Purpose: Agro-processing enterprises constitute a vital component of Uganda’s industrial development agenda due to their contribution to value addition, employment generation, income creation, and economic growth. However, many firms continue to experience weak financial performance characterized by low profitability, liquidity constraints, and limited competitiveness. Since financial success is essential for firm survival, growth, and long-term viability, understanding the internal capabilities that drive superior performance remains imperative. This study examined the effect of operational efficiency on the financial performance of agro-processing firms in the Acholi Sub-region of Uganda. Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional survey design within an explanatory mixed-methods framework. Data were collected from 242 respondents drawn from 70 agro-processing firms in the Acholi Sub-region of Uganda using structured questionnaires, complemented by 13 key informant interviews. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and simple linear regression. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis to complement the quantitative findings. Findings: The study found a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between operational efficiency and financial performance among agro-processing firms (r = 0.840, p < 0.001). Regression results revealed that operational efficiency significantly predicts financial performance (β = 0.840, B = 0.738, p < 0.001), accounting for 70.5% of the variation in financial performance (R² = 0.705). Unique Contribution to theory, Practice and Policy: Given the significant contribution of operational efficiency to financial performance, agro-processing firms should prioritize capacity utilization and cycle time management as core strategic capabilities for achieving sustainable competitiveness. Firms should adopt lean operational practices, invest in modern processing technologies, and strengthen resource optimization systems to reduce production costs and improve financial outcomes. At the policy level, interventions aimed at improving infrastructure, technological upgrading, and managerial capabilities are necessary to address external constraints that may limit the financial gains derived from operational efficiency improvements.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of financial inclusion on the turnaround time of MSMEs in Southwest Nigeria. The theoretical foundation for the study was guided by Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This is due to the integral relationship between financial inclusion and technological adoption in any economy. Materials and Methods: The study employed survey research design. Using structured questionnaires and multistage sampling technique, data were collected from MSMEs and Deposit Money Banks and analysed with descriptive statistics and Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) used for inferential analysis. Findings: Descriptive findings revealed that financial inclusion significantly improves the speed of service delivery to customers. Empirical findings revealed that financial inclusion positively and significantly impacts MSMEs' turnaround time (β = 0.512, t = 14.023, P<0.000), a proxy for internal business process. The study found that usage of financial services had the greatest impact on turnaround time, followed by service quality. In conclusion, financial inclusion was found to improve service delivery speed, reduce customer waiting time, and enhance operational efficiency. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Based on the findings from the study, TAM was found to be highly relevant in shaping strategies aimed at enhancing financial inclusion for MSMEs with attendant implications on their performance. In practice, the study is of important implications for MSMEs in Nigeria, as it helps enterprises understand the relationship between financial inclusion and turnaround time, highlighting its role in improving the speed of service delivery to customers. The study recommends the development of policies by governments and financial institutions that will boost MSMEs’ access to efficient digital payment platforms in order to enhance smooth and efficient business transactions. Policy makers should mainstream the adoption of automated and diverse payment systems by MSMEs into financial inclusion policies through trainings and work
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of tax incentives on financial performance of SMEs in Kabale district Uganda. This study was guided by the normative theory and the political systems theory. Materials and Methods: The study employed the descriptive research design. The data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data was later edited, coded, and fed into the SPSS computer package to generate both inferential and descriptive statistics. Findings: The study findings as indicated by the coefficients of determination show that tax exemptions have a significant impact on growth of SMEs (β= .325, t=4.075, p<0.000). It was observed that there are various tax incentives that have been formulated to accelerate the financial performance of SMEs in Uganda although their practical implementation has not been fully realized. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that the development of policies by Ugandan government geared to accelerate the financial performance of SMEs should have the target beneficiaries’ input before implementation to prevent the formulation of impractical and undesirable policies. The government should also provide frequent trainings to SMES on the available incentives, which they could leverage on to boost their financial performance.
