This research seeks to investigate how incident reporting of suspicious behaviour mediates relationships in the realm of cybersecurity incident management (CIM), and employee stress levels (ESL). Additionally, the study explores the moderating influence of cybersecurity training on these dynamics. Conducted quantitatively, the research employed structured questionnaires administered to 229 employees across diverse sectors such as fast food, online retail, banking, and related industries. Data analysis and hypothesis testing utilized structural equation modelling with partial least squares estimation (SEM-PLS). Results indicate that incident reporting of suspicious behaviour partially mediates the connections among CIM, CA, IUA, PTIA, and ESL. Furthermore, cybersecurity training moderates the relationships involving CIM, CA, PTIA, and incident reporting, albeit with limited impact on the link between IUA and reporting suspicious behaviour. The study underscores the efficacy of robust incident reporting systems and effective cybersecurity training in mitigating employee stress related to cybersecurity and AI issues. It suggests that while organizational training enhances stress coping abilities in various domains, additional strategies are needed to address stress arising from AI implementation. Emphasizing a comprehensive approach integrating psychological and technical facets in cybersecurity management is recommended to better safeguard employee well-being. This study contributes novel insights into the mediation effects of incident reporting and the moderating role of cybersecurity training, advancing understanding of how cybersecurity practices influence employee welfare in conjunction with AI technologies.
In the contemporary era characterized by rapid advancements in digital technology, concerns about online security and hacking underscore the urgent need for an effective legal framework to address these threats. Consequently, the promotion of digital human rights has become a priority for both national and international legislation, encompassing freedoms related to communication, knowledge sharing, opinion expression, privacy and data protection, and equitable access to communication infrastructure and services. Nevertheless, emerging challenges include the exploitation of personal data by major technology corporations and the monetization of data for commercial or security purposes. This study examines international agreements and domestic laws to uphold digital human rights, employing a legal qualitative approach with data sourced from online platforms and relevant legal texts, followed by content analysis. The findings from this study underscore that digital rights are integral to the broader spectrum of human rights and freedoms, and are fundamentally embedded in the digital realm. The concept of "digital rights" emerged concurrently with contemporary human rights discourse, with international organizations advocating for their recognition. It is incumbent upon governments to acknowledge, protect, and ensure these rights impartially. However, digital rights face complex challenges that span legislative, strategic, and technical domains. Regulatory mechanisms are crucial in upholding these rights while addressing societal concerns such as public order and morality.
The present study investigated the impact of cyberbullying on youth cyberbullicide ideation. It examined the effects of cyberbullying variables, namely cyberbullying victimization, cyberbullying perpetrator, and low self-control on cyberbullicide ideation. Descriptive statistical analyses and logistic regression analyses were conducted using a sample of 1000 Jordanian students representing all 12 Jordanian governorates, randomly selected from various courses, colleges and levels. Of these, 454 (45.4%) were males, and 546 (54.6%) were females. The sample comprised of 496 students (49.6%) from science colleges and 504 students (50.4%) from other colleges. The study measured cyberbullying victimization using a variety of scales, including a general bullying scale, a cyberbullying victimization scale, a cyberbullying perpetration scale, a self-report cyberbullying scale, and a vicarious cyberbullying scale. The study also measured exposure to family violence, exposure to any violence, and participation in violence. Using a 12-month response rating and a suicide scale, cyberbullicide ideation was assessed. Data was collected electronically by a questionnaire sent to students. Descriptive findings revealed that all students experienced cyberbullying of different nature. Approximately 26% of the sample experienced cyberbullying in general, 73% knew cyberbullying victims, and 64% knew cyberbullying perpetrators. Nearly one-tenth of the sample (9.3%) knew about cyberbullying, 9% were aware of victims on the university campus, 35.8% reported its existence off-campus, and 13.5% reported knowing cyberbullying perpetrators. Results showed that cyberbullying variables could explain a 100% change in cyberbullicide ideation. This study supported the hypothesis that students' cyberbullying victimization could lead to cyberbullicide and in the least scenario to cyberbullicide ideation.
