BACKGROUND:Experimental findings on the biological effects of 0 Hz static magnetic fields (SMFs), representing the static component of the non-ionizing electromagnetic spectrum, remain inconsistent because of differences in field characteristics and exposure conditions. This study investigated the effects of moderate-intensity SMF exposure on cardiovascular and histopathological changes in an isoproterenol (ISO)-induced rat model of experimental heart failure (EHF) using a characterized system. METHODS:Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (Control, EHF, SMF, and EHF+SMF; n = 7/group). Experimental heart failure was induced by intraperitoneal ISO administration (5 mg/kg/day) for 7 consecutive days. Rats in the SMF and EHF+SMF groups were exposed to moderate-intensity SMF for 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 21 days. The exposure system was characterized by two- and three-dimensional magnetic field mapping. Hemodynamics, electrocardiography, serum cardiac biomarkers (brain natriuretic peptide [BNP] and cardiac troponin T [cTnT]), and myocardial histopathology were evaluated. RESULTS:Repeated ISO administration significantly reduced arterial pressure, produced selective electrocardiographic alterations, and induced myocardial inflammation and fibrosis. SMF exposure produced limited changes in hemodynamic, biochemical, and most electrocardiographic variables. Although BNP levels tended to decrease in the EHF+SMF group, neither BNP nor cTnT differed significantly from the untreated EHF group. In contrast, SMF exposure significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular congestion, and myocardial fibrosis. CONCLUSION:Prolonged moderate-intensity SMF exposure had limited systemic cardiovascular effects but significantly reduced myocardial histopathological injury. These findings support further investigation of SMF exposure as a biophysical approach for modulating myocardial structural injury in experimental heart failure.
The growing demand for safe and high-resolution medical diagnostics has accelerated the adoption of non-ionizing imaging modalities, particularly Electromagnetic Field (EMF)-based brain tumor imaging, which enables radiation-free visualization with enhanced tissue differentiation. Despite these advantages, conventional EMF imaging systems suffer from low sensitivity to weak signals, suboptimal reflection and transmission coefficients, and high computational complexity, leading to reduced diagnostic accuracy. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an integrated framework combining Electromagnetic Field Simulation with an Axial Scalable Context Adaptive Frilled Lizard Reverse Graph Attention Network (Axial-SCAF-LRGAN). The proposed model synergistically incorporates a Scalable and Adaptive Graph Neural Network and a Context Axial Reverse Attention Network to effectively capture contextual and spatial dependencies, while the Frilled Lizard Optimization algorithm is employed for optimal parameter tuning and enhanced learning efficiency. Experimental evaluations demonstrate superior electromagnetic performance, achieving a gain of 9.86 dBi, a reflection coefficient S11 of -37.42 dB, and a transmission coefficient S21 of -22.18 dB, indicating minimal reflection losses and efficient signal transmission. Computational analysis further reveals a low processing time of 0.29 s, RMSE of 2.41, and correlation coefficient of 0.99, reflecting high predictive consistency. The framework attains an accuracy of 99.8%, sensitivity of 99.7%, specificity of 99.6%, and F1-score of 99.75%, confirming its effectiveness for efficient, non-invasive brain tumor imaging with enhanced clinical applicability.
