Black students attending predominantly White institutions (PWIs) may be at heightened risk of exposure to interpersonal expressions of anti-Black racism, which can be experienced in person and increasingly online. Yet emerging research suggests that some of the harms associated with exposure to online racism may be mitigated when White students confront racist posts. The current manuscript describes the development and evaluation of a video-based online interactive intervention designed to increase White students’ willingness to confront online racism. Study 1 included 522 White students attending one PWI in the Southeast. Study 1 was conducted to identify the relative effectiveness of the various components of the intervention. In Study 2, we tested our full intervention with 824 White students across four geographically diverse PWIs. We randomly assigned White students to receive the full intervention or an implicit bias control condition. Results of Study 1 suggested added value of the combined intervention components. In Study 2, we found that 46
The ideology of colour-blind racism has made contemporary racism discreet through the dominant group’s (i.e. White individuals) ignorance of race. Its expressions can be especially concerning within the legal system, and specifically among juries, given tendencies for Canadian jurisdictions to use predominantly White jurors (Afialo, 2018) and the disproportionate representation of Black and Indigenous peoples in Canadian prisons (Office of the Correctional Investigator, 2019, 2020, 2021). This paper addresses an existing gap in psycholegal literature by uncovering whether and how colour-blind racism is displayed within mock jury deliberations, and how these deliberations may differ as a function of jury racial composition. Twenty-seven racially-heterogeneous and 15 all-White mock juries watched a simulated trial involving a Black, Indigenous, or White accused, then deliberated for up to an hour. Qualitative discourse analysis of their deliberations revealed that colour-blind racism was expressed toward both the Black and Indigenous accused, with slightly more expressions towards the Indigenous accused, through more dismissals of racial issues, negative non-racial descriptors of the accused, or a total absence of race mentions. Results also revealed a colour-blind strategy that may be unique to Canadians, which manifests as distancing from the United States when considering racial issues and discussions about police. This study can explicate the ways that this racial ideology is expressed in contemporary Canada, and specifically within the criminal legal system, despite national narratives of multiculturalism and inclusion.
The economic and financial costs of intimate partner violence (IPV) on individuals over victims’ lifetimes are devastating. These costs include medical expenses, lost productivity, and property loss or damage. Research suggests that the IPV literature tends to focus on the experiences of poor women of color. Little is known about the financial costs of IPV on middle-class Black women. I develop the theoretical frameworks of Race as Resource Signal and Afropessimism, and the concept of Black protectionism. I argue that within in the context of IPV, race is a more reliable and meaningful discursive category to understand violence against Black women than the category of class. I conducted interviews between August 2024 and July 2025 with 14 middle-class cis Black women and 1 person who identified as non-binary for a total of 15 participants. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis (RTA). The findings reveal four themes: financial control is about access and control of how money is spent; financial impact can be measured in more than dollars; formal resources are limited and vary in helpfulness; and violence against Black women is not always about the intersection of race and gender but how gender is situated within race. Black women expressed despite having access to middle-class status, they experienced debt burdens that prevented them from engaging in wealth-building mechanisms such as saving for a home. Implications for practice and policy include an increase in unconditional basic income and culturally tailored interventions.
Intersectional awareness of gendered racism refers to the understanding of how intersecting systems of power and inequality shape the distinct and unequal forms of discrimination experienced by women of color across social contexts. This form of awareness recognizes that racism and sexism operate jointly, producing qualitatively different experiences that vary across race, gender expression, and social location. Developing such awareness is foundational to advancing equity and has been linked to outcomes such as student activism and engagement with social justice efforts. However, empirical research examining whether and how intersectional awareness can be cultivated through educational interventions remains limited. Responding to critiques of “light-touch” bias interventions that fail to produce durable change, the present study employed a week-long learning- and critical-reflection-based intervention to examine whether sustained educational engagement can enhance intersectional awareness among college students. Participants engaged with curated materials centered on gendered racism and completed daily reflective journals designed to promote integrative learning. Intersectional awareness was assessed using both self-report measures and a novel behavioral Facial Rating Task. Results indicated that participants in the intervention condition demonstrated increased intersectional awareness following the intervention, as reflected across both questionnaire-based and behavioral indices. Together, these findings suggest that structured, learning-based interventions implemented in academic settings can meaningfully deepen students’ understanding of complex, intersectional forms of oppression.