Jordanian authorities enacted a series of legislations aimed at tackling cybercrime in response to thriving illegal activities in cyberspace. In 2010, the first cybercrime law was enacted, followed by the Electronic Crimes Act in 2015 (ECA). Since then, the government has shown its commitment to keeping cybercrime law up to date to align with the evolving social and digital landscape. Therefore, the authorities proposed two amendments to the ECA (2015). However, these proposed amendments did not receive parliamentary approval due to concerns about freedom of expression. In August 2023, the King of Jordan Abdullah II signed a highly controversial cybercrime bill into law, the Electronic Crimes Act 2023. The new Act has sparked criticism from human rights organizations and activists who are concerned about the impact it will have on freedom of expression. This paper undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the ongoing efforts by Jordanian authorities to modernize cybercrime legislation. It scrutinizes the extent to which the proposed amendments and the new Act address various categories of cybercrime. Furthermore, it critically assesses whether these legislative changes may pose a risk to the fundamental right of freedom of expression.
In the domain of electronic contractual agreements, both in theoretical discourse and practical implementation, this subject carries substantial significance. This research endeavours to scrutinize Jordanian legislative frameworks by means of a comparative examination delineated in two sections. Our investigation places particular emphasis on elucidating the fundamental nature and distinguishing characteristics of electronic contracts vis-& agrave;-vis their traditional counterparts, delineating the methodologies involved in their formation, and elucidating their applications within civil and commercial contexts, all within the purview of the Jordanian Electronic Transactions Law, specifically Law No. 15 of 2015 and its subsequent amendments. Methodologically, our approach is chiefly descriptive and analytical in nature. Secondary sources constitute the primary reservoir of data for this study, with a methodology predominantly reliant upon simple content analysis to evaluate and present the accrued information. Drawing upon key insights derived from this analytical framework, our study concludes that electronic contracts predominantly manifest through online platforms, with email technology serving as a pivotal conduit for electronic commercial transactions. Furthermore, the research discerns certain reservations and constraints within the ambit of Jordanian legislation concerning electronic contracts, elaborating upon the principal implications thereof.
The objective of this study is to demonstrate that individuals affiliated with diplomatic missions, including diplomats and administrators, are not immune to the jurisdiction of their home country's legal system. Consequently, individuals in diplomatic positions may be held responsible for any mistakes attributed to them in accordance with the provisions outlined in the Civil Service Law and relevant administrative regulations. This accountability remains applicable even if they are exempt from the jurisdiction of the host country's laws, as per the established principles of diplomatic judicial immunity. This study also examines the challenges and implications of cybercrime, specifically within the context of diplomatic missions. To achieve this objective, the present study has employed a methodological framework rooted in the field of jurisprudence. This involved gathering data from a variety of primary and secondary sources. The study employed a combination of descriptive and comparative analytical methodologies to examine the legislation of several Arab countries as well as the French legal system. The findings of this study indicate that national legislation establishes committees and entities that are specifically responsible for oversight, discipline, and the enforcement of penalties. These mechanisms operate in accordance with the principle of gradualism, which governs the legal framework for administrative accountability within diplomatic and consular missions. Consequently, competent authorities are obligated to refrain from engaging in any actions that could be construed as an abuse of authority or a departure from established procedures. Simultaneously, due consideration was given to the distinctive characteristics of these works within the realm of diplomatic service. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the host countries possess the authority to initiate legal proceedings against diplomatic agents in cases involving cybercrimes in accordance with their respective domestic legislation. The study concluded by providing a definition of the administrative work conducted by diplomatic missions, which are under the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary. This control is implemented to ensure the effective execution of administrative functions and responsibilities within the host nation. This study presents various recommendations, highlighting the importance of granting immediate powers to the administrative judiciary in order to achieve favourable results.