This study conducts a quantitative safety assessment for pacemaker wearers by evaluating their electromagnetic and thermal exposure to vehicle-mounted antennas in a realistic Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication scenario. An integrated exposure scenario comprising a vehicle with a V2V antenna, an implanted cardiac pacemaker, and an anatomical human model is constructed using COMSOL Multiphysics®. Coupled simulations of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and bioheat transfer are conducted to compute the specific absorption rate averaged over 10g of tissue (SAR10g) and the induced temperature rise. The results indicate that the peak SAR10g occurs in the superficial tissues at the skin of the left ear, which is the region closest to the antenna and the vehicle's side window. The peak SAR10g of skin tissue is 0.067 W/kg, which accounts for 3.35% of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) public exposure limit of 2 W/kg. Cardiac exposure SAR10g peaks at a significantly lower value of 0.19 mW/kg. The maximum temperature rise at the critical pacemaker lead-electrode interface is 0.061°C, substantially below the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14708-2 safety threshold of 2°C. The corresponding temperature increase within the heart tissue is merely 0.059°C. All evaluated exposure values comply with ICNIRP guidelines for general public exposure. The findings indicate that the modeled V2V communications do not pose a health risk from RF-EMF exposure to pacemaker wearers in the investigated scenario, thereby providing key data to alleviate their travel safety concerns in current environments.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pulsed magnetic field (PMF) at different frequencies on phagocytosis, migration, and the expression of inflammatory factors in microglia. BV2 microglia were subjected to PMF at different frequencies for 3 d, twice daily. The changes of cell viability, phagocytosis and migration after magnetic stimulation were detected. The mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were determined using RT-PCR and ELISA. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB P65 and intracellular Ca2+ level was detected through immunofluorescence. PMF at different frequencies did not affect microglial viability. Stimulation at all frequencies enhanced the ability of microglia to phagocytosis and migration. The mRNA expression level of IL-1β and TNF-α was significantly decreased by magnetic stimulation at 20 Hz and 40 Hz. However, only the protein level of IL-1β was significantly reduced by magnetic stimulation at 20 Hz, while TNF-α remained unaffected. Magnetic stimulation at 20 Hz and 40 Hz inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB P65 and increased the intracellular Ca2+ level. Repetitive magnetic stimulation can modulate the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and enhance the phagocytosis and migration capacity of microglia in a frequency-dependent manner. This variation may be linked to differences in the activation of NF-κB and calcium in microglia.
The design of smartwatch antennas confronts two challenges. The forward problem is related to how to reduce the performance degradation caused by the arm effect, while the inverse problem involves how to diminish the electromagnetic exposure of the antenna to the human body, especially for children who are sensitive to radiation. This paper presents a smartwatch antenna featuring a metamaterial protection layer, which satisfies the requirements of 4 G communication and Wi-Fi. The smartwatch antenna loaded with the metamaterial layer is fabricated. The electromagnetic exposure dose is simulated, and the reflection coefficient of the antenna is measured when it is worn on the arms of adults and children, respectively. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate that the addition of the metamaterial layer can alleviate the frequency shift; the bandwidth is improved by 8.8%, and the gain is enhanced by 7.8% at most. Furthermore, the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) values in the arms of children and adults decrease by up to 6% and 14%, respectively, conforming to the safety limits stipulated by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. The findings indicate that the proposed metamaterial layer with reflective performance can mitigate the reduction in radiation performance caused by the arm and concurrently minimize the radiation dose absorbed by the arm. This presents a viable strategy for electromagnetic radiation protection.
Electrokinetically driven squeezing flows are of increasing relevance in biomedical transport and microscale pumping systems, particularly in understanding complex blood dynamics in constricted arteries. This study explores the electroosmotic bi-layered hybrid nano-blood flow through a cardiovascular squeezing channel, incorporating nanolayer and thermal slip effects. The lower layer consists of Casson-type non-Newtonian blood with SWCNTs and gold nanoparticles, while the upper layer is modeled as a Newtonian fluid. The controlling equations for various flow quantities are presented using nonlinear partial differential equations and subsequently converted to a scale-invariant form through scale-invariant transformations. The coupled nonlinear system is numerically resolved through the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF45) approach in conjunction with a shooting scheme, executed in Mathematica to achieve stable and precise computational results. Results indicate that temperature enhances with increasing Hartmann number due to magnetic heating but diminishes with stronger interfacial ratio parameter. The Casson region exhibits more pronounced thermal and velocity gradients compared to the Newtonian region, reflecting physiological shear-thinning characteristics. This study employs an artificial neural network for rapid and precise evaluation of the skin friction coefficient demonstrating strong predictive accuracy with minimal error rates of 0.01%. These findings provide new insights into the interplay between electromagnetic and electroosmotic forces in nanofluidic blood transport. The model offers potential applications in optimizing targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia treatments and microvascular flow control in cardiovascular systems.
Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium while maintaining a high degree of internal order, raising the long-standing question of how fragile quantum coherence can persist in warm, noisy biological environments. While several biological processes exhibit signatures of quantum coherence, the physical mechanisms responsible for stabilizing such coherence remain an active area of debate. In this work, we present a phenomenological model demonstrating that quantum coherence in open spin systems can be stabilized through entropy-dependent feedback with a weakly coupled coherent field. We consider an open quantum spin ensemble subject to environmental decoherence, augmented by (i) entropy-sensitive suppression of decoherence and (ii) a coherence-inducing interaction that favors low-entropy, collectively coherent configurations. Using multipartite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states as representative low-entropy coherent states, numerical simulations reveal nonlinear threshold behavior, entropy collapse, and long-lived coherence despite strong environmental noise. These features provide clear signatures of a positive feedback loop, wherein coherence suppresses decoherence, reduced decoherence enhances coherence, and the resulting self-reinforcement stabilizes the system. Importantly, the model is agnostic to the physical origin of the coherent field and is compatible with a wide range of candidates, including internally generated biological oscillations, collective electromagnetic or redox dynamics, oxygen-mediated spin correlations, and other structured cellular fields. As an illustrative example, we discuss the potential role of an ultralight dark matter (ULDM) background field, whose predicted macroscopic coherence and oscillation frequencies could, in principle, participate in the same feedback mechanism. By separating the general principle of feedback-stabilized coherence from any specific physical realization, this work provides a unifying theoretical framework for understanding how quantum coherence may persist in open, noisy systems relevant to biological physics. The results suggest that coherence in living matter may arise not from isolation from the environment, but from structured coupling to coherent fields that dynamically regulate decoherence through entropy-sensitive feedback.
Micro-magnetic stimulation (μMS) holds the potential for precise modulation of deep brain regions; however, the dependence on externally powered cables significantly limits experimental flexibility and long-term applicability. To overcome this limitation, this study developed a wireless passive micro-magnetic stimulation (WP-μMS) device based on magnetic coupled resonance transmission. The primary objective is to systematically investigate the effects of WP-μMS on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal Schaffer-CA1 region across MHz-range frequencies and at magnetic field intensities below 1 mT, thereby expanding the parameter space for WP-μMS applications. This study first optimized the inductance parameters of the stimulation electrode to enhance efficacy and confirmed that the transmitting coil itself did not influence LTP in the hippocampal Schaffer-CA1 region. Based on this, the effects of magnetic stimulation at three frequencies (11 MHz, 8 MHz, and 5 MHz) were compared under a fixed magnetic field intensity of 0.67 mT. Then, the differential effects of 0.74 mT, 0.82 mT, and 0.98 mT were evaluated at a fixed frequency of 5 MHz. The results demonstrated that at a constant magnetic field intensity, all three frequencies enhanced LTP in the hippocampal Schaffer-CA1 region, with higher frequencies producing a more pronounced effect. At a constant frequency, the facilitatory effect of LTP becomes increasingly pronounced with the increase in the intensity of the stimulus magnetic field. These findings validate the feasibility of parameter-dependent modulation of hippocampal synaptic responses following LTP using WP-μMS within the MHz/mT parameter range and provide a foundation for future optimization of WP-μMS device parameters.