The anticipation of discrimination, referred to as vigilance, may be an important driver of racial health inequities in cardiovascular disease and mortality. The current study examined how vigilance is experienced in daily life and its implications for daily cardiovascular health and emotional well-being. Participants included 80 Black and 89 White adults ages 33 to 91, from the Detroit tri-county metropolitan area, who completed ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) via mobile devices regarding experiences of vigilance and emotional well-being every 3 hs, and wore a heart monitor for 4 consecutive days. Data were collected from 2018 to 2020. Multilevel models revealed that Black individuals reported more frequent experiences of vigilance than White individuals, and that vigilance was associated with poorer emotional well-being (higher negative affect; lower positive affect) and higher heart rate in the 3-h periods in which respondents reported vigilance. Race-stratified models demonstrated that vigilance was associated with greater negative affect among Black and White individuals, and lower positive affect among the White individuals only. Vigilance was associated with higher heart rate variability for Black individuals only, indicating greater physiological coping. This adaptation among Black individuals may arise from more frequent experiences of vigilance in daily life and may serve to buffer physiological and emotional effects of daily vigilance. This study demonstrates how vigilance may “get under the skin”, among Black and White individuals, which could pose effects on cardiovascular functioning over the long term.
Although Jamaica meets UN benchmarks for potable water and sanitation (W.A.S.H) access, disparities in quality and access remain. Moreover, public discourse and scholarship on W.A.S.H. in the island often overlook the role of “race” in structuring patterns of unequal access. Using nationally representative data from the 2010–2018/19 AmericasBarometer, this study examines whether disparities in household access to W.A.S.H. are structured along “racial” lines and test whether these inequalities differ before and after Jamaica’s adoption of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015. To conduct this analysis, we employ a multidimensional approach to capture “race,” measured by self-identification and interviewer-rated skin color. Findings reveal that while both measures are associated with W.A.S.H. access, skin color is the more consistent and robust predictor. Darker-skinned individuals experience persistent disadvantages, even after accounting for urbanization and other sociodemographic characteristics. While color-based disparities lessened following SDG adoption—particularly in access to sanitation—“racial” inequities persist. This study contributes to the literature on W.A.S.H. and racial inequality by (1) providing a temporal analysis of “racial” stratification in access to basic services, (2) demonstrating the value of a multidimensional approach to measuring “race,” (3) revealing the limitations of global development agendas in addressing entrenched racialized hierarchies in postcolonial contexts, and (4) highlighting the importance of “race” in understanding global environmental injustices, even within seemingly homogeneous societies.
Contemporary American society has shifted from face-to-face interactions to digitally mediated networks of romance and intimacy, where Black women are acutely rejected, excluded, and sexualized. This study explores how Black women find love and potential partners on dating apps and how they navigate interactions through their profile curation, self-presentation, and evaluation of matches. This study draws on 32 semi-structured Zoom interviews with Black American women, aged 21 to 40, across the United States. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a reflexive, inductive thematic analysis. The findings reveal that Black women seeking heterosexual partnership develop a repertoire of micro-strategies of impression management, including selective disclosure, self-surveillance, and selective self-presentation. These practices shape Black women’s front-stage performances across various domains such as education, politics, relationship intentions, and gender expression, while participants remain acutely aware of how algorithms and user preferences govern visibility and perceived desirability. Although dating apps increase visibility and expand access to potential partners, they reproduce a racialized and gendered sexual order that constrains Black women’s possibilities for romantic connections and intimacy. These everyday online realities reflect how, for Black women, first impressions are predetermined by dramaturgical rules and controlling images, situating impression management as both a strategic practice of resistance and a form of racialized and gendered labor.