Technology and digital advancement have produced several advantages to mankind, but it has also created a new field to focus on and monitor, which is cybersecurity for the prevention of cybercrimes. Countries like Iraq have embraced these innovations without any proper prelude measures and are facing different challenges to combat cyber issues. In this context, this study has empirically evaluated the influence of organizational cybersecurity on the digital workplace performance of employees. Some of the external factors, i.e., policy compliance of the organization and attitudes of employees towards cybersecurity, have been investigated as mediators. This study has used a quantitative survey questionnaire approach for the data collection and has analyzed the collected data through primary research software's SPSS and Amos. The results have revealed the significance of organizational cybersecurity in the digital workplace, yet the mediators have reflected the insignificant impact on the digital workplace. This study has discussed its theoretical and practical implications and limitations for policymakers and future researchers as well.
This research aims to determine the relationship between cybercrime and inheritance laws within the context of legislation inheritance in Iraq. The undertaken study has followed a qualitative research methodology based on the primary and secondary data utilized as evidence to highlight the necessity of legislative inheritance law in Iraq and the lack of cybersecurity in the country. In addition, it has also highlighted the significant role of digital innovations in effectively dealing with the cyberattacks in Iraq by influencing the fact that government needs to invest in technological innovations. The data has been collected by utilizing the legal normative approach to address the aims of the present study. The data thus collected by the researcher was analyzed by using content analysis. The research findings have ensured that no inheritance law has been executed in Iraq, and it is crucial to devise legislative frameworks based on the inheritance laws for alleviating cybercrimes in Iraq and ensuring cybersecurity. Despite this, this research has utilized qualitative research methodology, which could be pursued quantitatively in the future. Furthermore, this study has considerable contributions and implications in theory and practice for future researchers.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been integrated within digital criminal investigations comprehensively with the help of associated methodologies, legal ramifications, and its overarching impact on the justice system. This study adopted a multifaceted approach encompassing qualitative, descriptive, and analytical methods, drawing its data primarily from an array of legal documents and scholarly literature. Through its investigation, this study elucidated the pivotal role that AI plays within law enforcement, encompassing aspects such as arrest procedures, release decisions, sentencing processes, prediction of recidivism, identification of criminal activities and patterns, as well as the apprehension of suspects through advanced audio analysis techniques. The findings underscore the transformative potential of machine learning techniques in enhancing the analysis and organization of case data. The study provides a series of recommendations aimed at optimizing the utilization of AI in digital criminal investigations. These recommendations advocate for the prioritization of high-risk cases through the incorporation of diverse data sources to facilitate well-informed decision-making. Additionally, the study advocates for the deployment of AI in crime prediction, suspect identification, and the reinforcement of security measures. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of implementing AI -powered biometric identification (Bio-ID) systems to fortify identity verification processes. Lastly, the study advocates for the implementation of intelligent surveillance solutions to proactively prevent criminal activities, utilizing advanced visual analysis techniques. Concurrently, it emphasizes the role of machine learning in streamlining case management processes, thereby providing precise recommendations and enhancing overall efficiency within the criminal justice system.
De-radicalization refers to the systematic endeavour to manage and mitigate the radical behaviours and ideologies of individuals involved in terrorist activities, as well as those who sympathise with and support such ideologies. This process also extends to community members who possess knowledge and perceptions influenced by radical terrorist ideologies. The present legal research involved the collection of data from various primary and secondary sources. The research has subsequently presented a comprehensive analysis of the process of de-radicalization of terrorism in Indonesia. The findings revealed that in Indonesia, the efforts to eliminate acts of terrorism are monitored in accordance with the provisions outlined in Law number 15 of 2003. However, this legislation proves to be ineffective in addressing the mitigation of violence potential associated with acts of terrorism, as it inadvertently encourages the proliferation and use of weaponry. In order to tackle the challenges associated with the de-radicalization of terrorism, Indonesia has been presented with a set of recommendations that demonstrate efficacy in addressing this matter. This study encompasses a wide range of theoretical, practical, and policy-related implications. The present study contributes to the expanding corpus of scholarly literature on the subject of counter-radicalization efforts targeting terrorism in Indonesia. This research offers valuable insights for legal experts and regulatory bodies regarding the strategies for addressing the de-radicalization of terrorism in Indonesia.