The wavy channel configurations have gained importance to improve transport phenomena in biological and engineering processes such as biomedical equipment, micro-flows, heat exchangers, and cooling systems, among others. With this in mind, the current research explores the peristaltic flow phenomenon of Ree-Eyring liquid in an inclined wavy channel taking into account the effect of both the magnetic field and nanoparticles transport mechanism using the Buongiorno's approach. The resulting nonlinear coupled partial differential equations for momentum, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fraction are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations using long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions and solved analytically via OHAM technique. In the present investigation, the effect of different parameters on velocity distribution, temperature distribution, and concentration distribution is analyzed, and various other parameters of engineering interest such as skin friction, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, pressure gradient, and volume flux are also studied. It was observed that the presence of magnetic field opposes the movement of fluid by virtue of Lorentz force, and, on the other hand, the phenomenon of thermophoresis helps enhance thermal convection, whereas Brownian motion plays an important role in increasing the movement of nanoparticles. This interplay of different phenomena provides better understanding about the coupled flow mechanisms and its effective control.
All digital Wireless Communication (WC) electromagnetic field (EMF)/radiation (EMR) signals (from mobile/"smart" phones and corresponding base antennas, cordless domestic phones, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) routers, "Bluetooth" wireless connection among electronic devices, etc.) are emitted discontinuously, in the form of on/off pulses repeated at various Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) rates. Yet, many scientists ignore/underestimate these ELF pulsations, and characterize all WC emissions simply as Radio Frequency (RF)/Microwave (MW) signals. Here, we provide recordings of ELF pulsations with respect to time, emitted by the most common WC devices, specifically Wi-Fi router, 4th and 5th Generation (4G, 5G) mobile phones. We used a broadband antenna, connected to an RF spectrum analyzer (SA), calibrated the SA at the signal's carrier MW frequency and recorded the power of the final emitted RF/MW signal with respect to time. We recorded emissions at 10 ms, 100 ms, 1 s, and 2 s sweep times, capturing the pulses repeated at various ELF rates, clearly showing the ELF pulsing emissions from the WC devices. As in all real WC EMF signals emitted by commercially available devices and corresponding antennas, there is intense variability in the amplitude, shape, duration, and repetition frequency of the pulses. The present study, in combination with the Ion Forced Oscillation and Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (IFO-VGIC) mechanism of non-thermal EMF-bioeffects, imply that the non-thermal biological and health effects of WC EMFs are induced by the ELF pulsation, modulation and variability, and not by the standalone (non-modulated) RF carrier wave EMFs which can produce only heating.
Honeybee losses continue to threaten ecological and agricultural stability worldwide. This field study evaluated whether a static neodymium magnetic disc placed beneath beehives could enhance colony resilience and overwinter survival. Two commercial apiaries (≈60 hives total) under identical management in Ontario, Canada, were monitored in late summer 2023, spring 2024 and after a mid‑season partial crossover in August 2024. One yard received magnetic discs, while the second served as control. Treated hives (i.e. with magnets) compared with the control hives exhibited significantly higher overwinter survival, stronger spring populations, better hygiene and fewer queen replacements than controls (p < 0.001). After discs were added to the control yard, colony performance improved within 8 weeks, reaching parity with the initially treated hives. Static magnetic arrays positioned beneath hives appear to enhance colony health and stability, possibly through modulation of bioelectromagnetic or redox processes known to influence cellular energy metabolism. Although magnetic modulation of bioenergetic and redox processes is hypothesized, direct electrical or biochemical measurements were not performed and should be prioritized in future studies. This approach provides a simple, low-cost intervention to improve apicultural outcomes and pollinator resilience. Future studies could investigate the effectiveness of these magnets in areas with known environmental stressors.
This study examines how the vertical orientation of a moderate-intensity static magnetic field (1 mT) influences the proliferation of HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. Static magnetic fields (SMFs) offer potential for biomedical applications due to their ability to influence cellular processes in a non-invasive manner. However, their effects on neural cell proliferation remain poorly understood, particularly with respect to magnetic field orientation. Cells were exposed to SMFs in two orientations: downward and upward. SMF exposure was associated with significantly higher proliferation relative to both incubator and sham controls, with the downward orientation producing the most consistent increase. This trend was observed across multiple experimental conditions, including exposure duration and antibiotic use. Ion substitution experiments further showed that replacing extracellular K+ with Cs+ attenuated the orientation-dependent response, suggesting that ion conductance may contribute to SMF sensitivity. These findings emphasize the importance of magnetic field orientation in low-intensity SMF studies and indicate that directional exposure can modulate neural cell proliferation under well-controlled conditions.