Indigenous women, girls, and Two-Spirit people experience an incidence of disappearance, homicide, and sexual assault at rates 10 times higher than the national average. Despite these alarming statistics, Indigenous women and girls receive minimal coverage in mainstream media. This study addresses gaps in knowledge and aims to understand the lack of public attention in the U.S. by examining how the crisis of Missing and Indigenous Women, Girls, and Two-Spirit People (MMIWG2S) is portrayed to the public in U.S. news. We conducted a reflexive thematic content analysis of 113 articles published in U.S. mainstream news articles from 8 online news sources as well as 5 daily newspapers ranked in the top ten of readership for dates between 2015 and 2024. We conducted six searches within each source including the keywords: Indigenous or Native American; Missing or Murdered; and Women, Girls, and Two-spirit people. The goal of reflexive thematic analysis is to develop themes that emerge with reflective engagement with data. From our dataset, we found that US news coverage of MMIWG2S from 2015 to 2024 showed a slow, uneven growth from 1 article in 2015, followed by 0 articles in 2016 to a peak of 26 articles in 2021 and dropping to 12 articles in 2024. Thematic analysis produced the following major journalistic themes characterizing the MMIWG2S movement as: (i) Social movement and crisis; (ii) Generational byproduct of colonization; (iii) Contemporary crisis and epidemic; and framing the victims as: (i) Socially and Politically Marginalized; (ii) Personally Troubled; and (iii) Legitimate Victims. Our study provided a nuanced understanding of news media coverage of the disproportionate violence faced by MMIWG2S. Several avenues for future research could be investigated including: investigating coverage in Tribal newspapers, comparative analysis of how political ideology affects coverage and how entertainment media represents this crisis.
This study examines the role racial resentment plays in shaping trust toward state and federal government across different regions of the USA. Special attention is placed on the South, where historical discourses around states’ rights were often tied to racially salient issues. Drawing on survey data from White respondents in the 2024 Cooperative Election Study (CES), this paper deploys a series of ordinal logistic regressions to analyze how racial resentment predicts distrust in state and federal government across the South and non-South. Models incorporate ideological and demographic controls, cluster standard errors by state, and include state-level fixed effects. Findings reveal that, among White respondents, racial resentment significantly lowers the odds of expressing distrust in state government in the states of the former Confederacy, while increasing distrust in states outside of the South. This finding holds even when comparing the states of the former Confederacy to Republican-controlled states outside of the South and when restricting the sample to Republican-identifying respondents, suggesting a historical-institutional dynamic that extends beyond partisan ideology. The findings suggest a path-dependent dynamic in which the South’s long-standing fusion of racial conservatism with states’ rights discourses has produced enduring attitudinal legacies. These legacies continue to shape regional patterns of political trust in ways not fully explained by partisan affiliation.
This study extends Durkheim’s (The elementary forms of the religious life, Free Press, New York, 1912) concept of collective effervescence by racializing it through the lived experiences of Black graduate and professional students. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 31 participants, we conceptualize Black Collective Effervescence (BCE) as a culturally specific, embodied, and communal form of emotional energy experienced as Black joy. Findings highlight three central tenets of BCE: (1) the “electricity” of collective effervescence as racialized joy, (2) the inherently collective nature of Black joy rooted in community and relationality, and (3) the embodied, physiological manifestations of shared emotional experience. By centering Black joy as an analytic lens and lived phenomenon, this study challenges the presumed universality of classical sociological theory and offers BCE as an evolved framework that accounts for race and structural context.
In the United States, anti-immigrant policy enforcement has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes among immigrants. The first administration of the Trump presidency produced sweeping changes to the U.S. immigration system. Yet, the voices of undocumented Latino immigrant men, some of the most prominent targets of the Trump administration, have been largely unexplored. Through eight qualitative focus groups (N = 37) spanning across 3 years, this study documents the evolving experiences of immigrant Latino day laborers through the first Trump presidential campaign, election, and presidency. Using longitudinal qualitative analytical strategies, we document how changes in immigration rhetoric and enforcement practices shaped participants’ perceptions of safety, belonging, and psychological well-being over time. By centering the lived experiences of undocumented Latino immigrant men, this study contributes to scholarship on immigration policy as a social determinant of health by identifying potentially activating sociopolitical incidents and their sociological and psychological manifestations among an underreported and underserved group of men. As the second Trump presidential administration ratches up unprecedented immigration enforcement policies, findings can help inform critical programs designed to mitigate psychosocial harm and promote the development of more humane policies.
Microaggressions are widely reported across various interpersonal interactions in higher education settings, with significant implications for the psychological, academic, and occupational well-being of individuals from marginalized backgrounds. In response, a growing number of interventions and training programs (interventions hereafter) have been developed to address microaggressions on university campuses. However, a comprehensive review of their characteristics, content, and effectiveness is lacking. Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, this systematic review identified and examined 24 microaggression-focused interventions implemented among 1384 participants in higher education settings in North America, from January 2000 through February 2025. Interventions were evaluated across key program characteristics and quality indicators, including targeted interactions, taught behavioral strategies, delivery and teaching modalities, and evaluation designs. The findings suggest the initial effectiveness of the identified interventions in improving awareness of, and/or skills related to, addressing microaggressions—whether as recipients, committers, or bystanders. Several critical gaps in the field were discussed, including limited programming targeting faculty, mentors, and administrative staff; the absence of discipline-specific content; a lack of proactive strategies for individuals who commit microaggressions; and the underutilization of rigorous evaluation methods for assessing the effectiveness and sustainability of behavioral changes. This scoping review highlights a growing body of interventions aimed at combating microaggressions in higher education and identifies key areas for improvement in the field.