As compared to women in industrialized and developed nations, household women in Iraq do not lead standard lives. The proliferation of digital media platforms for communication has led to an upsurge in cyberbullying of household women in Iraq. In Iraq, there are only a few laws against cyberbullying, and the current structure of government and justice does not adequately protect women from this type of abuse. In order to understand the causes and prevalence of cyberbullying of women in Iraq, interviews with various Iraqi women were performed as part of this study. The results of this study show that cyberbullying against women in Iraq is a result of illiteracy, a lack of resources, and the absence of contemporary criminal legislation. The study comes to the conclusion that the Iraqi government can lessen the practice of cyberbullying against women by improving police administration and the criminal justice system. The study has crucial theoretical and practical ramifications for Iraq's efforts to outlaw cyberbullying and cybercrime against women.
Developing countries like Iraq have embraced digitalization and technology without proper legal measurement and implementation concerning the adverse outcomes, which has entangled Iraq in a crucial stage to take immediate actions against the negative aspect, i.e., cybercrimes. To address the current status of this issue, the study has investigated the legislative and administrative laws of cybersecurity to explore its limitations and provide suggestions for effective governance. This study has collected data qualitatively from the legislative experts of Iraq. The data was analyzed through NVIVO software, and transcription and thematic analysis were run. The analysis divided the data into four themes of different concepts. The findings have concluded several limitations prevailing and existing in the current laws. The theoretical and practical implications of the study have been discussed in the study.
Tax policies across countries reveal disparities that cybercriminals can exploit, taking advantage of the development of the e-commerce sector. There is a dearth of studies that could show how to strengthen cybersecurity measures within tax systems to safeguard against data breaches and fraud and ensure the integrity of tax revenue to protect consumers from the indirect costs of cybercrime-driven tax evasion. This research employed normative juridical and comparative approaches and a qualitative research design to gain a comprehensive understanding of e-commerce taxation issues. It examined current regulations and compliance challenges in electronic commerce taxation policies and focused on addressing security challenges in Indonesia's digital economy. The study revealed that electronic transactions are already defined under various laws of Indonesia namely Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) which regulated all kinds of acts using computers, computer networks, and/or other electronic media; Law Number 7 of 2014 concerning Trade defines which was a law to regulate a;; types of trading through Electronic Systems; and the Directorate General of Taxes Number SE-62/PJ/2013, regarding Affirmation of Tax Provisions on E-commerce Transactions for taxation purposes. The study enriches readers' understanding of legislative regulations and the effectiveness of e-commerce taxation in Indonesia. The study implies that Indonesia has a well-structured tax framework that has the potential to enhance both the capacity and adherence of e-commerce businesses to taxation standards.
This study is designed to evaluate the role of Employee Behaviour and Adherence as mediators in the relationship between organisational practices and Comprehensive Security Posture in Saudi organisations in the field of cybersecurity. This study seeks to offer valuable insights into the correlation between technology solutions, staff training, supply chain resilience measures, cooperation practices, and the overall security resilience of enterprises. It does so by analysing the dynamics of ransomware risk mitigation. The study employed a survey-based methodology to collect data from a representative sample of 246 individuals working across different sectors within Saudi enterprises. The survey instrument includes metrics related to employee training and awareness, implementation of technological solutions, measures to enhance supply chain resilience, practices of collaboration and information sharing, employee behaviour and adherence, and comprehensive security posture. The data analysis involves conducting factor loadings, reliability assessments, assessing convergent and discriminant validity, and utilising Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Amos to analyse the proposed model and test the study hypotheses. The study findings provide evidence of significant direct and indirect effects, supporting the proposed role of Employee Behaviour and Adherence in the relationships between organisational practices and Comprehensive Security Posture. The study emphasises the substantial influence of employee behaviour on the overall security resilience of enterprises, emphasising the need for a comprehensive approach to reducing ransomware risk that considers both technological and human factors. The study's findings have implications for corporate leaders, cybersecurity professionals, and policymakers tasked with enhancing resilience against ransomware attacks. The study highlights the importance of investing in employee training and fostering a security-conscious organisational culture to improve cybersecurity. To address the practical implications, it is necessary to develop targeted training initiatives and awareness campaigns that enable employees to actively participate in safeguarding the firm's cybersecurity. This study stands out for its comprehensive examination of the role of Employee Behaviour and Adherence in mitigating ransomware risk. It delves deep into the process and offers valuable insights. This study contributes to our understanding of organisational cybersecurity by highlighting the importance of the human factor. It offers new insights that can inform the development of effective cybersecurity solutions. The research stands out for its focus on multiple organisational practices and how they collectively impact security posture.