Purpose: The purpose of this article was to analyze the influence of financial literacy on entrepreneurial sustainability among women-owned microenterprises: evidence from Kenya Material and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Financial literacy significantly enhances the sustainability of women-owned microenterprises in Kenya by equipping entrepreneurs with crucial debt management and strategic investment skills. Women who demonstrate proficiency in calculating interest rates and managing digital loans are substantially more likely to maintain business continuity and avoid insolvency. Furthermore, financial literacy promotes disciplined financial practices, including the separation of business and household finances and systematic profit reinvestment, which directly contributes to capital accumulation and growth. This competency also strengthens strategic decision-making capabilities, enabling entrepreneurs to negotiate better terms with suppliers and plan effectively for market fluctuations. Ultimately, these combined effects transform vulnerable subsistence activities into resilient, sustainable enterprises that can withstand economic pressures and support long-term livelihood security. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Human capital theory, Resource-based view (RBV) of the Firm, Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) may be used to anchor future studies on the influence of financial literacy on entrepreneurial sustainability among women-owned microenterprises: evidence from Kenya. Entrepreneurship development organizations should shift focus from simply increasing financial access to fostering comprehensive financial capability among women entrepreneurs. Policymakers should mainstream financial literacy as a core element within national entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, and gender equality policies.
Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the moderating influence of enterprise characteristics on the relationship between market development strategies and microinsurance uptake (demand) among micro and small enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. Materials and Methods: The research adopted a positivist philosophy and descriptive research design. A representative sample of 387 MSEs was selected through multistage random sampling from a population of 12,429 registered MSEs in Nairobi County (MSEA, 2024). Data collection involved structured questionnaires, with a pilot test conducted to ensure validity and reliability. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations were calculated, while inferential analysis employed multiple regression and correlation techniques to test hypotheses at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Findings: The analysis revealed strong positive correlations between enterprise characteristics and microinsurance uptake (r = 0.705), significant at p < 0.01. Regression models showed that the enterprise characteristics, when combined with marketing strategies accounted for 57.9% of the variance in microinsurance uptake. The ANOVA results indicate an F-statistic of 136.853 with a p-value of 0.000 further suggesting that the moderating influence of enterprise characteristics on the relationship between market development strategies and microinsurance uptake was statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. The unstandardized coefficient (B) for enterprise characteristics was 0.041, indicating that a one-unit increase in moderating influence led to 0.041 units increase in microinsurance uptake. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Based on the study findings, the study recommended that microinsurance providers consider the enterprise characteristics when designing and delivering insurance products.
Purpose: In the battle against climate change, innovative approaches are vital. This paper explores the transformative potential of humane entrepreneurship in driving climate change initiatives. Humane entrepreneurship, which blends innovation with social responsibility, plays a crucial role in mitigating environmental degradation and fostering resilience. Methodology: Using a systematic literature review, the study examines the dynamic nexus between humane entrepreneurship and climate change outcomes, drawing insights from academic publications, reports, and news articles. Findings: Key findings highlight the pivotal role of entrepreneurial innovation, socially responsible business practices, collaborative partnerships, policy support, and community engagement in addressing climate challenges. In Kenya, startups are developing renewable energy solutions and sustainable agriculture practices, contributing significantly to economic and environmental progress. Businesses are increasingly adopting environmentally friendly practices, reflecting a shift towards conscious consumerism. Recommendations: Collaborative partnerships between businesses, governments, NGOs, and communities enhance the impact of climate initiatives. Policy support and access to funding are essential for fostering a conducive environment for humane entrepreneurship. Community engagement and empowerment are critical for building resilience and achieving sustainable climate outcomes.
Purpose: This study evaluated the role of strategic competency on growth of aquaculture based small enterprises in Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted descriptive research design using mixed methods approach. The target population was 600 fish farmers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study utilized purposive sampling to select fish farmers within Nyeri County, then cluster sampling to identify fish farmers in their various sub-counties. Simple random sampling was then utilized to select respondents for the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. A pilot study was conducted to test validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Statistical package for Social Scientists (SPSS). Regression analysis and chi-square were used to test for significant associations between the dependent and independent variables. The findings were presented in frequency tables, pie charts, bar graphs and scatter diagrams in the final report. Findings: The findings indicated a positive statistically significant relationship on strategic competency and its effect on growth. Further, regression analysis of the results established that strategic competency was found to account for 5.8% of the variation in the growth of aquaculture-based small enterprises in Kenya. 94.2% of variation in the growth of aquaculture based small enterprises in Kenya is explained by other factors outside the model. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Based on the study findings, the sector should sustain government and NGO support by subsidizing input costs, promoting cottage industries, and employing trained extension officers. In addition, the management should facilitate knowledge sharing through farmer excursions and disseminate information on region-specific fish farming techniques. Lastly, it should develop public-private partnerships to coordinate markets and reduce post-harvest losses through a demand-driven approach.