In this study, we investigated the effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on colorectal cancer cells. HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells were exposed to an electromagnetic field under various conditions encompassing three variables: time (9 and 18 hours), field intensity (0.4 and 0.8 milliTesla), and continuity (continuous and discontinuous), resulting in eight distinct irradiated groups alongside control groups (untreated cancer cells). The levels of apoptosis and necrosis in the different groups were measured and compared using flow cytometry. Furthermore, changes in the expression of miR-21, miR-141, miR-135, and miR-138 were evaluated using RT-qPCR, with the results indicating a significant alteration in the expression of these microRNAs under exposure to electromagnetic fields. Considering previous studies on the effects of these microRNA expressions in cancer cells and our study's findings, the observed expression changes under our applied irradiation conditions - specifically, the downregulation of miR-135 and miR-21, and the upregulation of miR-141-suggested a positive role in controlling and suppressing tumor growth and cancer cells. Conversely, the downregulation of miR-138 appeared to be a negative factor. Additionally, flow cytometry results demonstrated an increase in the rates of apoptosis and necrosis under the employed electromagnetic fields.
The present study investigates the impact of RF-EMF (900 and 1800 MHz) emissions from mobile phone base stations (MPBS) as well as from mobile phone usage on the hematological parameters and stress markers of exposed individuals. Members of MPBS highly exposed (N = 50) and a reference group (N = 51) were tested using a complete blood count and two stress markers, amylase and cortisol. Different effects were found for different blood parameters, based on various combinations of exposure type, demographics, and lifestyle behaviors. Subsequent stepwise regression analysis revealed that exposure from MPBS contributed significantly to TLC, while various combinations of gender, age and power density contributed significantly to differential and absolute basophil counts and absolute monocyte counts. MPBS exposures contributed to absolute monocytes similar to smoking. Furthermore, hours of daily mobile phone exposure together with age contributed significantly to absolute and differential basophil counts and absolute lymphocyte counts. Of concern, almost a quarter of those with high MPBS exposures had basophil counts above the clinical reference limits, while over half of those with heavy daily mobile phone use (4 to 6 hours) had lymphocyte counts above the limits, and most were under 30 years old. While smoking and age contributed to amylase levels, no exposure variables contributed to amylase or cortisol levels. Altogether, there is an indication that RF-EMF from mobile phones and MPBS together with age and gender can differentially impact leucocytes, indicating biological stress and potentially affecting health. These results suggest the necessity for increasing awareness regarding adverse effects of RF-EMF exposures.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in humans. The accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates, including extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, is considered a key pathological hallmark of AD. Currently, the primary approach for treating AD is pharmacological treatment, which is only symptomatic and unable to cure or reverse the progression of AD. Increasing evidence suggests that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) may attenuate the progression of AD and improve memory function. This article reviews the studies related to the application of RF-EMFs in the field of AD, including investigations at the cellular and molecular levels, in animal models, and in clinical applications. The therapeutic potential of RF-EMFs as an intervention for AD is discussed in the present review, along with current challenges and future research directions.
