed on composite material strategies such as the incorporation of nanofillers, construction of interpenetrating networks and design of multiphase systems for enhancing material properties. The review delves into the principles underlying these various response mechanisms and their intrinsic connection to material design. Finally, based on a summary of existing achievements, it identifies current challenges in areas such as standardized testing, long‐term durability and multifunctional integration. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract The design of multifunctional polymer nanocomposites requires a precise understanding of how nanoparticle dispersion governs macroscopic properties. This study demonstrates concentration‐dependent structure–property–function correlations in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/methylcellulose (MC) blend films (50:50 wt%) reinforced with 2 and 4 wt% Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles prepared by solution casting. Two distinct dispersion regimes are identified: at 2 wt%, well‐dispersed nanoparticles form isolated micro‐capacitor structures, whereas at 4 wt%, partial agglomeration leads to percolative macro‐capacitor networks. This transition is supported by a shift in the dielectric permittivity peak from 67 °C (blend) to 90 °C (2 wt%) and 75 °C (4 wt%), along with a decrease in Jonscher's exponent from 0.81 to 0.67–0.70, indicating a change from small polaron hopping to correlated barrier hopping. The optical band gap decreases from 4.31 to 3.95 eV with increasing Fe 3 O 4 content, while antimicrobial activity reaches a 4.4 log reduction against S. aureus . These results highlight critical filler loading thresholds governing the transition from polymer‐dominated to filler‐dominated behavior, offering useful insights for the design of multifunctional nanocomposites for antimicrobial coatings, flexible electronics, and energy storage applications. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Bioplastics are increasingly being used for packaging applications, leading to the generation of a complex fraction of waste at their end of life. Pyrolysis treatment is one potential technique that can be used to convert bioplastic waste into fuel and energy. Here, pyrolysis of alkaline-treated K85 rice husk-derived bioplastic films was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at different heating rates (10, 20 and 30 K min-1). The influence of different ratios of succinylation and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether-induced crosslinking on the combustion as well as the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics were evaluated. Model-free methods (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Starink and Tang) were used to develop the kinetic model of pyrolysis of the bioplastic films. Differential scanning calorimetry showed glass transitions at around 25 degrees C, where the films passed from a rigid glassy state to a rubbery solid state. TGA results showed that the main decomposition of the bioplastic films happened in the range of 340.0-416.5 degrees C, while the kinetic models indicated that the average activation energies for the samples were estimated at 142.3-228.3 kJ mol-1 (KAS), 145.0-232.3 kJ mol-1 (OFW), 142.6-288.5 kJ mol-1 (Starink) and 135.8-217.5 kJ mol-1 (Tang). Due to the low energy barrier between activation energy and enthalpy (<= 5.7 kJ mol-1), the reaction initiation of the films occurs easily. In conclusion, the results support the suitability of pyrolysis as an effective end-of-life management option for rice husk-derived bioplastic films, directly supporting circular economy goals for biobased materials. The kinetic parameters, validated across four independent models, provide a quantitative foundation for the design and optimization of industrial-scale pyrolysis reactors targeting bioplastic packaging waste streams.
Six novel visible light photosensitizers with donor-acceptor structure (BPT, BPT-F, BPT-O, BPT-Ph, BPTF-Ph and BPTO-Ph) were synthesized by using phenothiazine as core. The effects of the conjugated structure and different functional groups on the photophysical properties were investigated. The six photosensitizers present extremely high molar absorption coefficients and excellent solubility, enabling their efficient generation of abundant excited-state molecules under identical visible light irradiation conditions (405 nm light-emitting diode, same light intensity and irradiation time for all samples). The photopolymerization system comprising the photosensitizers and bis(4-methylphenyl) iodonium hexafluorophosphate exhibited highly efficient electron transfer and radical generation so that the instantaneous radical concentration far surpassed that of dissolved oxygen, which overwhelmed the oxygen's quenching capacity. In an air atmosphere, the final C=C bond conversion rate in different monomers reached 70% under the 405 nm light-emitting diode irradiation. This high conversion demonstrated that sufficient free radicals were generated to enable rapid polymerization and effectively overcome the oxygen inhibition effect.