Purpose: This research investigates the vital role of automation in enhancing business process efficiency and overall productivity within SMEs. It also discusses how technology can help overcome bottlenecks arising from human operation, resource limitation, and operational inefficiency, which have commonly been experienced by SMEs. Materials and Methods: The study combines an extensive review of existing literature with case studies from various industries to evaluate the effects of automation tools on SME operations. These tools range from cloud-based solutions to AI-powered systems, providing insights into their impact across different business processes. Findings: Research has shown that automation improves productivity in SMEs by up to 30%, reduces manual errors by 25%, and enhances data accuracy by improving employee focus on strategic tasks. In addition, the standardization of processes through automation ensures less variability in output. Automation also impacts customer experience positively by ensuring speed in service delivery and quality improvement in products. High upfront costs, however, combined with a shortage in skilled personnel and integrating new technologies with existing systems, remain barriers to wider adoption by SMEs. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Accordingly, the study recommends that the following measures be taken to counteract the problems posed: phase in automation, cooperate with technology providers who will devise cost-effective solutions, and invest in comprehensive training programs to fill the skills gap. Government incentives, such as tax breaks and subsidies, could also push SMEs toward broader automation. Thereafter, successful integration of automation will enhance the competitiveness of SMEs and create a sustainable growth path in the digital economy.
Purpose: Women have always been underestimated and discriminated in social, economic and political spheres of life. Moreover, the traditional household chores create hindrances in their social and economic empowerment. Entrepreneurship development among women largely focuses on the empowerment of women through developing skills in Small to Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and business ventures by taking risk of making investment decisions. Over the years, various efforts have been made by Government and Non-Government Organisations to promote women empowerment in Uganda and one such effort is through the micro-finance intervention. This Paper attempts to explore the impact of micro finance on the women’s entrepreneurial empowerment with specific reference to Women’s Micro-finance Initiative (WMI) in Buyobo in North Eastern Uganda. Materials and Methods: The study adopted an exploratory cross sectional research design. The target population comprised women’s microfinance Initiative Laon beneficiaries. A study Sample of 1,380 Respondents were purposively selected. The main Instrument for data collection was a structured Questionnaire and was complemented by Interviews and Focus Group Discussions. The study findings were presented in form of Tables, Graphs, Pie charts and where appropriate and where necessary, quotes or excerpts were used to strengthen the interpretation. Findings: The study findings reveal that the Micro-finance has a positive impact in terms of improvement in Business Operations; Diversification of Businesses; Business Skills Improvement; Improvement in Household livelihoods and living standards. The study findings will act as a basis for policy formulation as it will provide empirical evidence for policy makers to formulate relevant policies geared towards enabling environment for enhancing women Entrepreneurial Empowerment in Uganda. The study will further contribute to the struggle to eliminate gender inequality in Entrepreneurial empowerment. The study will further add value to existing scholarship which the future scholars may use to generate further research in the area of Microfinance and Entrepreneurial Empowerment of Women. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends strengthening and expansion of micro-finance support to resource poor and vulnerable women in other parts of the country through entrepreneurial education and training, provision of access to credit and financial services as well as markets. The study will contribute to critical debates and raise awareness on issues pertaining to Microfinance and Entrepreneurial Empowerment of Women at community level which will help to build initiatives for effective women Entrepreneurial empowerment in Uganda.