Introduction Attacks on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) hinder efforts to diversify the healthcare workforce. Mentorship, support, and network-building are three evidence-based strategies for advancing racial diversity, yet the components that support their successful implementation have been understudied. This paper seeks to identify the successful use of these strategies in academic health sciences. Methods The authors reviewed studies published between 1960 and 2021 from a parent scoping review, updated with additional articles covering 2021 through 2024 reporting on mentorship, support, and network-building. They then extracted the common components of these strategies and their frequently evaluated outcomes, and also identified barriers and facilitators to their implementation and sustainability. Results Mentorship can strengthen diversity through multifaceted support, long-term relationships, sustainable mentoring models, access to mentoring networks, compensation, mentor training, and identity concordance in mentor-mentee relationships. Social support strengthens diversity by involving family, addressing cultural needs, and providing safe spaces. Finally, scholar networks foster a sense of belonging through conferences and events and serve as a professional and social support system. Frequently evaluated outcomes of programs focused on these strategies include psychosocial well-being and scholar satisfaction. Institutional commitment and diverse leadership were crucial for the success of DEI programs centered on these strategies. In contrast, implementation barriers included limited resource support and the minority tax. Discussion Interventions that foster support and encourage connections show promise for advancing DEI in the academic health sciences. Common intervention components have been identified as necessary for supporting diverse scholars. Yet, future work and more rigorous research are needed to explore further opportunities to increase mentorship, support, and network-building for minoritized faculty, students, and staff. Programs and policies that incorporate these strategies are also crucial for permanently changing the institutional climate and building and supporting a diverse academic health science workforce.
Scant research exists on how individuals and travelers experience discrimination on the basis of their passports. This study is aimed at exploring the dimensions contributing to a relatively unexplored type of partiality, referred to as passport discrimination. A prominent gap exists in both theoretical and empirical literature addressing this aspect of discrimination. The study integrates social identity theory, self-categorization theory, and system justification theory to comprehend this phenomenon. Employing Grounded Theory qualitative research design and purposively chosen two focus groups (FG) of ten participants each, the data was collected till theoretical saturation was achieved and no further FG was required. The study sought to unfold lived experiences of respondents regarding passport privileges and prejudices. The findings indicate that individuals from underdeveloped and developing countries frequently face passport discrimination in areas such as visa issuance, interactions at immigration counters, hiring processes, salary structures, promotions, and training. This study is limited to Asian nationals, thus, it opens future avenues for research in this emerging form of discrimination as well as privileged passports. Future investigations could further inquire into the impact of passport discrimination on socio-economic and human resource practices using a positivist approach.
Background: A racially diverse mental health workforce has been suggested to address persistent racial disparities in mental health among racially minoritized service recipients. However, in a racialized society such as the United States, structural racism is shown to constrain mental health organizations’ efforts to address disparities through workforce diversity. Theoretical Framework and Method: We recruited Black mental health workers (n = 10, Mage = 52.7 [SD = 6.9], 2 males (20
Parental incarceration is one of the major intersecting adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that disproportionately affects the lives of vulnerable African American children living in limited resource settings in the United States (U.S). This study examines the prevalence and association between ACEs and parental incarceration among African American children in the U.S. This study was the cross-sectional survey that utilized data from the 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health (N = 3,710; 51.6
Racial triangulation offers an innovative and dynamic approach to transcending the traditional Black-White racial dualism when examining social inequalities. The theoretical logic is that White Americans relatively valorize Asian Americans as racially superior to Black Americans yet at the same time civically exclude Asian Americans as racially and culturally foreign. While the concept was initially illustrated using a geometrical XY diagram, depicting the arrangement of the three groups in the form of a triangle, the visual representation of racial triangulation has not kept pace with theoretical developments. An expanding body of scholarship emphasizes the significance of visualization, not only as an illustrative tool but also as a means of advancing theoretical understanding. In this paper, we enhance and extend the visual representation of racial triangulation theory by identifying six distinct triangulations among the three groups. These visualizations demonstrate that, given the theory's complexity and the multifaceted relationships between groups, there is a risk of selectively theorizing certain relationships and predicting specific outcomes while dropping others. To streamline the research process, we propose making visualization an integral practice, concurrent with the theorization of racial triangulation and ethnic and racial group relations. The diagrams function as visual representations and analytical tools that deepen understanding by illuminating subtle distinctions in how each group’s comparative position is theorized.