The human body emits a bioelectromagnetic field primarily generated by the electrical activity of the heart, with additional contributions from the brain, muscles, and peripheral nerves. These endogenous fields are not isolated and can be modulated by external electromagnetic and magnetic influences. Current evidence suggests that the main mechanisms underlying such interactions include modulation of ion channels, radical pair dynamics, and ion cyclotron resonance. Several studies report sex-specific differences in responses to magnetic exposure. The main factors implicated in these differences include heart orientation and position, heart mass, tissue conductivity, hormonal modulation, autonomic balance, and cortical field organization. Beyond sex, consistent findings demonstrate that biological effects depend not only on field intensity and frequency but also on polarity (north/south), and direction (vector angle). These parameters are often overlooked or unreported in published works. Some observations even suggest a direct relationship between polarity and sex, with divergent physiological and behavioral outcomes. Recognizing these interactions is crucial to refining models of magnetoreception, resolving inconsistencies, and advancing therapeutic applications of electromagnetic fields. This review integrates evidence from magnetobiology and sex-based physiology to propose that hormonal and structural dimorphism may modulate biological responses to magnetic field. Potential mechanisms involving ion-channel modulation, magnetite orientation, and radical-pair dynamics are outlined and experimental paradigms to test these interactions are proposed. Together, these insights establish a framework for studying sex-dependent magnetic sensitivity in living systems.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of subchronic exposure to a 30 mT static magnetic field (SMF) on hematological parameters, spleen and tibia cellularity in 36-month-old and young rats. A total of 27 rats were divided into four groups (Young, Young SMF, Old, Old SMF) and two groups were exposed to SMF for 10 weeks. After exposure period, blood counts, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR, an index of systemic inflammation), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR, a platelet-based inflammatory marker) and cellularity of immune-related organs were analyzed. SMF exposure reduced lymphocyte counts and increased NLR in both age groups, while PLR increased only in young rats. In 36-month-old rats, SMF significantly reduced platelet counts, whereas this effect was not observed in young animals. SMF exposure also enhanced tibial and splenic cellularity in both groups but exerted opposite effects on the proportions of lymphocytes and erythrocytes depending on age. These findings suggest age-dependent immune modulation by SMF. In young animals, SMF likely promoted a proinflammatory shift, reflected by elevated NLR and PLR. In contrast, in 36-month-old rats, SMF may act as a nonspecific physiological stressor, potentially triggering the General Adaptation Syndrome (three-stage stress response), leading to corticosterone-mediated immunosuppression and cell redistribution. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating age-dependent differential modulation of NLR and PLR by subchronic SMF exposure, linking proinflammatory shifts in youth with stress-related immunosuppression in aging. Overall, age appears to be a critical factor in determining the biological responses to SMF, underscoring the need for age-specific evaluation of SMF exposure.
A low-frequency (DC-22.05 kHz), time-varying magnetic field signal (rfe_A1A) was tested against the human-derived SF8628 cell line, a diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). This study was done to determine the efficacy and mechanism of action of the rfe_A1A signal, in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, an acellular tubulin polymerization assay and an SF8628 cell culture assay increased tubulin polymerization rates and reduced cell division, respectively. Mouse survival models of DIPG, subsequently exposed to the rfe_A1A signal, demonstrated significantly longer survival times and biomarker changes in Ki67 expression, consistent with a slowdown in cell-division rates. The rfe_A1A signal significantly increased survival time in a DIPG model, a novel strategy tested in clinical studies and compassionate use cases.
With an increased urbanization and climate change, the instances of mosquito-borne diseases are on rise leading to risk of epidemics, thus necessitating an effective method towards tackling. Recent advancements in the electrostatic fields have been in discussion for the control of mosquitoes. This study thus investigates the electrostatic charge on mosquitoes using a bespoke device. The charge on a single mosquito was determined to be 52 picocoulomb (pC). The method for charge determination was validated for commercial usage using the parameters specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), linearity, precision and robustness. The method was found to be sensitive and reliable; however, it may not fully capture the electrostatic characteristics of mosquitoes as occurring in natural conditions. Data generated for static charge of mosquitoes was used with a proprietary aerosol technology developed by Reckitt where charge attraction between aerosol droplets and flying mosquitoes was used for a better efficacy against the standard market aerosol available. Determination of charge on the mosquitoes forms the stepping stone for advancement of entomological research and development of effective insect control strategies.