Purpose: This study is about establishing the mediating role of taxpayer perception in the relationship between tax education and income tax filing compliance among small taxpayers in Mbarara city. Materials and Methods: The study used cross-sectional research design on a study population of 33,979 small taxpayers with a sample size of 380 respondents in Mbarara city. Systematic random sampling was used to select respondents while data was collected using a questionnaire tool whose validity (Content Validity Index) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha) were ascertained before data collection and found to be above 0.70. The collected data was analyzed with the aid of SPSS version 26.0 to generate regression coefficients which were exported to an Online Medgraph Calculator to determine mediation effect, significance and path analysis. Findings: The regression analysis results revealed that taxpayer perception had a significant partial mediating effect (βmd=.366, p<0.05) on the relationship between tax education and income tax filing compliance among small taxpayers in Mbarara city. Based on the findings, the study concludes that efforts aimed at improving taxpayer perceptions play a significant role in strengthening the relationship between tax and income tax filing compliance. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends a need for the government and tax authorities, in this case, Uganda Revenue Authority to put in place strategies and programs aimed at changing individual perceptions, social understanding and personal motivations regarding income tax filing. Some of these strategies include intensifying tax education and outreach services of the mobile tax office ‘Tujenge Bus Services’ to all locations; introducing basic tax education at earlier stages of formal education such that citizens are informed about their future obligations to file income tax returns; translating all information about income tax filing in different local languages and publishing the same in print format for public access at no cost; and recruiting more tax agents within Mbarara city who can assist small taxpayers in income tax filing at a reasonable fee. The assumptions of the Theory of Reasoned Action, Social Influence Theory and Motivational Posturing Theory could also be relevant in assisting the tax authorities to change the personal and societal perceptions about income tax filing and motivate them to willingly comply with their filing obligations. The study has significant implications for policy making as it identifies a need for government and tax authorities to establish policies and offer incentives and motivational postures that prioritize voluntary compliance rather than introducing sanctions to enforce income tax filing compliance.
Purpose: This study examined the influence of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on competitive advantage of SMEs in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Methodology: The study adopted a cross sectional survey research design. The population for this study was 300 owners/managers of small and medium scale enterprises in Bayelsa State that are registered with the Small and Medium Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN). Primary data was collated using structured questionnaire. A sample size of 171 was obtained using the Taro Yamane sample size determination formula. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The inferential statistics absorbed three parametric inferential tests-Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient (PPMC), One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Simple Regression Analysis. Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient (PPMC) was used test the relationship between the variables, ANOVA was employed to test the differences in means of responses on the variables, while by means of simple regression, the study tested the effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on competitive advantage. The tests were carried out at a 0.05 significance level. Findings: Findings from the study revealed that entrepreneurial self-efficacy significantly influences competitive advantage of SMEs in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate that entrepreneurial self-efficacy plays a significant role in influencing the competitive advantage of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study shed light on the importance of individuals' beliefs in their own abilities to effectively engage in entrepreneurial activities and how these beliefs impact the competitive positioning of their businesses. Recommendation: Therefore, the study recommends that there is need to encourage and support aspiring and existing SME owners to develop and enhance their entrepreneurial self-confidence. This can be achieved through entrepreneurship education and training programs, mentorship initiatives, and networking opportunities that focus on building self-belief, risk-taking abilities, and resilience.
Purpose: The fast-moving consumer goods firms plays a vital role in the microeconomic and macroeconomic sectored of every economy. However, these organisations are accused of polluting the environment and engaging in practices that are not sustainable. The firms have performed below expectations attributable to non-compliance with green supply management such as green procurement, green distribution, green warehousing, materials management and reverse logistics. This study therefore investigated the effect of green supply chain management on the performance of fast-moving consumer goods in Lagos State, Nigeria. Methodology: The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study was 418 middle and top-level management staff from selected quoted fast-moving consumer goods firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted the total enumeration method. Data was collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.700 to 0.892. The response rate was 100%. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics (Multiple regression analysis). Findings: Findings revealed that green supply chain management had positive and significant effect on the performance of selected fast-moving consumer goods companies in Lagos State, Nigeria (Adj. R2 = 0.482, F (5, 407) = 77.600, p < 0.05). The study concluded that green supply chain management practices enhanced organisational performance of selected fast-moving consumer goods companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. Recommendations: The study therefore recommended that management of fast-moving consumer goods firms in Nigeria should prioritise the implementation of green procurement, green warehousing, material management, and reverse logistics practices to enhance their overall performance. Also, the management of consumer goods firms in Lagos State should concentrate on optimising their material management processes, such as inventory control, demand forecasting, and supplier collaboration.