Abstract Silk sericin (SS), once regarded as a byproduct of silk processing, has recently gained attention as a functional biopolymer owing to its intrinsic biocompatibility and versatile chemical functionality. This review presents a polymer‐ and chemistry‐driven perspective on SS, emphasizing how its amino acid composition and abundant reactive groups (e.g. hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine functionalities) enable precise chemical modification and materials design. Key modification strategies, including methacrylation, acrylation, hydrazide functionalization and carboxylation, are critically discussed in relation to their effects on solubility, crosslinking behavior, structural stability and structure–property relationships. The review further examines how these chemically tailored SS systems can be processed into diverse polymeric formats, such as films, nanospheres, nanofibrous membranes and three‐dimensional scaffolds. In addition, recent advances in SS‐based composites, crosslinking strategies and network formation are highlighted, illustrating their roles in enhancing mechanical performance, processability and functional stability. Translational considerations, including scalability, reproducibility and regulatory challenges, are also addressed. Overall, this review positions silk sericin as a chemically tunable biopolymer platform, bridging fundamental polymer chemistry with emerging biomedical and translational applications. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Starch is a renewable sizing agent, but lacks affinity for synthetic fibers. In this study, an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4), was incorporated into thermoplastic starch (TPS) to create a composite size for blended yarns. [Bmim]BF4 disrupted the hydrogen-bonded crystalline structure of starch, reducing its crystallinity. Compared with pure TPS, the optimized composite film containing 5 wt% [Bmim]BF4 exhibited a 72.4% increase in tensile strength and a 66.8% increase in elongation at break, along with greater hydrophobicity and paste viscosity stability. When applied to yarns, this composite size significantly improved abrasion resistance and achieved an 87.1% reduction in hairiness, outperforming pure TPS due to enhanced interfacial adhesion. Moreover, the composite offers lower cost and superior hairiness control compared with synthetic sizing agents like poly(vinyl alcohol), positioning it as a promising eco-friendly alternative for textile sizing.
Abstract The pursuit of safe, effective, and targeted cancer therapeutics has accelerated interest in protein‐based nanocarriers (NCs), with casein emerging as a particularly promising candidate. Casein, the predominant milk protein, exhibits unique physicochemical and biological attributes including amphiphilicity, self‐assembly into micelles, pH responsiveness, and high affinity for hydrophobic drugs that enable efficient drug encapsulation and controlled release. In oncology, casein NCs have demonstrated significant potential to enhance solubility, stability, and bioavailability of chemotherapeutics while minimizing systemic toxicity through tumor‐targeted delivery. Moreover, their intrinsic biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity address critical limitations associated with synthetic NCs. Recent advances encompass diverse casein‐based systems, including nanoparticles, micelles, and conjugates, engineered to achieve passive and active targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention effect and surface ligand functionalization. This mini review consolidates the current progress in the design, formulation strategies, and therapeutic applications of casein NCs in cancer treatment, highlighting mechanistic insights, preclinical findings, and translational challenges. Finally, the review underscores the regulatory and manufacturing considerations that must be addressed to advance casein NCs from experimental systems toward clinical implementation in precision oncology. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract Over the last 30 years, the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) has been the central architecture in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), enabling high interfacial area for efficient exciton dissociation and driving major improvements in power conversion efficiencies. This mini‐review traces the development of the BHJ and the parallel evolution of OPV materials, from the first fullerene acceptors to today's highly engineered non‐fullerene acceptors. Materials advances have significantly improved control over molecular packing, energetics and absorption, but have also highlighted the challenges of stabilising the inherently multicomponent BHJ morphology. We summarise current understanding of how donor–acceptor interactions, miscibility, crystallisation and film‐formation kinetics shape morphology across length scales, and how these features govern charge generation, transport, recombination and operational degradation. The review also explores emerging alternatives to the conventional BHJ, including single‐component and layer‐by‐layer systems, which challenge conventional assumptions about the need for a bicontinuous donor:acceptor network. Together, these systems reveal several ongoing challenges that need to be addressed to achieve OPVs that are not only efficient but also stable, scalable and mechanically robust. © 2026 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract The presence of endocrine‐disrupting compounds, such as 17‐ β ‐estradiol, in aquatic ecosystems poses a significant threat to environmental health, necessitating the development of efficient remediation technologies. This study reports the synthesis and application of hybrid magnetic spheres composed of calcium alginate and copper ferrite (Alg@CuFe 2 O 4 ) for the removal of 17‐ β ‐estradiol from aqueous solutions. To optimize the adsorbent performance, the magnetic CuFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized and calcined at 600, 800, and 1000 °C before encapsulation. Characterization techniques revealed that raising the calcination temperature to 1000 °C promoted phase purity, eliminating secondary hematite phases, reducing lattice microstrain, and significantly enhancing saturation magnetization, which facilitates magnetic recovery. The composite synthesized with ferrite at 1000 °C exhibited the highest structural stability, characterized by high crosslinking density (1.6 mol cm −3 ) and controlled swelling. Adsorption kinetic data were best described by the pseudo‐first‐order model, suggesting that the process is rate‐limited by physical diffusion through the polymer matrix. Isotherm modeling indicated a cooperative physisorption mechanism, best fitted by the Dubinin–Radushkevich model ( E < 8 kJ mol −1 ), with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 238.65 μg g −1 . Furthermore, the material demonstrated exceptional chemical stability in acidic media and maintained high efficiency over seven regeneration cycles. These results position the Alg@CuFe 2 O 4 composite as a robust, eco‐friendly, and reusable adsorbent for the treatment of hormone‐contaminated waters. © 2026 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