The subject of individual limited companies' (ILC's) land rights in the Republic of Indonesia is complicated and contentious, owing to the country's complicated land tenure structure. This problem develops as a result of the distinct legal structure that controls land ownership, having a focus on individual as well as community rights. Furthermore, the growing demand for business and industrial property has prompted concerns regarding how these legal rights are granted and secured for limited enterprises. The primary goal of this research is to extensively investigate and examine Indonesia's legislation and rules regarding land rights as they pertain to individual limited companies. For this legal research, the data was gathered from different primary as well as secondary sources and content analysis was done. The current study used the normative research approach to collect data. It has been observed that ILCs' land rights in Indonesia are principally controlled via the Agrarian Law, which recognizes several land titles as well as tenure types, notably Hak Guna Usaha (HGU) for business reasons. According to the findings, getting HGU for restricted enterprises might be a complicated procedure that necessitates compliance with certain legislation and plans for land use at the national and regional levels. Nevertheless, Indonesia's ownership system is extremely complicated, with legislation differing at the national, provincial, as well as municipal levels. This variation makes it difficult to present a full investigation that incorporates all regional subtleties and specificities, thus reducing the findings' universality.
The issue of Cyber security is of utmost importance for organisations, given that the presence of Cyber Incident occurrence presents significant vulnerabilities to the integrity and confidentiality of data. The present study aims to examine the factors that contribute to Cyber Incident occurrence and evaluate the efficacy of Cyber incident reporting mechanisms in mitigating such threats within a range of Saudi organisations. The study utilises quantitative methods to thoroughly investigate the phenomenon of cyber incident occurrence. Data was collected from a sample of 219 employees who held various positions and worked in different departments. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Amos. The measurement instrument underwent thorough evaluation to establish its reliability and validity, thereby ensuring the credibility of the collected data. The study's results demonstrate multiple noteworthy direct and indirect impacts. The relationship between "Employee Training and Awareness," "Access Control & Monitoring," and "Insider Threat Detection & Reporting" indirectly influences the occurrence of Cyber incidents mediated by Cyber Incident Reporting Mechanisms. These findings highlight the significance of implementing effective reporting mechanisms to mitigate the frequency of Cyber incidents. The mediation effect of "Cyber Incident Reporting Mechanisms" is not supported in relation to "Organisational Innovativeness Culture" and "Employee Satisfaction." These findings demonstrate the intricate nature of these connections, suggesting that the presence of an innovative culture and high employee satisfaction may not directly influence the occurrence of Cyber incidents when reporting mechanisms are taken into account. The study also conducts a thorough evaluation of the measurement model fit, which indicates a strong fit across multiple indices, confirming the high quality and reliability of the measurement instrument. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the complex nature of Cyber Incident occurrence within Saudi organisations. This emphasises the importance of "Cyber Incident Reporting Mechanisms" in mitigating these threats and underscores the necessity for organisations to invest in employee training, access control, monitoring, and robust insider threat detection and reporting systems to enhance Cyber security. These insights offer valuable guidance for organisations seeking to protect their data and uphold a secure work environment amidst changing Cyber Incident occurrence.