Purpose: This study examined the relationship between microcredit and sustainable school improvement in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Methodology: The study adopted the cross-sectional research survey design. Primary data was generated through structured questionnaire. Therefore, the population of the study is 918 schools. A sample Size of 279 Proprietors, Administrators and Principals was determined using the Taro Yeman’s Sample Size Formula.The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient. The tests were carried out at a 0.05 significance level. Findings: The findings of the study indicate a positive and significant relationship between microcredit and sustainable school improvement in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. The study concludes that the availability of microcredit facilities has played a vital role in promoting the sustainability of schools in the region. Recommendations: Therefore, the study recommends that Government agencies, financial institutions, and non-governmental organizations should collaborate to expand access to microcredit facilities specifically tailored for educational institutions. This will enable more schools in Port Harcourt Metropolis to benefit from the positive effects of microcredit on sustainability.
The 21st -century 4IR workplace is riddled with rampant transformational processes that create multiple opportunities and challenges. Globally connected economies demand that learning and development (LD however, a baseline study was required to gain a theoretical understanding of what transformation was essential to the LD facilitators of change and innovation culture; builders of relationships and collaboration partnerships; managers of employee networks and communities; and researchers and social scientists. The paper highlights the benefits of the evolved L&D specialist to workforces, businesses, and societies. Conceptually, the paper's contribution is the Transformational Model for L&D Specialists for 21st Century 4IR Workplaces, clearly indicating how the five roles can be adopted in five steps, with skills and competencies. This paper contributes to theory by adding to the L&D body of knowledge and practically offers stakeholders a model to empower L&D specialists operating in the 4IR workplace. Businesses, employees, and societies can benefit from the theoretical and practical implications offered in this paper.
The practice of entrepreneurship is entrenched in the conception and exploration of new business ideas. Among other factors, lack of viable and efficient new business ideas has also led to the failure of many start-ups. This ultimately impacts negatively on the capacity of entrepreneurs to generate employment especially in emerging economies such as Nigeria where the private sector is becoming very pivotal. Of particular interest is the emergence of faith based organisations (FBOs) as key players in the mobilisation of budding entrepreneurs through training and other activities. Given the importance of business idea generation (BIG) to the success of start-ups, this paper examines the relationship between BIG and sustainable start-up performance using the products of the entrepreneurship activities of FBOs in a Nigerian context. The study made use of questionnaire as main data collection instrument. Data were collected from trainees of three selected FBO entrepreneurship programmes who have started their business. The data were subjected to relevant statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics using SPSS version 25. Hypotheses were analysed using structural equation model (SEM). The findings showed that business idea has a significant relationship with sustainable start-up performance (new product development, perceived customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, productivity and competitive positioning). However, it was discovered that productivity has the most predictive value at (β= 0.669, R2=0.448, t-statistics=10.953>1.96, P-value =0.000 <0.05). This study concluded that a good business idea would sustain business continuity that can eradicate poverty, generate employment and improve economic empowerment, reinforcing economic, social and possibly environmental sustainability.
The present study has investigated the capital structure determinants of selected Nonfinancial organizations related to fiscal variables of NSE, the listed firms in India from 2010 to 2019 which comprises for about 10 years with a sample of 27 firms' observations. The relevant data has a dynamic panel that has analyzed for panel regression model. The result reveals that a firm’s size and growth are the most vital determinant of capital structure the capital structure is negatively impacted by profitability, whereas the growth is positively influenced by the decisions of capital structure. Tangibility, Liquidity, Business risk, and Non-debt tax shield are not significantly determining the capital structure decision of Indian firms. This study has supported the market timing theory and pecking order theory assumptions. Hence the Financial managers should concentrate on the long-term sources.