Access to mortgage credit in the USA remains stratified by race/ethnicity and immigration status, which impacts socioeconomic mobility and intergenerational wealth. Asian borrowers are a useful case to understand this stratification because they encompass diverse ethnic groups, are bifurcated socioeconomically, and include a large immigrant population. Our study is the first to introduce a lender-type taxonomy that examines subprime mortgage lending patterns at traditional lenders, Asian ethnic banks, and financial technology (fintech) lenders—which operate online and utilize advanced underwriting techniques. We use a series of econometric models and Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) mortgage data that includes detailed racial/ethnic categories to disaggregate Asian borrower data to understand different pathways to homeownership and mortgage access. We assess the rate at which Asian borrowers seek mortgages from these lenders and the likelihood that borrowers receive subprime loans. We then explore heterogeneity across ethnic groups. Finally, we explore individual ethnic bank lending patterns and examine these banks’ loan products and underwriting processes. To contextualize these patterns, we provide qualitative data regarding ethnic bank lending practices, which reveal distinct institutional logics of lending. Relative to results at traditional lenders, borrowers are significantly more likely to receive subprime terms from ethnic banks and significantly less likely to receive subprime terms from fintech lenders. We find that subprime loan receipt varies by ethnic group. Findings highlight how lender-type structures cost of credit for borrowers, underscoring the importance of examining institutional differences when assessing disparities in mortgage lending.
The Multiracial population in the USA is the fastest growing racial identity. However, little research has examined the unique experiences of Multiracial individuals. The current work aimed to examine Multiracial individuals' experiences with and perceptions of microaggressions. Multiracial adults viewed descriptions of situations of common microaggressions that Multiracial individuals experience that fit into three categories identified in previous research: Exclusion, Exoticization, and Misidentification. In Study 1, participants (n = 98) read a description of each category with several examples. In Study 2, participants (n = 97) viewed 12 scenarios describing specific microaggressions, with four situations in each of the three categories. Participants indicated whether they had experienced a similar situation, how offensive and upsetting they found the microaggression, and, in Study 2, if they experienced the situation, whether they confronted the perpetrator. In Study 1, most participants reported experiencing microaggressions involving exclusion (> 72%), exoticization (> 70%), and misidentification (> 86%). In both studies, they experienced situations in which their racial identity was misidentified the most often; Study 2 revealed that participants reported confronting these types of situations more so than the other categories of microaggressions. Additionally, while participants were less likely to have experienced microaggressions that excluded or isolated them, participants viewed them as more offensive and upsetting than microaggressions from the other categories. These results add to previous research suggesting that it is important to recognize the unique discrimination that is specific to Multiracial individuals and suggests that providing education about racial identities is imperative.
Interethnic relations are often characterized by power asymmetries, reduced empathy and compassion, and less favorable intergroup attitudes. This study examined whether brief mindfulness instruction could improve the quality of a dyadic perspective-giving and perspective-taking interaction. In a virtual setting, power-asymmetric dyads (Latinx and White non-Latinx participants) were randomly assigned to listen to a brief mindfulness, relaxation, or attention-based inactive audio instruction. Thereafter, Latinx participants shared perspectives on challenges facing their ethnic group, while White non-Latinx participants summarized their partner’s perspective. Mindfulness instruction did not produce main effects on intergroup attitudes, empathy, or compassion. Instead, mindfulness interacted with perspective-takers’ social dominance orientation to predict perspective-givers’ empathic concern and personal distress, with mindfulness benefits emerging only when perspective-takers were low in social dominance orientation. Additionally, perspective-givers receiving mindfulness instruction reported greater social connection when they held more positive pre-interaction attitudes toward Latinx individuals. Findings highlight person × context-dependent effects of mindfulness, suggesting its impact on social well-being depends on interactants’ distal and proximal social goals.