Purpose: This study investigates the impact of digital literacy, citizenship, curation practices, connectedness, and online privacy concerns on cybersecurity behaviour. It specifically examines the moderating role of cybersecurity awareness in these factors. The objective is to examine the relationship between these elements and individuals' cybersecurity behaviours, offering valuable insights to guide training programmes and interventions. Methodology: A survey was conducted on a sample of 235 individuals living in different cities in Saudi Arabia to collect data. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the measuring scales, while regression analysis was employed to analyse the relationships between the variables under investigation. Additionally, a moderation test was performed to evaluate the influence of cybersecurity awareness on the associations between predictor variables and cybersecurity behaviour. Findings: The regression analysis reveals significant correlations between digital literacy (specifically copyright, citizenship, curation, and connectedness), online privacy concerns, and cybersecurity behaviour. The understanding of cybersecurity significantly influenced the level and trajectory of these relationships. A deeper comprehension of cybersecurity enhances the positive effects of digital literacy, including copyright awareness, responsible citizenship, content curation, and connectedness, on cybersecurity behaviour. Implications: This study highlights the importance of tailored educational efforts that consider individuals' levels of expertise and specific concerns. Organisations and governments can utilise these findings to create customised cybersecurity training programmes, improve digital literacy, and tackle issues related to online privacy. The report highlights the significance of integrating cybersecurity knowledge into wider digital literacy initiatives. Originality/Novelty: To the best of the researcher's knowledge, previous studies have not examined the relationship between these variables. This study contributes to current knowledge by investigating the combined influence of digital literacy, citizenship, curation practices, connectedness, and online privacy concerns on cybersecurity behaviour. Furthermore, this study examines the potential moderating impact of cybersecurity awareness.
Health legal ramifications are crucial for safeguarding human health during disasters like the COVID-19 pandemic. This article focuses on the impact of force majeure provisions and commercial issues on the legal consequences related to health in Iraq. This study examines the impact of public health emergencies on force majeure provisions, commercial issues, and health legal ramifications in Iraq. The researchers collect data through surveys administered by the health department in Iraq. The researchers employed SPSS-AMOS software to analyse the reliability of the data and the relationships between variables. The results indicate that force majeure provisions and commercial issues have a favourable influence on the legal consequences related to health in Iraq. The study findings indicate that the public health emergency in Iraq has a significant impact on force majeure provisions, commercial issues, and health legal ramifications. This article assists regulators in formulating policies to address the legal implications of force majeure provisions and resolving commercial concerns to ensure public health.
Technology has enabled the humans to access the information as they need in their march towards progress. However, cybercrime or online crimes have never been a part of this progress. It is the misuse of social media that has contributed to the growth of cybercrime. This study attempts to make a comparison of regulatory provisions for cyber defamation being carried out through electronic-based media in countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and South Korea. This study used normative juridical research methods to analyze secondary data collected through library research and documentation search. The conceptual, statutory, and comparative approaches were used to analyze the data. The rationale behind this study was to find out whether there exists any legal material or redressals that could be seen as a reformation in the legislative policies regarding Crime of Cyber Defamation through media in the sampled countries. The findings confirmed that there exist several differences in the regulations related to cyber defamation laws in Indonesia, Malaysia, and South Korea, especially those deal with crimes committed through electronic media. The study also found out the cyber defamation crimes are classified in terms of types of offenses, elements, and definitions in each country, Indonesia, Malaysia, and South Korea.
Cryptocurrency, the most recent digital transaction tool, has significantly enhanced the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of financial transactions. However, it has also enabled individuals engaged in illicit activities to perpetrate a wide range of financial offences. In recent years, cryptocurrency has become increasingly recognised as a prominent instrument facilitating money laundering endeavours on a global scale. The utilisation of cryptocurrency as a means of payment remains unauthorised by the Indonesian government. But the legislative framework of the nation acknowledges cryptocurrency as a viable financial asset. Since the year 2017, there has been a prevalent occurrence of cryptocurrency exchange within the country of Indonesia. The prevalence of cryptocurrency circulation in the country is extensive, despite its lack of legal recognition within the country's legal framework. The Republic of Indonesia has encountered significant challenges in relation to the illicit practise of money laundering facilitated through the use of cryptocurrency. The objective of the current study is to examine instances of money laundering facilitated through cryptocurrency in Indonesia, as well as the legal frameworks implemented by the country to govern financial crimes. The research employs a qualitative methodology, incorporating both primary and secondary data sources, and conducting content analysis. This study examines the laws and legal frameworks governing the regulation of cryptocurrency exchanges in Indonesia and the United Kingdom, with the aim of identifying any potential regulatory gaps or loopholes. Furthermore, various legal recommendations have been proposed to enhance the civil law framework in Indonesia from a legal standpoint.