Although the execution of e-Government has reached superior levels in developed nations, it is still in its beginnings in many developing countries. Indeed, there is an increasing need to exploit the opportunities created by the new emerging Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) to implement e-Government systems in developing countries. Lately, In Iraq government has the tendency to adopt e-Government initiatives to entrench Good Governance and improve public sector efficiency. Despite the passage of more than fifteen years for the application of Iraqi e-Government strategy, Iraq is still at rank 143 out 192 countries in the united nation of e-Government survey of 2020. However, various obstructions are preventing successful implementation of this technology. The current investigation aimed to highlight issues that hinder successful implementation of e-Government systems in Iraq generally, and in the ministry of oil especially with recommend feasible solutions to tackle them. A sample of ten managers was selected based on both convenience and representation. The interviews were the method used in the study to obtain various perspectives on the challenges that faced the Ministry of Oil to implement the e-Government system. The method of analysis chosen for this study is a qualitative approach of thematic analysis. This supplied in-depth comprehending to the present status of e-Government in the Ministry of Oil in Iraq and highlighted key hindrances of its effective application. According to this investigation, the research proffered many recommendations that need to be considered in order to completely benefit from e-Government technologies.
This observational study on the relationship between selfâ?leadership, intrinsic motivation, and performance intended to analyze the influence of selfâ?leadership and intrinsic motivation to performance and test the indirect effect of self â? leadership on performance through intrinsic motivation. This observation used a quantitative approach, with the descriptive analysis method—the study conducts by distributing questionnaires to 82 respondents at Common Judicial Environment in Palangkaraya Region. Data analysis used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis method. The results showed that the performance of employees is predominantly influenced by selfâ?leadership rather than by intrinsic motivation. Selfâ?leadership positively and significantly affects employees' intrinsic motivation. Further, this study found that intrinsic motivation has a partial mediating role in the indirect effect of selfâ?leadership on employee's performance.
The objective of this research is to examine the influence of entrepreneur leadership, learning organization, organizational commitment, and midwife performance. The second objective is to know the effect of entrepreneurial leadership, organizational learning, on midwife performance mediated by organizational commitment. One hundred and two respondents in this research are women working as delima midwife who opens independent practice; the data was analyzed using Structural Equational Modeling. This research gives a contribution to the theoretical and practical perspectives. From a theoretical point of view, this research suggests a conceptual model explaining the relationship between entrepreneur leadership, learning organization, organizational commitment, and midwife performance. What is a direct and significant influence of the entrepreneur leadership toward commitment, and commitment on midwife’s performance? As well as mediation influence of entrepreneur leadership toward midwife’s performance through the commitment. Based on a practical point of view, it is important for business actors of delima midwife in opening their independent practice to improve their business performance, by committing to be a leader with an entrepreneurial spirit as entrepreneur leader. For future researchers, it is expected to be able to integrate other constructs such as motivation, performance development toward business performance.
Purpose: Over the past decade, the need for improved teaching and learning approaches that enhance entrepreneurial competencies has been a critical agenda in Tanzania. Despite its importance, the process of realizing entrepreneurial competencies through education, suffers from various shortcomings especially in relation to teaching and learning approaches. This paper assesses the effects of teaching and learning approaches on graduates’ entrepreneurial competencies for self-employment in Tanzania. Methodology: The study used a cross-sectional case study research design with the aid of snowball sampling. A sample of 202 respondents was picked from selected universities of Sokoine and St. Augustine of Tanzania. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire which included a Likert scale, key informant interviews and documentary reviews. While content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data, statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze quantitative data. Findings: The results showed that a theoretical active participation approach (with the mean 3.8614) was used to develop capacity that empowered graduates with entrepreneurial competencies indicating a shift from rote learning that previous studies established. Most of the practical teaching and learning approaches ascribing to entrepreneurial framework were, however, not applied to yield greater effect on graduates’ self-employment. Based on the results, the paper concludes that universities used only fragments of a student-centered approach as opposed to incorporating the holistic approach recommended for educating for entrepreneurship. Recommendations: The paper recommends that university instructors should apply holistic teaching and learning approaches that would increase graduates’ confidence and commitment to seek self-employment in Tanzania.
